Hello, I'm Miss T, and welcome to today's lesson.

as part of our unit on, "Staying safe and healthy: What do I need to know about basic first aid?" today we're going to be talking about cuts, burns, breaks and sprains, and stings.

So let's get started.

So my lesson outcome for today is I can explain how to help in cases of cuts, burns, breaks, and sprains, and stings.

Before we get started on today's lesson, it's really important that we think about the ground rules that we follow when we're having discussions in our classrooms. We've got Laura firstly saying, "Listen to others.

It's okay to disagree with each other, but we should listen properly before making assumptions or deciding how to respond.

And when we disagree, we challenge the statement.

We don't challenge the person." We've got Jacob saying, "No judgement.

We can explore beliefs and misunderstandings about a topic without fear of being judged." And deep tell us to respect privacy.

He says, "We can discuss examples, but we do not use names or descriptions that could identify anyone, including ourselves." And finally, Izzy reminds us to choose the level of participation that is right for us.

Everyone has the right to choose not to answer a question or join a discussion.

We never put anyone on the spot.

So with those in mind, let's get started with today's lesson.

So we have four keywords to look account for in today's lesson.

The first one is first date, which is immediate assistance given to someone who is injured or suddenly taken ill.

The second one is infection, which is when harmful germs like bacteria or viruses enter your body and multiply causing illness and triggering your immune system to fight back.

The third one is immobilise, which means to restrict movement to prevent further injury.

And finally, the word sprain, which is an injury where ligaments around a joint get overstretched or torn causing pain and swelling.

As we go through today's lesson, see if you can notice where these words are being used and see if you can use them in your own responses.

So we have three lesson outlines for today's lesson.

Firstly, how do I handle cuts and burns? Secondly, how do I handle breaks and sprains? And thirdly, how do I deal with stings? So let's get started with our first lesson outline.

How do I handle cuts and burns? So we begin our lesson with Dr.

Elsie, and she says, "No matter how careful we are, accidents can happen.

When we are at home or out and about, there is always a chance that we might accidentally injure ourselves.

Some of the most common minor injuries are grazes, cuts, and burns.

These are often not very serious and can be treated at home with basic first aid.

However, it is important that any treatment is done with the supervision of an adult." So when we talk about cuts and grazes, a graze is a skin injury where only the top layer of skin is affected.

This might be a single scratch or a grazed area.

A graze is when slight damage to the nerve endings is done and blood vessels make the skin feel sore.

There may also be a small amount of blood.

Laura says, "I grazed my knee last week.

I tripped over when I was running on the playground." And Dr.

Elsie says, "Normally a graze won't need much first aid, but stopping any bleeding and cleaning the wound is important.

Covering it with a plaster or dressing can help to prevent infection." A cut though can be more serious than a graze, depending on how deep the cut is or how it happened.

Often these can also be treated at home.

You can do this by stemming the bleeding, using a clean cloth or bandage, ensuring that the bleeding has stopped, and then washing hands or putting on disposable gloves to ensure that no bacteria goes into the wound.

Cleaning the wound using water or a sterile wipe to remove any dirt and protect the wound from infection.

Apply a sterile dressing or plaster over the wound.

And finally, keep the dressing clean by changing it regularly and removing it once the wound has closed.

Sometimes though a cut can be more serious, so you must always seek medical help if the cut will not stop bleeding, if the blood comes out in spurts, is hard to control or is bright red, if you lose feeling near the cut or struggle to move that part of your body, the wound is a large, which means over five centimetres or quite deep.

You must also seek medical attention if you have a bad cut on your face or the palm of your hand, if it is swollen or if it looks infected, if you have a high temperature, feel dizzy, or unwell, or if you are in contact with a wild animal and that's how it happened.

So in this check for understanding, cleaning a wound is important because this can prevent it from, A, continuing to bleed, B, becoming infected, or C, healing quickly.

Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

So you answering the question, cleaning a wound is important because this can prevent it from, A, continuing to bleed, B, becoming infected, or C, healing quickly.

And the correct answer was B.

And clean wound is important because it will stop it becoming infected.

A burn though can be very painful.

There are two main types of burns.

A burn caused by dry heat, such as on an iron, a very hot radiator, or a flame.

And a scald, which is caused by something wet such as hot water or steam.

Dr.

Elsie says that burns can be very painful and may cause red or peeling skin.

The most important thing to do if you have a burn is to cool it down with cool or lukewarm running water for 20 minutes.

This should be done as soon as possible after the injury happens.

After this, you can cover the burn with one layer of cling film and take paracetamol to help with any pain.

Laura says, "I heard that if you burn yourself you should put ice or grease like butter on the burn.

Is this the right thing to do?" And Dr.

Elsie says, "This is not the right thing to do.

Ice can reduce the blood flow to the area and grease could help to retain heat.

Neither of these will help the burn to heal and could actually do more damage." You should always seek medical attention if the burn is larger than a hand print, it is deep or the skin is white, if it's on the face, neck, hands, feet, any joints or genitals, if it's caused by chemical or electrics, if it's causing signs of shock, and if it's on a person under the age of 10.

So in this check for understanding, who is correct? You've got Jacob.

He says, "If you burn yourself, you should run the burn under cool water for 10 minutes." Jun says, "If you burn yourself, you should run the burn under cool water for 15 minutes." And Sofia says, "If you burn yourself, you should run the burn under cool water for 20 minutes." Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you identified that Sofia was correct, you should run the burn under cool water for 20 minutes, then you have the right answer.

So in task A, Sam has been learning about first aid at school, her mum wants to hear how you should treat a burn.

Can you write one paragraph to help Sam explain how burns can be caused, how burns can be treated, what you should never do to a burn, and three examples of when you might need medical attention for a burn.

Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

So Sam's been learning about first aid at school, and you're writing a paragraph to explain to her mum how you should treat a burn.

Your advice to Sam's mum may have looked like this.

Burns can be caused by dry heat, such as on an iron or pan, whereas scalds are caused by wet heat such as steam.

They can make the skin red and painful.

Burns should be run underneath cool water for 20 minutes and then wrapped in one layer of clean film.

And you should never put ice or grease on a burn because this can cause more damage.

You should seek medical attention if the burn is on someone under the age of 10, if the burn is larger than the size of a hand print or if the burn is deep.

So moving on to our second lesson outline for today, "How do I handle breaks and sprains?" Sprains are a common injury that can affect the muscles and ligaments around a joint.

This can happen if the muscle is overstretched or if it receives a bump or blow.

Symptoms of a sprain include having pain or weakness in an area.

Normally in a joint or in your back.

The area might look swollen and bruised.

The muscles are tight or cramping or you can't put weight on the area and it can't support you if you you're walking, for example, You can treat a sprain in five steps.

Number one, use a support for the injured area.

Number two, avoid exercise or putting weight on the injury.

Number three, apply an ice pack or a pack of frozen vegetables wrapped in a tea towel to the injury.

This could be for 20 minutes every few hours.

Number four, use a bandage to support the injury in the day.

And number five, keep the injured area elevated as much as possible.

This could be by resting it on a pillow.

So in this check for understanding, look at these three images.

Which of the following are useful ways to help treat a sprain? Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you said that you thought A and B were the best ways to support a sprain, then that would be the right answer.

In A, you've got the bandage supporting it, and in B, you've got a cool pack cooling down the ligaments and joints.

A break, however, is more serious than a sprain and will always require medical attention.

You may have broken a bone if you notice that after an injury, it feels painful, swollen, bruised, or numb.

It may also Be difficult to move or it may change shape or colour.

If someone suspects that they have broken a bone, they need to get medical attention.

At the hospital, an x-ray will be taken to confirm whether the bone is broken or not.

And if it is broken, it will normally be put into a cast to immobilise the break while it heals to stop that part of the body moving.

Nurse Daniel says that while you're at the hospital waiting to see the doctor, there are some things you can do to help.

This can include using a scarf or towel as a sling to immobilise and elevate a suspected broken arm, gently using an ice pack on the area to reduce swelling, and removing any jewellery like rings or a watch in case the area swells up.

Most breaks heal within 6 to 12 weeks, but more complicated breaks can take longer.

And in this time, you may need a sling for an injured arm or crutches to help you walk if you have an injured leg.

Dr.

Elsie says that the hospital will give you advice on how to care for your injury, including any painkillers that you might need.

You should always avoid getting a cast wet or scratching underneath it as this can cause an infection.

When the cast is first removed, your limb may feel weak or stiff.

Often a physiotherapist can help with this, and they may ask you to follow a set of exercises to mobilise and strengthen the area.

So in this check for understanding, true or false.

An ice pack or frozen vegetables wrapped in a tea towel can be used to help reduce swelling for a sprain or break.

Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you said that you thought this answer was true, an ice pack or frozen vegetables wrapped in a tea towel can be used to help reduce swelling for a sprain or break, then you'd be correct.

Well done.

So in task B, complete these sentences for the correct steps when treating a sprain, and then outline three pieces of advice you would give someone waiting to see a doctor with a suspected broken arm.

So for part one, your sentences are, when treating a sprain, you should use a, avoid, apply, use a, and keep.

And then part two, can you give me three pieces of advice that you would give someone waiting to see a doctor with a suspected broken arm? Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

Well done.

Part one for your completed sentences to help treat a brain should look like this.

When treating a sprain, you should use support for the injured area, avoid exercise or putting weight on the injury, apply an ice pack or pack of frozen vegetables in a tea towel to the injury.

This could be for 20 minutes every few hours.

Use a bandage to support the injury in the day, and keep the injured area elevated as much as possible.

This could be by resting it on a pillow.

For part two, the three pieces of advice you might give someone waiting to see a doctor with a suspected broken arm could include, use a scarf or towel as a sling to support, elevate, and immobilise the injury.

Gently use an ice pack on the area to reduce swelling.

And finally, remove any jewellery, like rings or a watch, in case the area swells up.

Well done.

We're now gonna consider our final lesson outline for today.

How do I deal with stings? Stings are also a common injury, and this is when the skin is wounded or pierced by a plant like a stinging nettle, by an insect like a bee or wasp, or an animal like a jellyfish.

Dr.

Elsie says that stings can be painful, but this won't last long.

Sometimes when you're stung by an insect like a bee, wasp, or hornet, they can leave their stingers behind.

And if this happens, you will need an adult to help you remove this to avoid infection.

A stinger can be removed by using clean fingers or tweezers.

If this is not possible, then you should seek medical help.

After a sting, you may be left with a very red, sore, swollen, or itchy bump.

So in this check for understanding, is this statement true or false? It is best to leave the stinger of an insect in the skin if you are stung.

Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you said that you thought that statement was false, then you would be correct.

And that's because you should always ask an adult to help remove the stinger of an insect because if you leave it in, it can cause infection.

However, if you are unable to do this yourself or if the adult can't get it out either, then you should seek medical attention for help.

It should never be left in the skin.

Pharmacist Harper says that you can help to treat a sting by washing the area and using ice to cool the swelling and redness.

And if you want help with other symptoms, then speak to your pharmacist about over-the-counter medicines that you can take to help.

Remember though that most shops will not sell these to anyone under 16.

Most things will heal quickly, but there are some over-the-counter medicines that can help.

For example, paracetamol can help to treat symptoms of pain.

Antihistamines that you can buy as tablets or as a cream can help to block the histamines in our body, which is the chemical that causes swelling and itchiness.

Calamine lotion can help to soothe itching and irritation, and cortisone cream at 1% strength can relieve redness, swelling, and irritation.

Very rarely someone might have a severe allergic reaction to a sting.

And if this happens, they might experience feeling faint or dizzy, having trouble breathing or an increased heart rate, wheezing, coughing, or noisy breathing, having cold skin to the touch, having swelling in the throat, eyes, or in the mouth, fainting or losing consciousness.

These symptoms could be the sign of a severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis.

And this needs immediate medical help.

If you suspect that someone is having a severe allergic reaction, the emergency services should be contacted on 999.

They can also be taken straight to the accident and emergency department of a hospital.

So in this check for understanding, if someone experiences a severe allergic reaction, you should call the emergency services on, A, 999, B, 111, or C, 123.

Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

So you should have identified that, A, 999 is the emergency services number.

111 is also an NHS number, but this is for more minor, less serious conditions or for advice on anything to do with health.

999 should be called if you suspect that someone's having a severe allergic reaction.

So in task C, Izzy has been stung by a wasp.

Can you advise Izzy on what she should do to treat this using basic first aid? She says, "I was stung by a wasp.

It is incredibly painful and I think I can still see the stinger in the wound.

It is swollen and red.

What should I do?" Pause your screen while you think about the advice that you would give to Izzy to deal with her wasp sting.

So Izzy is suffering from a painful wasp sting.

Your advice might have included that she should ask an adult to help remove the stinger using clean fingers or tweezers, that she could use cool water to clean the area, and apply an ice to reduce swelling, or that she could take over-the-counter medicines under the supervision of an adult to help with pain or swelling.

So in summary, understanding basic first aid is helpful to treat some minor injuries at home.

Minor cuts can be treated by cleaning the wound and covering it to prevent infection.

Burns can be caused by dry heat, scald, by wet heat.

You can treat minor burns or scalds by running them under cool water for at least 20 minutes.

Breaks and sprains can be painful and the limb should be immobilised to prevent further injury.

However, a broken bone will always need medical attention.

A sting can normally be cared for at home, but some people may have a severe allergic reaction that will always require immediate medical attention.

Well done for your contribution today.

If you're looking to get more support, you can visit the NHS Live Well site, which gives advice about healthy living, exercise, quitting smoking, and drinking less alcohol, or the NHS website, which gives more general advice about health and prevention, including how to access their services.