Hi, I'm Ms. T.

Welcome to today's lesson.

Today, we're talking about our basic first aid, so that's heat imbalances, choking, and anaphylaxis, and that's part of our unit on staying safe and healthy, what do I need to know about basic first aid? So let's get started with today's lesson.

The outcome for today's lesson is I can explain how to help casualties suffering from heat imbalances, choking, and anaphylaxis.

Before we get started on today's lesson, it's really important that we think about the ground rules that we follow when we're having discussions in our classrooms. We've got Laura firstly saying, "Listen to others.

It's okay to disagree with each other, but we should listen properly before making assumptions or deciding how to respond.

And when we disagree, we challenge the statement.

We don't challenge the person." We've got Jacob saying, "No judgement.

We can explore beliefs and misunderstandings about a topic without fear of being judged." Andeep tells us to respect privacy.

He says, "We can discuss examples, but we do not use names or descriptions that could identify anyone, including ourselves." And finally, Izzy reminds us to choose the level of participation that is right for us.

Everyone has the right to choose not to answer a question or join a discussion.

We never put anyone on the spot.

So with those in mind, let's get started with today's lesson.

We've got five keywords and phrases throughout the lesson today.

The first one is heat imbalance, which is a condition where the body cannot regulate its temperature properly, and this can lead to heat exhaustion or heatstroke.

Then we've got cold water shock, which is a sudden and dangerous reaction of a body to cold water.

This can cause muscle paralysis and difficulty breathing.

Then we've got choking, which is a blockage of the airway that prevents normal breathing.

Anaphylaxis, which is a severe allergic reaction that can cause breathing difficulties.

And finally, adrenaline auto-injector, which is a device used to deliver a dose of adrenaline to treat the severe reaction of anaphylaxis.

As we go through today's lesson, see if you can notice where these words are being used and see if you can use them in your own responses.

Today, we've got three lesson outlines.

The first one is about how can I treat heat imbalance? The second one, what are the signs of choking? And finally, what are the symptoms of anaphylaxis? So let's get started with our first lesson outline, how can I treat heat imbalance? Laura says, "Last week, I jumped into the swimming pool, and it was so cold I started to shiver." And Dr.

Elsie replies, "This was your body's response to a heat imbalance.

In this case, it was to cold water, but we can also have physical reactions when we are too hot.

A heat imbalance is when our body temperature is disrupted and we can't regulate because of an external condition.

That could be extreme cold or extreme heat." You might experience a heat imbalance if you are in cold conditions, including water, are in hot conditions for too long, are sick or unwell, have a health condition, or if you react to some medication.

The body will respond differently to extreme temperatures.

For example, in extreme cold, you might experience something called an involuntary gasp reflex.

This can create a risk of inhaling water.

You might experience hyperventilation, which is very fast, rapid breathing.

You might experience increased heart rate and blood pressure, a loss of muscle control, or a feeling of panic and feeling disoriented.

However, in extreme heat, you might have increased sweating, and this can lead to dehydration.

There might be a feeling of dizziness and fatigue, that kind of extreme tiredness, an increased heart rate, feeling weak and dizzy, or heat cramps, muscle spasms. Generally, our body's temperature sits between 36 to 38 degrees Celsius.

A temperature above 40 degrees might indicate heatstroke, which can be dangerous.

A temperature that drops below 35 degrees is also serious because this indicates hypothermia, and this is a medical emergency.

When we get too hot, we can experience heat exhaustion.

Now, this can happen when the body loses excess water and salt through sweating.

This can make someone feel nauseous, lightheaded, and have pale or clammy skin.

If the person can cool down within 30 minutes, then it's not generally an emergency.

Heatstroke, though, is more serious and can increase someone's heart rate, cause someone to feel faint or lose consciousness, or have very hot, red skin.

Heatstroke can be a life-threatening condition, and emergency services should be contacted.

If you are suffering a heat imbalance and you're too hot, you can reduce your heat by having a cool drink, moving into shade, cooler air, or cool water, using a cold compress, like a wet flannel, moving less, or changing your clothing into something lighter.

So in our first check for understanding this lesson, can you define what is heat imbalance? Is it A, a lack of water in the body causing dehydration? Is it B, a disruption in the body's ability to regulate temperature? Or is it C, a condition caused only by extremely hot weather? Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you said that you thought the answer was B, heat imbalance is a disruption in the body's ability to regulate temperature, then you would be correct.

A severe case of heat imbalance in cold water, normally anything below 15 degrees Celsius, can result in cold water shock.

This is a sudden and potentially dangerous reaction when the body is exposed to very cold water.

Symptoms of cold water shock can include muscle cramps or paralysis, a shortness of breath, increased heart rate, shivering, or a loss of coordination.

Dr.

Elsie says that "in severe cases, this can lead to hypothermia.

This is when the body gets too cold and can't warm up on its own.

We lose heat faster than we can make it, and the body's temperature then drops dangerously low." She then says that "if you experience cold water shock, you should try to stay calm and control your breathing.

Try to float on your back like a starfish, or stay above water by holding on to something, and signal for help." If you are with someone who falls into cold water, it is important that you do not enter the water to try and rescue them.

Instead, call for help immediately and throw a floating object for them to hold on to.

If someone is experiencing cold water shock or hypothermia, they need to warm up as soon as possible.

And this can be done by moving the person out of the cold and removing wet clothing if needed, using blankets or any layers of warm material, using material or cardboard to insulate someone from sitting on the ground, offering a warm drink and sugary food, and monitoring their condition, especially their breathing, and then calling the emergency services immediately.

Dr.

Elsie says, "If you experience cold water shock, you should always seek medical help.

Although you will start to feel better when you warm up, some symptoms can be delayed, and you should have someone with you for at least 24 hours afterwards." Delayed symptoms to look out for include coughing, chest pain, trouble breathing, and tiredness.

So in this check for understanding, can you identify who is correct? Jacob says, "If someone falls into cold water, you should also enter to help them." Jun says, "If someone falls into cold water, you should call for help immediately." And Sofia says, "If someone falls into cold water, they should try to hold on to something to stay afloat." Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you identified that Jun and Sofia were correct, then well done.

If someone falls into cold water, you should call for help immediately, and they should try and hold on to something to stay afloat, or you can throw something in to them.

So in task A, can you help Sam to complete her table on the different reactions that the body can have to extreme cold and extreme heat? You've got a couple in there for you already.

In extreme cold, the body might experience hyperventilation or a loss of muscle control.

And in extreme heat, they might experience increased sweating, which leads to dehydration, an increased heart rate, or that feeling weak and dizzy.

Pause your screen while you complete the rest of the table.

So you were helping Sam to complete her table.

You may have decided to add in that in extreme cold, there's involuntary gasp reflex, this can create a risk of inhaling water, that you might experience an increased heart rate and blood pressure, and a feeling of panic and being disorientated.

In extreme heat, you may have added dizziness and fatigue, tiredness, or heat cramps and muscles spasms. So well done.

We want you now to think about how Sam could complete her table on how to treat different types of heat imbalance.

So in extreme cold, we've already suggested that you could move the person out of the cold and remove wet clothing if needed, to use material or cardboard to insulate someone from sitting on the ground, and to monitor their condition and breathing and call the emergency services.

For extreme heat, someone might move into the shade, cooler air, or cool water.

They might use a cold compress, like a wet flannel.

But what other suggestions can you give on how to treat different types of heat imbalance? Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

Well done.

You may have added in for extreme cold, use blankets or any layers of warm material, offer a warm drink and sugary food.

For extreme heat, you may have suggested to have a cool drink, move less, and change their clothing, normally into something lighter.

Moving on to our second outline for today, we're now going to be thinking about choking and what the signs of choking could be.

Izzy says, "Recently, I was eating an apple and I started laughing, and a piece of the apple got stuck in my throat and I felt like I couldn't swallow it properly.

I started to worry that I wouldn't be able to breathe, but I did a really big cough and luckily it came out." Nurse Daniel says, "It sounds like Izzy was choking.

This is when there's a blockage in the airway that prevents normal breathing.

It can happen if you eat too quickly, if you don't chew properly, or if you talk or laugh while eating.

For young children, this can also happen if they accidentally swallow a small object that gets lodged." Choking happens when a person can't breathe, speak, or cough because something is obstructing the airway and is preventing air getting through.

A sign that someone might be choking includes clutching at their throat, being unable to breathe, talk, or cough, gasping or turning blue, and that's from a lack of oxygen.

So in this check for understanding, is it true or else? A sign that someone might be choking is them clutching at their throat.

Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

Well done.

That statement is of course true.

If someone is choking, you should follow the following steps.

You should encourage coughing.

If they can still cough, let them try and clear the object out of their throat themselves.

You can then give back blows.

This is when you stand behind the person, you lean them forward, and you give five strong back blows, checking after each one to see if the object has been dislodged.

This should be between the shoulder blades with the heel, this part, of your hand.

Back blows are more effective if the airway is only partially blocked.

Dr.

Elsie says that "in some cases of choking, a series of abdominal thrusts can help to remove an object from someone's airways.

Abdominal thrusts can put pressure on the internal organs and injure them, so should only be tried if back blows have not worked.

This should be performed by an adult as it can be a difficult manoeuvre.

After experiencing abdominal thrusts, it's important for the person to see a medical professional as soon as possible." The abdominal thrusts process looks like this.

Number one, stand behind the person choking and wrap your arms around their waist.

Number two, make a fist and place it above their belly button.

Number three, grab your fist with the other hand and push in and up sharply five times.

And then repeat this action, if needed, until the object is dislodged.

So in this check for understanding, if someone is choking, you should try abdominal thrusts before back blows.

Is that true or false? Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you identified that this statement was false, then you'd be correct.

And that's because back blows are less risky, they use less force to remove the object, and they are more effective if the airway is only partially blocked.

Therefore, abdominal thrusts should only be tried if back blows have been unsuccessful.

So in task B, we want you to complete the following sentences to outline what happens when someone is choking.

As we read through this paragraph, notice where the blanks are and think about what word could go in there to complete these sentences.

Choking happens when an object blocks the, making it difficult to, or speak.

A person who is choking may clutch at their as a signal for help.

If they can still, encourage them to keep doing this to try and clear the obstruction.

If they cannot, you should first give strong back blows between their.

If that is unsuccessful, then thrusts can be used to help.

This is when someone places their above the belly button and pushes sharply in and.

In this case, it is important that support is sought as quickly as possible.

Pause your screen while you complete the sentences.

Well done.

Your completed sentences should look like this: Choking happens when an object blocks the airway, making it difficult to breathe or speak.

A person who is choking may clutch at their throat as a signal for help.

If they can still cough, encourage them to keep doing this to try and clear the obstruction.

If they cannot, you should first give five strong back blows between their shoulder blades.

If that is unsuccessful, then abdominal thrusts can be used to help.

This is when someone places their fist above the belly button and pushes sharply in and up.

In this case, it is important that medical support is sought as quickly as possible.

So now moving on to our final lesson outline for today, what are the symptoms of anaphylaxis? Pharmacist Harper says that "many people have allergies.

This is when the body's immune system overreacts to a substance, an allergen, that is normally harmless.

Common allergies include pollen, hay fever, dust mites, certain foods, insect stings, some pets or pet hair, and medications, such as penicillin." Common symptoms of an allergic reaction include sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes, or rashes.

But most allergic reactions can be managed through avoiding the allergen or by taking over-the-counter medicines, such as antihistamines, to help relieve the symptoms. However, there are some allergies that can cause a more severe response in some people.

This can include difficulty breathing, swelling in the throat, or anaphylaxis, which can be a life-threatening condition.

The most common triggers of anaphylaxis in children are certain types of food, including peanuts, milk, or shellfish.

For adults, allergies to insect stings or certain plastics like latex can cause a serious reaction.

So in this check for understanding, which of the following could cause anaphylaxis? Is it A, a change in temperature, B, certain foods, or C, certain plastics? Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you identified that the answers were B and C, certain foods and certain plastics, then you'd be correct, well done.

A severe allergic reaction, or anaphylaxis, may have the following symptoms, feeling faint or dizzy, trouble breathing or an increased heart rate, wheezing, coughing, or noisy breathing, having cold skin to the touch, swelling in the throat, around the eyes, or in the mouth, or even losing consciousness.

The first response to any sort of severe allergic reaction is always to call for emergency help.

This can be on 999.

This is the emergency services number.

But you can also call 112, and this will connect you to the same service.

Some mobiles also have an emergency call button.

Treatments for severe allergic reactions include using antihistamines to reduce inflammation and oxygen to help someone breathe.

But Dr.

Elsie reminds us that "people who know that they have severe allergic reactions may also carry an adrenaline auto-injector.

This is an injection of epinephrine, adrenaline, that can be self-administered even through clothes.

It prevents the body from shutting down and manages the response to the allergen.

However, even if this is used, 999 must always still be contacted." So in this check for understanding, which of the following are signs of a severe allergic reaction? Is it A, wheezing or having trouble breathing, B, a fast heart rate, C, feeling faint or dizzy? Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you identified that all of those were signs of a severe allergic reaction, then you would be correct.

So in our final task for today's lesson, Jacob is trying to raise awareness of anaphylaxis in his school.

Can you help him by writing out the text for a poster that outlines some of the triggers of anaphylaxis, the symptoms of anaphylaxis, and how anaphylaxis can be treated.

Pause your screen while you start to put together your outline for his poster.

Your completed poster text may have included the following information: The triggers of anaphylaxis can be any allergen but often include certain types of food, such as peanuts, milk, or shellfish, insects stings, or certain plastics like latex.

The symptoms of anaphylaxis include feeling faint or dizzy, trouble breathing, an increased heart rate, wheezing, coughing, or noisy breathing, having cold skin, swelling in the throat, around the eyes, or in the mouth, or even losing consciousness.

Anaphylaxis can be treated using antihistamines, giving oxygen, or administering an adrenaline auto-injector.

However, even if an adrenaline auto-injector is used, 999 must always still be contacted.

So in summary, it is useful to understand basic first aid to help in a range of emergencies.

A heat imbalance can include conditions like heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Cold water shock is also a heat imbalance which can be life-threatening and requires immediate action.

Choking is when something becomes lodged or partially lodged in someone's throat which prevents them from breathing, and this requires quick and effective first aid to clear the airway.

And finally, we talked about anaphylaxis.

This is a severe allergic reaction that needs urgent treatment, but some people with this condition may carry an adrenaline auto-injector.

Well done for all of your contributions today.

If you want to get further support on any of these topics, you can visit the NHS Live Well site to get advice about healthy living, exercise, quitting smoking and drinking less alcohol, or you can visit the NHS website, which gives more general advice about health and prevention, including how to access their services.