Hello, my name is Mr. March and I'm here today to teach you all about the examples of management of volcanic hazards.

So, grab everything that you need for today's lesson and let's get going.

By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to describe how volcanoes are managed differently at contrasting locations.

There are two key terms for today's lesson.

Those are hazard risk and management.

Hazard risk refers to the likelihood or chance of being affected by a natural hazard such as an earthquake or volcanic eruption.

Management refers to techniques used to reduce hazard risk, including short-term relief and long-term planning and preparation and prediction.

There are two learning cycles for today's lesson.

I'm gonna start with learning cycle one, which is all to do with managing a volcanic hazard in Iceland.

What is the biggest change then that you can see between these two images on the screen as it switches between them? You may like to pause the video here whilst you really study those two images and look for what you consider to be the biggest change.

So, let's look at that image now with a bit more detail.

The two images are both of the town of Grindavik in Iceland, and this image on the left hand side is taken from May 2024.

Grindavik is pronounced GRIN-dah-vik.

On the right hand image now we can see the same town of Grindavik but it's taken from November 2024, and it shows a lava flow.

You can see that on the left hand side of that right image.

It's showing that lava flow to the west and north of the town.

So, Grindavik then is located in the southwest of Iceland, 50 kilometres away from the capital city Reykjavik.

And it lies, as you can see on that belt, that divergent plate boundary that you can see on the map in front of you where two plates are pulling apart from one another.

But what even are the risks from a volcanic eruption? Well, Iceland's volcanoes can produce a range of different volcanic hazard risks.

These include things like lava flows, volcanic gases, earthquakes and ground movement, ash clouds, jökulhlaups which are floods caused by the eruption melting glacial ice, pyroclastic flows flowing down those volcanic slopes, landslides and lahars, again, down the volcanic slopes, explosions where lava meets the sea or surface water.

So, you can see there are a great variety or mixture of different risks caused from a volcanic eruption.

So, time now for a quick learning check and it says, "Looking at this photo, what would you suggest were the main hazard risks for Grindavik in November 2024?" So, what I'd like you to do then is pause the video whilst you really study that picture in front of you and try to think what you think are the main hazard risks.

So, as Lucas says, "Definitely lava flows and maybe even ashfall, volcanic gases and earthquakes." Really, really well done if you're able to identify any of those different volcanic hazards from the image in front of you.

So, what hazards did Grindavik actually experience? Well before the eruptions, there were hundreds of small earthquakes, which meant a risk of structural damage to buildings and other properties in the area.

Lava flows also threatened property, as well as infrastructure such as road networks, railway, as well as other means of communication.

Volcanic gases, including sulphur dioxide were released, which can actually damage health.

So, how can we actually manage those different hazards and the risks from those hazards? Well, the first one is short-term relief such as shelter and supplies.

Then, there's the longer term planning, ensuring that emergency services are fully trained and fully equipped to be able to deal with the hazard in question.

Then there's the preparation, ensuring that people are warned and that they're evacuated and that they know what to do in the event of a hazard such as an earthquake or a volcanic eruption, as well as building design as well.

And finally, prediction.

Using data to actually forecast when a volcanic eruption may actually occur, for example.

So, how did Iceland manage the volcanic hazards? Well, let's start by looking at short-term relief.

Nearly 4,000 residents were evacuated from Grindavik in November 2023 after many small earthquakes, some reaching a magnitude of 5.

The government provided temporary housing for the evacuated people and many were housed in hotels in nearby town.

Food, water, clothing and heating fuel were delivered to those who stayed in the town, especially when the lava flow damaged heating pipelines in the middle of winter.

Counsellors helped residents cope with the challenges of having to move away from their homes.

In terms of longer-term planning then, emergency response units were fully prepared, trained, and funded for organising the evacuation and for lava flow diversion.

The local population had taken part in previous eruption response drills, so they knew what to do and expect during the evacuation.

After an eruption in February 2024 damaged roads and heating pipes, Iceland's government provided money for improving lava barriers and upgrading roads and heating infrastructure.

So, what about preparation? Well, hazard maps were updated with data on the recent lava flows, identifying areas at increased risk of future eruptions.

After the first eruptions, large earth embankments were constructed to divert lava flows and protect settlements.

Some roads and heating pipelines were moved away from the regions at high risk of lava flows.

What about prediction? Well, earthquake activity is monitored daily by the Icelandic Meteorological Office or the IMO.

And an earthquake swarm in November 2023 was the signal for Grindavik's evacuation.

GPS and satellite data measured an uplift in the ground level, which indicated that magma was building up.

Infrared cameras and gas sensors helped identify where new fissures, which are splits in the earth's crust were likely to open up.

So, time now for a learning check.

It says, "What method of hazard management is shown on this 3D visualisation of Grindavik today?" So, what you need to do then is pause the video here whilst you read through those four options and then select what you consider to be the correct answer.

And the correct answer was C, preparation.

Yes, on the image in front of you, you can see evidence of a earth embankment to try to protect the settlement of Grindavik from that lava flow.

Really, really well done if you're able to select C as the correct answer.

So, how successful was the hazard management? Well, no lives were lost or injuries actually reported.

Three homes were destroyed by the lava and 74 houses were damaged by the earthquakes.

Lava flows blocked two main roads, but these were repaired within a matter of a few days.

Pipelines from a local geothermal power station were damaged by lava flows, which did temporarily cut off heating to 20,000 people.

Grindavik residents made around $108 million of insurance claims for damage to their property.

The Icelandic government spent $820 million on short-term relief and preparation.

And finally, lava flows were successfully redirected by some barriers, but others were not in the right place for new lava fissures, which opened up on both sides of the barriers.

One challenge for hazard management was that people who had been evacuated were not supposed to come back to their homes, but some did.

So, time now for another learning check.

And it says, "To match the management action to the correct category." On the right hand side then, you can see the different management actions.

On the left hand side you can see the different categories.

What you need to do then now is pause the video whilst you attempt this learning check.

Best of luck.

And now the answers.

So, short-term relief needed to match with temporary housing.

Long-term planning matches with trained emergency response.

Preparation matches with hazard mapping.

And prediction matches with earthquake monitoring.

Really, really well done if you are able to match those up too.

Our next learning check says, "Which of these facts about Grindavik are correct?" What you need to do then is pause the video here whilst you read through those four options and you select all answers that you believe to be correct.

And the correct answers were A, Grindavik is located on a divergent plate boundary, B, Grindavik experienced volcanic eruptions in 2024, and D, Grindavik has around 4,000 inhabitants.

Really, really well done if you're able to correctly identify those three correct answers.

So right now to our one and only practise task for the first learning cycle.

And it says, "Improve this description of managing a volcanic hazard in Iceland by adding specific facts and figures.

' So, what you need to do here then is pause the video whilst you read through that description that you can see on the screen in front of you.

You need to try to improve it by adding specific facts and figures to it.

So, pause the video here whilst you attempt this practise task.

Best of luck.

In terms of feedback then, this is how you may have written your answer.

So "In 2024, the town of Grindavik in southwest Iceland experienced a volcanic eruption.

The main hazards came from earthquakes and lava flows.

The main short-term relief was to evacuate the nearly 4,000 inhabitants of Grindavik who moved into hotels and houses in nearby towns.

This happened after the Icelandic Meteorological Office or the IMO monitored an earthquake swarm in November 2023.

The evacuation happened smoothly because emergency teams were well-trained and Grindavik's inhabitants had taken part in previous eruption response drills so they knew what to do.

Lava flows damaged homes, roads, and heating pipes, and the government paid for lava barriers to be constructed and for roads and pipes to be repaired and upgraded in line with updated hazard maps for lava flows." So, really, really well done if you are able to include anything like that in your own answer.

Right now to our second and final learning cycle.

And this is all to do with managing a volcanic hazard in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

This 3D visualisation shows Mount Nyiragongo and the city of Goma, which you can see in the foreground in the Democratic Republic of Congo or the DRC.

Goma is in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo near the border with Rwanda.

And you can see that on the map in front of you.

It is situated on the northern shore of Lake Kivu, 20 kilometres from Mount Nyiragongo to the north.

And around 2 million people actually live in the settlement or city of Goma.

And Goma is located in a rift valley on a divergent plate boundary between the African plate and the Somali plate.

So, a quick learning check, it says, "Where is Goma located on this satellite image?" You can see four options, A, B, C, and D.

What you need to do then is pause the video here whilst you study the map and then select what you consider to be the correct answer.

And the correct answer was C.

As you can see there on the map in front of you, it's located in the eastern side of Democratic Republic of Congo bordering Rwanda.

So really, really well done if you're able to identify C as the correct answer.

Now, it's really important to say that the Democratic Republic of Congo is a really poor country.

It is a developing country.

And we can see that from the data in front of you.

Look at the GDP per capita.

Now, this refers to the average amount of money that someone earns per year in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and it is all the way down at $1,500 each and every single year.

It has a population of 115 million and it has a growing population as well.

We can see that from the very youthful population, which is there.

45.

7% of people in the Democratic Republic of Congo are aged 14 and under, and yet only 2.

5% are aged 65 and over.

And surely this speaks volumes about the, perhaps the lack of healthcare there showed by the average life expectancy, which we can see is only 62.

6 years.

And also in terms of the infant mortality rate, 57.

4 deaths for every 1,000 births.

And this is all summarised by the Human Development Index score, which it receives, which is at 0.

479.

Now, this ranks it as 179th lowest out of 191 countries.

The HDI looks at things such as wealth, literacy rates, as well as healthcare.

So, we're really getting an image of a country which is certainly developing or perhaps even underdeveloped.

Compare that with Iceland, which is a high income country, and we're seeing a country there, which is very, very well developed.

And we can immediately see the contrast between these two countries.

We can see first of all, in terms of how much money people in Iceland are earning versus the Democratic Republic of Congo.

In Iceland, it's up at $67,300 per person per year.

We can also see the life expectancy in Iceland.

It's up at 84 years.

Over 20 years more than in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Also, look at the number of deaths in terms of infant mortality.

It's down at 1.

6 deaths per 1,000 births.

This is just dwarfed by the 57.

4 deaths that we see in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

And finally, look at the HDI score that Iceland receives.

It receives 0.

959.

And this makes it third ranked globally, around the world compared to 179 with the Democratic Republic of Congo.

So, we're beginning to see the huge contrast in the levels of economic and social development between the Democratic Republic of Congo and Iceland.

So, a quick learning check.

It says, "Democratic Republic of Congo is a developing country while Iceland is a developed country." What you need to do then is pause the video here whilst you consider and then select your answer.

And the correct answer was true.

Now, I'd like you to pause the video again whilst you consider how did you know that this answer is in fact true? And the reason we know it's true is because we can look at a range of different indicators.

For example, we know that the Democratic Republic of Congo has a very low GDP of just $1,500 per year per capita, while Iceland has a GDP per capita up at $67,300.

Also, the Democratic Republic of Congo's HDI is very low.

It's ranked at 179 out of 191 countries.

Meanwhile, Iceland has a very high HDI.

It's ranked third globally, third highest globally.

So really, really well done if you're able to identify those two correct answers.

So, let's start investigating Mount Nyiragongo's eruption of May 2021.

Now, the first thing to say is that Mount Nyiragongo is an active stratovolcano and it has frequent eruptions.

Recently in 2002, eruptions killed 245 people and nearly five kilometres squared of Goma was covered by lava, leaving 120,000 people homeless.

And in 2021, an eruption led to the deaths of 32 people after lava reached the edges of Goma City.

So, learning check, it says, "Looking at this photo, what would you actually suggest were the main hazard risks for Goma in May 2021?" I would like you to pause the video whilst you study that image and you consider your answer to that question.

And answers you may have included are perhaps similar to what Izzy has said.

Izzy has said that lava flows would be a main hazard risk, like in Grindavik when we looked at Iceland earlier in the lesson.

So, maybe earthquakes like in Grindavik too.

There's a slope here.

So, maybe pyroclastic flow is also one of the main hazard risks.

But also perhaps gas emissions also were a main hazard risk too as well.

So really, really well done if you are able to include or think of any of those answers that Izzy has actually mentioned.

So, what hazards did Goma experience in May 2021? Well, lava flows which destroyed hundreds of homes in Northern Goma.

A day after the eruption of magnitude 5 earthquake, which damaged buildings and infrastructure in Goma.

And finally, high volumes of gas emissions including toxic sulphur dioxide.

In 2002, around 245 people died from such gas emissions.

Now, there were fears of a limnic eruption in Lake Kivu, which is a sudden release of carbon dioxide from lake sediments, which can kill people and livestock by asphyxiation.

Limnic eruptions may be triggered by volcanic eruptions or earthquakes.

But luckily this did not happen in 2021.

Time for another learning check.

It says to "Complete the three missing types of management" that you can see on the screen.

So, what you need to do here then is pause the video, read through all the information that you can see on the screen, and try your best to recall the three different types of management which are missing in those gaps.

And the correct answers are short-term relief, referring to shelter and supplies.

Long-term planning, referring to trained and funded emergency services.

And finally, preparation, looking at things like warning and evacuation, as well as building design.

Really, really well done if you're able to recall those three pieces of information.

So, how did the Democratic Republic of Congo manage its volcanic hazards? Well, in terms of short-term relief then, over 400,000 people fled Goma in the aftermath of the eruption, most leaving after they saw a red glow on the mountain side and a strong smell of sulphur.

Goma residents in the north of the city either fled into the city centre or to nearby towns or across the border to Rwanda.

While the initial evacuations were due to residents seeing the threat and deciding to leave, self-evacuation, the government then ordered the evacuation of a third of Goma, leading into hundreds of thousands more people leaving the city.

As many as 180,000 people fled to the town of Sake, 15 kilometres from Goma with some finding shelter in churches and mosques, others sleeping on the streets.

NGO aid organisations, including UNICEF and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) provided tents and other shelters for displaced people.

Food and clean water were also distributed by local NGOs.

Goma's main Water pipeline reservoir was damaged in the eruption leaving nearly 500,000 people without clean drinking water.

MSF set up mobile clinics in Sake to treat burn victims and injuries that occurred during the evacuation process, and carried out over 1,000 consultations.

Long-term planning then, while emergency response units were underfunded before the eruption, and this caused problems of panic and disorganisation.

Nine people died in traffic accidents as people fled the city.

People were not kept away from lava flows following the eruption with the result that 12 people died from inhaling toxic gases while walking on a section of cooled lava.

Following the eruption, plans were made to train first responders who could focus on evacuation procedures and crisis management.

With regards to preparation concerns about corruption at the Goma Volcano Observatory had resulted in the World Bank ending funding for the observatory, which meant monitoring of Nyiragongo had stopped a few months before the eruption.

Residents of Goma were critical of the lack of warning.

Official warnings to evacuate came well after the eruption and focused on fears of magma building up beneath Goma or the likelihood of a limnic eruption in Lake Kivu, neither of which happened.

Warning panels were installed in Goma after the 2002 eruption to communicate warnings to residents.

But by 2021, many of these were instead being used for local advertising.

Most buildings in Goma especially most homes are not built to withstand earthquakes.

New buildings have been constructed on top of old lava flows despite these being high risk zones in future eruptions.

For prediction, the Goma Volcano Observatory was not able to monitor Nyiragongo effectively due to funding shortages.

It did record some signs of magma buildup, but any concerns about an imminent eruption were not communicated to Goma residents.

International scientists provided assistance with monitoring following the eruption, using satellite imagery and global networks of seismometers.

The Democratic Republic of Congo government has increased support for the Goma Volcano Observatory since the eruption, but major funding problems continue.

So, time now for a learning check.

It says, "Who do you agree with more?" You can see a statement by Laura and a statement by Jun.

Your job then is to pause the video here whilst you read through their two statements and decide who you agree with more.

And the correct answer was Jun.

And Jun says that one of the main problems with management of the Nyiragongo eruption in May 2021 was the Goma Volcano Observatory failed to predict and warn about the eruption.

Really, really well done if you're able to also select Jun as the correct answer.

Our next learning check says, "True or false? People in developing countries are less prepared because they lack understanding of volcanic hazards." So, what you need to do then is pause the video here whilst you consider and then select your answer.

And the correct answer is false.

Now, once again, I'd like you to pause the video whilst you consider as to why this statement is false.

And the reason it's false is because while people in developing countries have expert understanding of volcanic hazards and local communities are actually fully aware of hazards.

For example, Goma residents self evacuated having seen signs that an eruption was imminent.

Management problems are more often due to a lack of resources for effective prediction, preparation and relief.

Really, really well done if you're able to identify those two correct answers.

So, how successful was the hazard management? Well, 32 people died, most from breathing in toxic gases.

400,000 people were temporarily displaced whilst 20,000 people were actually made homeless.

1,000 homes were destroyed.

Three health centres, one primary school, and a water pipeline were destroyed by the lava.

The main road north from Goma was blocked by lava and estimates of around $20 million in damage to Goma itself.

So, a quick learning check It says, "Which of these facts about Goma and the 2021 Nyiragongo eruption are actually correct?" What you need to do then is pause the video here whilst you read through those four options and you select all the answers that you believe to be correct.

And the correct answers were A, 1,000 homes were destroyed, and C, 32 people were killed as a result of the eruption.

Really, really well done if you're able to select those two correct answers.

So, on now to our practise task for our final learning cycle.

And there are three questions.

And the first question says, "Identify two similarities in the management of volcanic hazards in the DR Congo and in Iceland." The second one says, "Identify two differences in the management of volcanic hazards in the DR Congo and in Iceland." And the third says, "To what extent do you think that differences in management between the Democratic Republic of Congo and Iceland are to do with differences in their economic development?" So, what you need to do then right now is pause the video here whilst you attempt these three practise questions.

Best of luck.

Now, feedback for the first question then, and your answer could include two from any of the following.

Residents of Grindavik and Goma were evacuated.

Residents found shelter in nearby towns.

Management involved repairing damaged infrastructure; a heating pipeline in Grindavik and a water pipeline in Goma.

Evacuated people were provided with emergency supplies of food and water.

For the second question then, your answer could include two from the following.

The fact that the evacuation of Grindavik residents was well organised by the Iceland government while in Goma, residents initially self-evacuated and there was panic and accidents after government orders to evacuate.

In Goma, short-term relief was organised and supplied by NGOs such as UNICEF and MSF, while in Grindavik it was organised and supplied by the Icelandic government themselves.

Furthermore, the Icelandic Meteorological Office, the IMO, regularly monitored for signs of volcanic activity on a daily basis.

And their predictions of an imminent eruption meant that the evacuation of Grindavik took place months ahead of the eruption.

In Goma, the Goma Volcano Observatory was not monitoring for volcanic activity despite Nyiragongo's very active status because of lack of money and was not able to predict the 2021 eruption or warn Goma's residents.

Furthermore, in Iceland, hazard mapping meant that areas at high risk of lava flows had been identified and infrastructure and lava barriers constructed, although these didn't always end up being in the right place.

In Goma, people had built houses on top of old lava flows, despite the high risk that future lava flows would take the same route.

The feedback for the third question then, your answer could have considered any of the following.

One difference that is definitely to do with money is prediction.

The Goma Volcano Observatory does not have enough money to monitor Nyiragongo.

And that means Goma residents do not get warnings about eruptions that could save lives and make evacuations easier to organise.

The Democratic Republic of Congo government was not able to fund the Observatory and it had to rely on funding from the World Bank.

Another difference that is related to economic development is that short-term relief and long-term planning in Iceland is organised and provided by the government, but in Goma, it is largely provided by foreign charities.

NGOs like UNICEF and MSF, these organisations generally provide the support to developing countries because it requires significant funding and expertise.

Other factors were important too, however.

2 million people live in Goma compared to 4,000 in Grindavik.

That must make a massive difference in managing evacuation.

The hazard risk was also different in Goma with the danger of a limnic eruption in Lake Kivu, which added to the management problems. In conclusion, differences in economic development are probably very significant in explaining the differences in management of volcanic hazards in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Iceland.

Although Goma involved a lot more people and a higher hazard risk, short-term relief management in the Democratic Republic of Congo depended on NGOs and was hindered by a lack of funding for effective prediction, preparation, and long-term planning.

So really, really well done if you're able to include anything like that in your own answer.

Time now for our learning summary and what you need to know from today's lesson.

Management of volcanic hazards include short-term relief, long-term planning, preparation, and prediction.

Volcanic eruptions may be managed differently in different places, even when the hazard risks are similar.

While lots of things may affect differences in hazard management, the level of economic development can be a significant factor.

So really, really well done during today's lesson.

It was a pleasure teaching you.

And I will see you again on the next lesson.

Goodbye.