Lesson video

Hello, my name is Mr. March and I'm here today to teach you all about GIS, visualizing the human and physical geography of China.

So grab everything that you need for today's lesson and let's get going.

So by the end of today's lesson, you will be able to use a geographic information system or GIS to visualize the human and physical geography of China.

There are three key terms for today's lesson.

Those are visualize, geographic information system and layer.

Visualize refers to form a mental or physical image of something, making it easier to understand.

Geographic information system is a computer mapping system that captures and displays geographic data to help understand spatial patterns.

Finally, layer is a visual representation of geographic data on a digital map such as population density, income levels, or land use.

So we have three learning cycles for today and we're gonna start with learning cycle one, which is visualizing the size and location of China.

These photographs were all taken of China.

We have the Great Wall of China, which you may have seen or heard about before.

We have the Bipenggou Valley.

We have Shanghai, a mega city in China.

We have the Gobi Desert in the northern part of China.

We have the Hainan Province.

And finally we have a a really busy railway station.

So those photographs you saw are a really useful tool for geographers to actually visualize and understand a place.

What other methods though can be used to visualize information?

Well, we can use graphs such as a climate graph that you can see in front of us, which is helping us to understand the climate such as the temperature and precipitation of an area.

We can use diagrams really to try to understand processes and we can use maps to help us with our locational knowledge.

So timeline for a learning check and it says name a method that can be used to visualize geographic information.

You may be able to think of four or more.

So pause the video here whilst you try to recall that information.

And the answers were graphs, diagrams, maps, and photographs.

So really, really well done if you're able to recall any of that information that you see on the screen in front of you.

Geographic information systems or GIS overlays data onto digital maps to help us or allow us to visualize the world and help us understand how things change over space.

The ArcGIS geography visualize that allows us to visualize the location and size of China as this helpful video will now show us.

In this video we're going to use ArcGIS Geography Visualizer, which is a geographic information system to investigate the location and size of China.

Now in the jump for visualizer there are different base maps, so different sorts of maps that we can use.

Now in order to change this 'cause for this exercise, it'll be useful to change this to we go to the toolbar at the bottom where it says base maps and we click on this and here I'm going to click on the chartered territory map.

You'll see at the moment it's what we call an imagery hybrid map which has the country borders on, but also it's satellite imagery.

So you can see something about the physical geography.

But here it's gonna be a bit easier for us if we use the chartered territory map.

'Cause really this is about looking at the location relative to other countries and the size.

So we don't need the satellite imagery to do that.

It's a bit easier if we can see the borders more clearly.

So what I'm going to do is I'm going to first of all have a look at China in a bit more detail.

So I'm gonna bring it into the center of the screen by holding down the left mouse button and putting it in the middle.

And I'm going to zoom in.

I can use this zoom in button, open the top left or I can use the scroll wheel of the mouse.

And that's going to take us in a little bit closer.

Now you'll see on this map it's really useful for giving us different geographical references to help us describe where China is.

You can see that we've got the Equator here.

So we can see that China's north of the Equator.

So it's in the Northern Hemisphere.

We can see the Tropic of Cancer runs through the south of China.

And we can also see the countries that it borders.

Now I'm gonna zoom in slightly 'cause we'll be able to see these in in a bit more detail and we give the names if we do that.

And you can see here, you can go round and look at the different countries it borders.

So Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar.

If we zoom in it will tell us the other countries here.

So we've got India, which stretches through to there.

We've got Bhutan, we've got Nepal, we've got Pakistan, we've got Tajikistan, Turkistan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, we've got North Korea, we've got Russia.

So the first thing you'll see is China's got a lot of borders in because it's such a big country, it's gone enormous amount of borders.

So that tells us something about where it isn't its location.

But we also want to know something about the size.

So if we zoom out, you might think that actually by zooming out we can just have a good visual reference about the size of China just by looking at it and you can then look at it and compare it maybe with the United Kingdom and Greenland and Russia.

However, there is a problem with that and that's to do with map projections.

The problem is when we take something spherical like a globe like the world and then try and put it onto a flat surface like a map like this, it distorts the map in different ways and we can choose the different projections that we want to use, but all of them distort the map in slightly different ways.

So it might enlarge countries towards the north and south of the globe, it might not quite give the right shape if we use a different projection.

Now here where we're using something really based on the projection, so we might think we can just compare countries, but actually there are some problems with this.

However, there is some handy tools that can help us out.

So we have in the bottom toolbar got a measure button.

So if we click on measure and then click on this ruler, it changes the arrows.

We can now see this cross and it allows us to measure distances.

And what I'm going to do is I'm going to measure Greenland and pair that with China.

You can see from this map that Greenland looked much, much, much bigger north south than China is.

So I'm going to see that that is the case.

So I'm going to click on the north of Greenland and I'm going to go all the way down to the south and I'm going to double click and that will keep it there.

Now at the moment it's in miles.

We're going to change this to kilometers by going into the popup and changing it to metric.

And you can see there it's just over 2,600 kilometers.

So it's 2006.

Okay, if we go to China now and do the same, if I measure again, if I do a new measurement, it will take the old one off.

So just be aware of that.

Now, slight issue with China, it's a bit more difficult to know exactly where to measure from.

I could go north to south here, I could go from here.

So I'm gonna go from I suppose the largest extent from north south.

So I'm going to click on north at the top here and I'm going to go to the south.

So it's kind of in line with this bottom border.

It doesn't have to be exact but it gives you a good idea.

So I'm going to double click on that and I'm going to change it to metric and that is 3,578 kilometers.

So that's nearly a thousand kilometers longer north to south in Greenland and you would never expect that when we look at this map.

So the geography visualize it because of this measurement tool is a really useful way of being able to give a really accurate geographical reference for the size of different countries so that we don't have the wrong idea in our heads.

So time now for a quick learning check and it says the magnifying glass symbol allows you to, now you have three options on the screen right there.

What I need you to do then is pause the video here whilst you, select your answer.

And the correct answer was C, search for places.

So really, really well done if you're able to get that answer correct.

Our next learning check says each circle on the map has a diameter of 800 kilometers.

This shows that?

Now once again I'd like you to pause the video whilst you read through those three options and select what you consider to be the correct answer.

And the correct answer was A, China is around four times bigger than Greenland.

Really well done if you're able to get that answer correct.

And in fact, China is the fourth largest country in the world by area as Jun correctly states.

So we're on now to our four practice questions for this first learning cycle and it starts with by asking you to open that link that you can see in front of you.

One A then says, to complete the following tasks, start by clicking on base maps in the bottom tool button, select chartered territory map from the options in the popup.

Then zoom in on China and look carefully at the countries at borders and its position with reference to the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer.

One B then says, describe the location of China with reference to the Equator and other countries used directional terms such as northeast, south and west.

Two A says to complete the following tasks, click on the measure tool from the bottom toolbar, then measure the length of China from the northernmost point to the southernmost point and compare this with the UK and one other country.

Two B then says, describe how the size of China compares with that of the UK.

You may wish to experiment with a measure tool in order to do this.

So what I'd like you to do right now then is pause the video here whilst you attempt those four practice tasks.

Best of luck.

In terms of feedback then one A, the chartered territory map that should be used to visualize China's location looks like this.

One B China is located in the Northern Hemisphere north of the Equator.

The Tropic of Cancer passes through southern China.

It is situated in Asia and shares its borders with several countries.

To the north we have: Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia.

To the east: North Korea.

To the west: Afghanistan, India, Kyrgyztan, Pakistan and Tajikistan.

To the south we have: Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal and Vietnam.

China also shares borders with a special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.

For two B, your screen should look like this when measuring China and you can see that line on the map in front of you.

For two B, the length of China from north to south is around 3,870 kilometers, whereas the UK is around 870 kilometers from north to south.

So really, really well done in attempting those practice tasks and questions.

Right now to our second learning cycle, and this is all about visualizing the human geography of China.

GIS can be especially useful and visualizing the human geography at different countries including China.

Now one aspect of China's human geography is its population size and distribution.

As Lucas says, there are over 1.

4 billion people living in China.

So quick learner check, it says, what is the population of China?

What I need you to do right here is pause the video whilst you try to recall that piece of information.

Best of luck.

And the correct answer was 1.

4 billion as Sam so correctly says.

Really, really well done if you're able to get that answer correct.

And as Aisha says as well, China's population is more than 20 times the population of the UK thereby showing the absolutely enormous size of China's population by comparison.

A variety of layers then can help us visualize the population of China.

Let us watch this instructional video to really understand how that actually works.

So in this video we're gonna use the ArcGIS geography visualizer, which is a geographic information system to find out, investigate a little bit about the population of China.

So we're going to be visualizing information which is going to help us understand it in a bit more detail.

The first thing I'm gonna do is I'm gonna hold my mouse curtain, my mouse button down.

I'm gonna bring China into the middle.

I'm going to zoom in a little bit so you can see a little bit more clearly and we can see China here.

Now I'm on the imagery hybrid base map here, which gives us some human and physical geography information.

I'm actually going to change it by clicking on base maps and where we've got this popup menu, I'm going to click on chartered territory map and it's just a bit easier to see the actual boundary of China and it's a bit easy for this exercise.

So what I'm going to do is we're going to use different layers of data to do the investigation of China.

And the way I'm going to do this, I'm gonna come to the bottom toolbar and I'm gonna click on open maps and these are all pre-made maps of layers of data showing different things about the world.

And there are a number that we're going to use, we are going to use this one over on the right, which is human footprint.

We're going to use this one which says light pollution and this one on the left which says global cities.

So let's start with human footprint.

So if I click on this map, I'm going to click on this now it might bring us back into different part of the world.

That's fine.

I'm just going to bring us back over into China and here we can see China in a bit more detail here and you can now see we've got some color on the map.

So we can see in China here that we've got some really sort of different colors, some oranges and reds and greens on the east of China there.

Now something which is quite important, if you're not quite sure where that boundary of China is, one thing we can do is if we click on map layers there, the popup comes up and probably the easiest way to do this is where we look to adjust transparency.

If I click on that, if I make the map a little bit more transparent, you can see the border of China much more clearly, can't we?

So if I need to just check on that to see, ah, okay, I can see where's in China, I can just adjust that now at the moment I'm just gonna bring it all the way back down so you can't see the boundary for now.

But that is a useful tool that you may want to be, may want to use.

And we can see that in China we've got this sort of blue to the west of China and we've got kind of orange and reds and things to the east of China and I want to make sure I know what that means.

So if I go to the bottom toolbar and click legend, it shows that these reds and oranges have a high human footprint and the blues have a low of human footprint.

Now essentially where there is a high human footprint, that means there are a lot of humans living there.

There are a lot of humans, there are a lot of buildings, there's lots of infrastructure, there's lots of farmland, there's lots of ways that humans have changed the landscape and that's really what we mean by human footprint.

If you want to know a bit more about that, if you go back to map layers and you click on the description in the popup, it gives you a lot more information that you can read through.

So it isn't a pure measure of population density, but it is very, very close to one.

It essentially is telling us what human impact of humans.

Now what we can see on this, and I will just use the transparency there just to do this, what we can see is on the east of China we can see we've got these really bright core, big high human footprint.

And on the west of China we've got a really low human footprint, a lot less people must be living here.

So it gives us lots and lots of information about that which is really useful.

Some other layers that could be useful though, if I go back to the maps, I could click on here on where it says light pollution, I'm going to open this map and the same again, I'm gonna drag it back over.

If I want to adjust the transparency here, I can do and I can see the boundaries of the country.

I think it's quite useful for China.

It is more difficult than somewhere like the UK.

The UK essentially an island or a series of islands is is easier to see The boundary China is more difficult because you know to the west it's within the middle of a continent.

So I think that this is quite useful.

What you can see is if I'm bring this right over the light pollution, which is the light pollution at night caused by street lights and cities and things over on this eastern seaboard of China, there's lots of light pollution on the west, there's there's very little.

The third map that we're going to use is I'm is over here where it says global cities.

Again, I'm going to drag over to China, I'm going to zoom in using the scroll wheel of my mouse.

And what you can see again the really big population, the big cities are over on the kind of east of China.

There are some in the northwest of China like the rum chip, but the really large cities like Shanghai and Beijing, they are over on the west.

I want to know a little bit more about that.

If I click on the legend, it gives us the relative size of the populations here and we can see just how many large cities there are in China.

If I want to know a little bit more about any of them, if I click on it, it will give me some more information about inform that individual city and how much it's grown over time.

So there's three layers that can tell us a huge amount about the population of China.

Time now for a learning check.

It says which of these statements is correct?

You can see you have three statements on the screen in front of you.

What I'd like you to do is pause the video whilst you consider and then select your answer.

And the correct answer was, C, a high human footprint indicates a high population density.

Really well done if you're able to get that answer correct.

By clicking on the individual cities in the cities of the world layer, we can find out about how much a city's population has grown over time.

This popup box shows a population growth graph for Shanghai, one of the largest cities in China.

We're on now to our two practice tasks for the second learning cycle and it starts by asking you to open that link that you can see in front of you.

Then for one A, I would like you to complete the following tasks.

It says click on base maps in the bottom toolbar and select chartered territory map from the options in the popup box.

Then click on the add layer function in the bottom toolbar and select cities of the world in the popup box.

Then locate the cities of Beijing in Shanghai.

Click on their proportional circles and compare their growth rate.

For one B, I would like you to describe how much Shanghai has grown in population since 1960 and use numbers in your answer.

So what I'd like you to do right now then is pause the video whilst you attempt these practice tasks and practice question.

Best of luck.

And in terms of feedback then for one A, your screen will look like this when you compare the population growth of Beijing and Shanghai.

For one B, Shanghai's population has grown rapidly from around 6.

9 million in 1960 to 27.

1 million in 2020.

So really, really well done for undertaking and completing those two tasks.

Really well done.

One now to our third and final learning cycle.

And this is all about visualizing the physical geography of China.

So when thinking about physical landscapes, what physical landscapes, by which I mean natural landscapes come to mind when you think of China?

China really does have a diverse range of landscapes and what I'd like you to do perhaps is pause the video here whilst you try to consider the different types of landscape that China has.

You could even discuss it with someone near you.

The ArcGIS visualizer has a range of different layers that allow us to visualize China's physical geography.

It can look at the soil, precipitation, by which I mean moisture falling from the atmosphere.

So rainfall or snow for example.

Temperature and finally, land cover.

Time then for a learning check.

It says what different layers can help visualize the physical geography of China on the ArcGIS visualizer.

I'd like you to do right now then is pause the video whilst you try to recall this piece of information, best of luck.

And the four correct answers were soil, precipitation, temperature, and land cover.

Really, really well done if you're able to recall those four different layers that we can use with ArcGIS.

So the ArcGIS visualizer has a range of tools that allow us to visualize China's physical geography such as in 3D view.

Let us now watch this instructional video where we can learn more about how this works.

In this video we're going to use the geography visualizer to investigate the physical geography of China.

Now there are a lot of different layers that we could use on the geography visualizer to investigate different aspects of its physical geography.

And you can find these in where the bottom toolbar, whether it says map layers and also where it says open map.

However, what we are going to do in this video is look specifically at the imagery hybrid base map.

And we're really just going to use this to investigate the physical geography.

On the screen at the moment is the imagery hybrid base map.

And it's hybrid because it contains both physical and human geography.

The human geography you can see the actual borders of the country and it actually labels the different countries on there and the physical geography because it's a satellite imagery, you can see things like deserts and rainforests and we can see the physical landscape from that investigation.

Now what we are going to do is we need to find somewhere in China.

So we are going to go to the top left of the screen and you can see where it says there's a magnifying glass and it says open search.

We're going to click on that.

We are going to type in Hotan and this you can see is in the northwest of China.

So if I'm just zoom right out and I'm just using the scroll wheel of the map, you can see where it is.

We're right in the west of China, the northwest and we are going to zoom back in there.

And this is where we're going to look at the physical geography and how it changes.

Now the way we're going to do that is we are going to use what we call a transect.

Now a transect is a fancy way of saying a line.

We are going to investigate how the physical geography changes along a line.

Now we are gonna take a line from the northwest of Hotan through to the southwest.

So what I'm going to do to start with is I'm actually going to measure a distance from Hotan to the northeast about a hundred kilometers because that's where I want my transect line to start.

So in the bottom toolbar, I've clicked on measure and then I click on this little ruler tool and you can see this measure pops up here and if I click Hotan, I'm going to go to the northeast.

Now you can see this is in miles.

I'm gonna change that by changing the unit to metric in this top right popup box and around about here is a hundred kilometers.

Now in this exercise we don't have to be like really, really accurate.

It's more just given as a gauge of of where we're going.

So that's about a hundred kilometers.

I'm gonna do a visual reference of that because this is going to disappear from the screen.

I can double click on it and it will stay for now.

But as soon as I click on this sketch button at the bottom that's going to disappear.

But the top right in the northeast of this line, that's where my line, my transect line is going to start.

And I'm gonna come all the way through Hotan and I'm going to bring it down.

So this area just here in the southwest of this screen.

So I'm going to go to the bottom and the bottom toolbar, I'm going to click on sketch and you can see that's disappeared.

I'm going to go to the line and I'm going to change the size of the line to four so it's really clear and I'm going to make it a nice blue because I think that'll be really easy to see.

I'm going to go roughly speaking, it doesn't have to be exact, but roughly where my map, where my measuring tool took us to.

So it's around about here.

I'm happy with that.

So what I can do is I can start my line from this point here.

Okay, I'm just gonna bring this up slightly on the screen.

So I'm going to left click and that's gonna be the start of my line.

I'm gonna come through Hotan and I'm going to bring it right down to Southwest.

I'm gonna bring it, if you see this dotted black line, I'm going to bring it roughly speaking to around here.

Now we've gotta be careful with this bit because where you see this dashed line, this dashed black line on the map, if I zoom in you can see it a bit clearer.

Anywhere beyond this is is disputed territory or it's a little bit complicated around the border in this case between China and Europe and Pakistan.

This region, if I zoomed out on the map, there's a lot of different areas in here which are a bit complex.

So I'm gonna stay within the area of the map.

So it's just the northeast of that dotted black line.

I'm going to double click and that gives me a transect line that I can investigate.

We can measure that line.

So I'm just gonna go back to the measuring tool and you can see where, look, if I just change it to metric, let's keep it in kilometers.

We're looking at roughly speaking 400 kilometers there.

Okay, so if I close this off, what I'm going to do is I'm going to put some points along this line that we can investigate.

So I'm going to go back onto the sketch, I'm going to choose a symbol in the popup and I'm going to put on five points just next to the line.

It doesn't have to be perfect, it's just there to remind me where to have a look at that's all it is.

So if I just take, okay, we've got one here, one another point just there.

So we're looking at five roughly equal points along the map.

It doesn't have to be exact, have one here and four and then five.

And they're roughly equal points along the transect line.

And these are places that I can now have a look at to see how the physical geography changes.

Now to start with that, I've got a really handy trick to look at some physical geography aspects.

And the way I'm going to do it is I'm going to click on the measure tool and the bottom toolbar.

And you can see there's a popup there which says elevation profile.

I'm going to click on that and if I draw a line next to my transect line, what it will do is it will tell me how the shape of the land and the elevation, the altitude above sea changes along my transect.

So I'm going to put that here next to it and I'm going to double click.

And then what you can see here is it gives us from left to right starting at the beginning it shows us how it changes.

So you can see along this line you can see there's an orange circle.

So at the beginning, my first point, it's pretty low, well actually it's 1,200 meters.

So actually this it's not particularly low above sea level 1,200 meters is getting on for the highest point in the United Kingdom.

So it's nearly as high as Ben Nevis.

So it is actually quite a high altitude plane.

So flat though flat but reasonably high altitude.

If I move along this line, take my next point near around Hotan, again, it's going up slightly, but we're still really quite flat around Hotan by my next point.

If I go to the, my third point, you can see it's now it's becoming higher but also quite, quite hilly, quite steep up and down small hills but up and down.

We take our fourth point where with really high altitude here, 5,628 meters, that's higher than anywhere in Europe at this point, higher than Mont Blanc.

So very high, not particularly steep up and down.

Certainly further on here, this really is very high altitude but quite flat, maybe a few more hills here.

And then my final point, we've got this, you know, drops right down, doesn't it at this point here, but it's certainly very steep sides.

So this gives a really good visual reference of kind of how the altitude changes over our transect.

Our final task is just to go into each of these points and have a look at the actual landscape.

And we can do that by looking at the satellite imagery and zoomed right into roughly, see our first point here.

So we can just look around this area and what you can see that this is actually just sand.

It's just a desert environment.

And you know there's huge expanse of sand here.

This is around the Taklamakan desert, enormous desert in northwestern China.

So we can see that, okay, we're talking about a pretty barren landscape, sandy desert.

If we move on to Hotan, interestingly if we zoom in, there is a city here, we look over here, you can actually see trees, we can see this area that's divided by some sort of boundaries.

So it's like farmland in places that we can see and you can have a real look at that completely different from the area around it.

And the reason why is this is essentially an oasis town, it's Hotan.

So basically it's reliant on this, this water that gives life to this part of the desert.

If we move onto the third point, we can see that, okay, it looks kind of hillier, doesn't it?

But a really good way of looking in a little bit more detail here is if we go to the bottom toolbar and we click on 3D, it will then allow us to get a much better idea of what the landscape looks like.

So by using these left hand tools, I can both pan move the map to different places.

And if I click again, I can rotate the map and zoom around the landscape.

And what we can see here is we're looking at really quite steep sided valleys.

Again, pretty barren, not much trees and vegetation around narrow river valleys and we can get a really good check of the landscape.

If I come back into 2D and zoom back out.

I've got my transect line still on here, so I can do this with the final two places as well.

I can come on, if I zoom right out, it'll be a bit quicker to get move along the transect line.

I can see my fourth point actually, we're back into this really barren landscape, almost looks like desert by going to a 3D landscape.

What we can see is if I zoom in, it's certainly not as steep this area.

It's actually pretty, look at that.

It's very high altitude but it's a bit of a flat plane here.

Again, really barren, not much vegetation.

If I click onto the 2D again, zoom right out, I'm using the scroll wheel of my mouse to do that.

You can go into the top left hand corner and click this zoom out button here.

But I'll just go to my final marker along the transect.

I'm going to zoom in.

I can see this white indicates probably quite a bit of snow.

So I'm going to zoom in, use my 3D tool and if I zoom around the landscape a little bit, just gonna pan up here slightly, you can see okay it's a glacial landscape.

You can see these sharp mountains if I go further.

But this map, they're gonna get even bigger mountains.

So we've got these glacial valley steep side of mountains and it gives a really good indication of what the physical geography looks like.

So a learning check.

It says true or false?

To find out information about physical geography on the ArcGIS visualizer you to add layers.

What I'd like you to do then is pause the video whilst you consider and then select your answer.

And the correct answer was false.

Now once again, I'd like you to pause the video whilst you consider as to why this statement is false?

And the reason it's false is, well you can investigate the physical geography by changing the base map to satellite imagery, zooming in and inspecting the biodiversity and relief.

Really, really well done if you're able to get those two answers correct.

So we're on now to our two final practice tasks and question for the final learning cycle.

And it starts by asking you to open that link that you can see at the top of the screen.

Then one a complete the following tasks.

It says click on base maps in the bottom toolbar and select imagery hybrid map from the options in the popup box.

Then use the search tool magnifying glass to find Hotan.

Click on the sketch tool from the toolbar and select the line function from the pop-up box.

Draw a 400 kilometer line going through Hotan starting 100 kilometers northeast of Hotan to 300 kilometers southwest of Hotan.

Select point from the sketch popup box.

And mark on five points and equal distance apart along the transect line you have drawn.

Zoom in to each point and investigate the physical geography using the 2D and 3D function located in the toolbar.

One B then says to describe the physical geography at each point along the transect refer to the relief, which means the shape of the land as well as the vegetation.

So I'd like you to do right now then is pause the video whilst you attempt these two practice tasks and questions.

Best of luck.

And in terms of feedback then one A, your screen will look similar to this when you have drawn the points on your map.

One B, then your answer may be similar to the following first point, flat desert land, northeast of Hotan.

Second point, flat urban farmland and trees in Hotan.

Third point, steep hills and narrow valleys with very little vegetation.

Fourth point flat, high altitude, barren landscape.

And finally, fifth point, steep high glaciated mountains.

So really, really well done for undertaking that practice task and that practice question.

Right now to our learning summary and it says GIS can be used to visualize both human and physical geography of China.

China is located in the Northern Hemisphere in the continent of Asia.

China is the fourth largest country in the world by area.

Although it looks smaller on some projections of the world map.

Different layers of data on a GIS show that the population of China is very high.

Visualizing the physical landscape using GIS shows that China is a very diverse country.

So really well done during today's lesson.

It was a pleasure teaching you.

And I will see you again on the next lesson.

Goodbye.