Hello, my name's Mr. March and I'm here today to teach you all about the impacts of an earthquake in a developed country and a developing country.

So grab everything that you need for today's lesson and let's get going.

So by the end of today's lesson, you will be able to use located examples to discuss the impacts of earthquakes in a developed and developing country.

There are two key terms for today's lesson.

Those are magnitude and epicentre.

Magnitude refers to a measure of the energy released by an earthquake whilst epicentre refers to the point on Earth's surface that is directly above where an earthquake happens underground.

There are two learning cycles for today's lesson.

We're gonna start with learning cycle one, which is impacts in a developed country.

So straightaway I've got a picture and a question for you to think about.

It says what is happening in this image? You may like to pause the video here whilst you really study that photograph and consider your own answer to that question or perhaps even have a discussion with someone near you.

Now, what we see in the image in front of you then is a tsunami.

Now, my follow-up question is this, in which developed country is the tsunami occurring? What you may like to do once again is pause the video here whilst you really study the map in front of you and try your best to answer that question.

So what did you get? Well, we can see that the tsunami is happening in Japan and that's going to be the focus of our learning for this learning cycle.

And indeed, Japan is a developed country and it's gonna provide us with a case study example of how earthquakes can impact developed countries.

Now, we can see the sprawling urban mass of a city in Japan and we can see also that it's a very well-developed country.

Now, my question to you is how might that affect the impacts of earthquake on property and people? You may like to pause the video here whilst you consider your own answer to that question or perhaps even discuss it with someone near you.

So in March 2011, a massive 9.

0 magnitude earthquake shook the Japanese island of Honshu, seen here in the map in front of you.

The epicentre was about 100 kilometres east of Sendai in a highly complex tectonic region where several different plates meet.

Sudden slippage occurred along a convergent plate boundary between the Pacific plate and the Okhotsk plate, previously considered part of the much larger North American plate.

The earthquake triggered a powerful and devastating tsunami, which struck the east coast of Honshu.

The earthquake and tsunami impacted most in Japan's Tohoku region of Honshu.

The example is often therefore known as the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami.

So time now for a learning check and it says to connect the details.

On the left-hand side, you can see you've got the type of fact mentioned, for example, the date of the earthquake and the country affected, et cetera, whilst on the right-hand side then you can see you actually got the fact.

What you need to do then is connect those two details.

So what what you need to do then is pause the video here whilst you attempt this learning check.

And the answers were the date of the earthquake then is in March 2011.

The country affected is Japan or more specifically, the island of Honshu.

The type of plate boundary involved, it was convergent.

Location of the epicentre was 100 kilometres east of Sendai.

And finally, the tectonic plates involved were the Pacific and the Okhotsk plates.

So really, really well done if you're able to connect those details.

So what are primary and secondary impacts of a tectonic hazard? Well, primary impacts are those impacts which happen immediately and are caused directly by the tectonic hazard.

For example, the buildings collapsed as soon as the ground shook.

This happened immediately and therefore is a primary impact.

Secondary impacts are indirect impacts and occur in the hours, days and weeks, maybe even months after the hazard.

For example, survivors were homeless for many months after the earthquake.

So in this example, the primary impact is the earth shaking and causing houses to collapse whilst the secondary impact is the fact that these people then would be made homeless.

So what were the primary impacts of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami? Although 123,000 buildings were destroyed in the disaster and over one million buildings were damaged, actually only 2% of this damage was from primary impacts of the 9.

0 magnitude earthquake.

People died or were injured though by debris falling or from buildings or buildings collapsing themselves.

Many roads, such as the Tohoku highway, as well as railways and bridges were also damaged.

Although 18,500 people died in the disaster, less than 10% of that number died as a result of primary impacts.

And over four million people in northeast Japan suffered from power outages and 1.

5 million people were left without water.

Now, what we can see therefore, although a huge amount of damage, death and destruction was caused by the 2011 tsunami and earthquake, actually what we can see is that a lot of this was not actually caused by the primary impacts themselves.

Now, my question to you is why do you think that? You may like to pause the video here whilst you consider your own answer to that question or perhaps even have a discussion with someone near you.

Now, these four pupils have also been considering that question which I asked you on the previous slide.

Now, the learning check here is for you to consider who you think is right and you can see you've got statements from Aisha, Sofia, Jun and Alex.

So what I'd like you to do then is pause the video here whilst you read through their statements and you select all the answers that you believe to be correct in answering that previous question.

And the correct answers are, so first of all, Aisha is correct.

Let's analyse what Aisha said.

So Aisha says that "aren't tsunami's secondary impacts? If so, I expect it was the tsunami that did 98% of the damage." And she's absolutely correct.

Whilst the earthquake itself caused 2% of the damage, it was that secondary impact, that knock-on effect of the tsunami which caused 98% of the damage.

Furthermore, Alex is correct as well.

"If the tsunami was a secondary impact, then maybe most people died by being drowned." And unfortunately this was certainly the case for the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami.

So really, really well done if you're able to identify Aisha and Alex as the correct answers.

Another learning check says true or false? Tsunamis are secondary impacts of earthquakes.

Once again, what you need to do then is pause the video here whilst you consider and then select your answer.

And the correct answer is true.

So once again, I'd like you to pause the video whilst you consider as to why this statement is true.

And the reason it's true is because while tsunamis are secondary impacts of earthquakes because they are an indirect result of an earthquake, they are a knock-on effect of an earthquake.

The earthquake causes the seabed to move, which displaces water, which then results in powerful waves reaching coastlines.

Really, really well done if you're able to identify those two correct answers.

So what about the secondary impacts then? Well, the powerful undersea earthquake triggered a 10-meter-high tsunami that swept on shore in only 30 minutes.

And due to the close location of the epicentre, which was only 100 kilometres away from the east coast of the Tohoku region, most of the 18,500 deaths and 500,000 injuries were actually caused by those tsunami waves.

Seawater inundated about 560 kilometres of coastal land, destroying ports and harbours, as well as houses.

Furthermore, 98% of the damage that destroyed 123,000 buildings and damaged one million buildings resulted from the tsunami with only 2% from ground shaking itself.

The tsunami triggered explosions at the Fukushima nuclear power station, which released radioactive material.

And finally, total damages of the earthquake and tsunami in Japan are estimated at 220 billion US dollars, which is actually the most expensive natural disaster ever.

Now, how has a developed country like Japan tried to deal with its tectonic history? Well, one thing that it's really invested a lot of money into is something called earthquake-resistant buildings.

We can see one example on the screen in front of you.

Now, Japan has around 1,500 earthquakes per year, some big, some small.

And its investment in earthquake-resistant buildings significantly reduced the number of deaths and damage from ground shaking in 2011.

But how does this technology even work? Well, as I said, we can see an example on the screen in front of you.

It's from the Yokohama Landmark Tower in Yokohama, which is south of Tokyo, and it's designed to be earthquake-resistant.

It has a sloping pyramid-shaped structure, which is based on previous or old traditional Japanese pagodas, which have survived centuries of earthquakes.

And the impact of ground movement is reduced by 40% by adding shock absorbers and shock dampeners into the base of the building, as well as including 170-ton pendulum nearer the top of the building to sort of counteract the swaying and moving or movement of the building.

Furthermore, the building's frame is actually made up of very strong steel tubes and is built on a five-meter-thick slab of concrete overlaying stable bedrock geology to really try to anchor it securely into the ground.

So a quick learning check.

It says true or false? Despite being a 9.

0 magnitude earthquake, ground shaking did not destroy or damage large numbers of buildings in Japan's cities.

So what you need to do then is pause the video here whilst to consider that statement and then decide whether it is true or false.

And the correct answer is true.

Now, once again, I'd like you to pause the video whilst you consider as to why that statement is true.

And the reason it's true is that while 123,000 buildings were destroyed and over one million buildings were damaged, actually only 2% of this damage was from ground shaking by the 9.

0 magnitude earthquake, and this was partly due to Japan's investment in earthquake-resistant buildings.

Really, really well done if you were able to identify those two correct answers.

Our next learning check says to complete the missing numbers.

Now, you can see you've got different details on the left-hand side.

What you need to do then is try to recall the information or the number which matches with that detail.

So pause the video here whilst you attempt this learning check.

And the correct answers were, so the number of buildings damaged or destroyed was up at one million.

The number of deaths, which was estimated at 18,500.

The magnitude of the earthquake or the strength of the earthquake was up at 9.

0.

The distance of the epicentre from Sendai in kilometres was at 100 kilometres.

And finally, the cost of the earthquake and tsunami to Japan was up at 220 billion US dollars.

So really, really well done if you were able to recall any of those facts that you see in front of you.

We're on now to our one and only practise task for this first learning cycle.

And it says using the map, which you can see in front of you, and your own knowledge, describe the primary and secondary impacts of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami.

Make sure you say which developed country you are writing about.

So what you need to do now then is pause the video whilst you attempt this practise task.

Best of luck.

And now some feedback.

Now, your answer, using your own knowledge, may have included something like this.

The 2011 earthquake and tsunami took place in the developed country of Japan with most impacts felt in the northern Tohoku region of Honshu Island.

The epicentre of the 9.

0 magnitude earthquake was in the Pacific Ocean, 100 kilometres east of Sendai, and it resulted in 18,500 deaths, 500,000 injuries and a million buildings damaged with 123,000 destroyed.

91% of the deaths and 98% of the damage to buildings resulted from the tsunami, a secondary impact.

This tsunami, triggered by the undersea earthquake, produced waves well over nine metres in height, flooding 560 kilometres squared of coastal land.

It continues.

The map shows that the tsunami waves impacted the eastern coast of Japan.

The eastern coast of the Tohoku region was especially affected as it was closest to the epicentre.

Wave heights in this region were in excess of nine metres.

Three prefectures, or regions, are shown as having the highest casualties: Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima.

These are the three prefectures that had the highest tsunami waves, confirming that the tsunami was responsible for the majority of deaths, presumably in the coastal regions of these prefectures.

So really, really well done if you were able to include anything like that in your own answer.

We're on now to our second and final learning cycle, and this is all about the impacts in a developing country.

Now, this photo then shows a street in Port-au-Prince, which is the capital city of Haiti, after a 7.

0 magnitude earthquake hit the Caribbean country in January 2010.

Now, what impacts can you see from the earthquake in front of you? You may like to pause the video here whilst you really study that photograph or perhaps even have a discussion with someone near you.

So what can we see? Well, we can see fallen power cables.

We can see collapsed buildings.

We can see a dead body in the street in the foreground of the image.

We can see crushed cars also.

We can see rubble in the street too.

And we can also see people wearing face masks, perhaps because of the smell of decay or perhaps also because of the dust that is in the air.

In January 2010, a 7.

0 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti in the Caribbean, one of the world's poorest countries.

And if we direct our attention to the map in front of you, we get a sense as to its local and regional geography.

and where this earthquake struck.

Also, the epicentre was 25 kilometres from the country's capital, Port-au-Prince.

And the cause of the earthquake was slippage along faults at the conservative or transform boundary between the Caribbean plate and the North American plate.

Now, a conservative plate boundary are where two plates are sliding past one another, as the diagram in front of you does such a great job in actually showing.

The earthquake was very shallow, just 13 kilometres below the surface, which explains the powerful ground shaking and the extensive damage caused.

So time now for a learning check and it says to connect the details.

So on the left-hand side, once again, you've got those different details whilst on the right-hand side then you have the fact.

What you need to do then is pause the video here whilst you do your best to connect those details together.

Best of luck.

And the answers.

So date of earthquake was in January 2010.

The country affected was Haiti.

The type of plate boundary was conservative.

The location of the epicentre was 25 kilometres southwest of Port-au-Prince.

And the tectonic plates involved were the Caribbean and the North American plates.

So really, really well done if you were able to connect those details together.

So what were the primary impacts of the 2010 Haiti earthquake? Well, an estimated 220,000 people were killed and 300,000 people injured, most of whom were killed as intense ground shaking caused buildings to collapse, as we can see on the image in front of you.

Now, total damage was estimated at eight billion US dollars.

About 300,000 homes, 4,000 schools and 60% of government and administrative buildings were damaged or destroyed.

Most people, an estimated 86%, lived in densely packed, poorly built concrete housing that collapsed during the earthquake.

And once again, you really get a sense of that with the image that's in front of you.

In the affected area, 30 of the 49 medical facilities were destroyed and infrastructure was severely affected.

Roads were blocked and damaged.

Electricity and water supplies were cut off as cables and pipes were damaged.

At this point, I think it'd be worthwhile to make a comparison between the 2010 Haiti earthquake and the Japan 2011 earthquake.

So the 2010 Haiti earthquake had a magnitude of 7.

0 and yet 220,000 people were killed, mostly by collapsing buildings, which is a primary impact.

Meanwhile, in 2011, an earthquake with a magnitude of 9.

0 hit Japan, yet 18,500 people died.

And of these, actually only 10% died as a result of primary impacts.

Most were actually killed by the tsunami, which is a secondary impact.

So I have a question for you.

It says why did the primary impacts of a less powerful earthquake kill so many more people in Haiti than that which happened in Japan? You may like to pause the video here whilst you consider your answer to that question or perhaps even have a discussion with someone near you.

So these four students are also having a debate about the same question.

Now, the learning check here is for you to decide who you think is right.

So what you need to do then is pause the video whilst you read through the statements by Alex, Izzy, Lucas and Jun, and decide who you think is correct.

And there may be more than one correct answer.

So pause the video here and best of luck.

And the correct answers were, so Izzy says, "Japan is a developed country and it has buildings that were earthquake-resistant." Meanwhile, Jun says, "The photo suggests the houses in Port-au-Prince were not very strong and some were built on steep slopes." Now, these two answers are absolutely correct and it all comes back to the idea that Japan is a developed country.

It has money and resources with which to invest in earthquake-resistant buildings to ensure that those buildings do not collapse and therefore kill people.

Meanwhile, unfortunately, Haiti is a developing country.

It is a poor country and doesn't have the same level of resources to invest in earthquake-resistant buildings.

And as you saw in the image previously, a lot of those buildings were actually made by the inhabitants themselves.

And unfortunately, when the earthquake hit and such a powerful earthquake as well with a shallow focus, it caused lots of these buildings to collapse and unfortunately kill the people inside.

So the correct answers here then are Izzy and Jun.

And really, really well done if you were able to select those two as the correct answers.

What about then the secondary impacts? Well, 1.

5 million people were left homeless and two million people were left with no access to clean water or food.

Diseases, including cholera, broke out in the temporary encampments due to overcrowding, poor sanitation and lack of medical care.

By July 2011, cholera had killed almost 6,000 people.

Thousands of landslides were triggered in the hills surrounding Port-au-Prince, destroying many properties, and some 600,000 people left Port-au-Prince to stay with friends and relatives, increasing social pressures elsewhere in Haiti.

19 million cubic metres of rubble and debris in the streets slowed recovery, and prevented supplies being transported through the city.

And finally, severe destruction of the harbour delayed emergency supplies entering the country by sea.

Time once again for a learning check.

And this says true or false? Landslides are secondary impacts of earthquakes.

So what you need to do then is pause the video here whilst you consider that statement and then decide whether it is true or false.

And the correct answer is true.

Now, once again, I'd like you to pause the video whilst you consider as to why this statement then is true.

And the reason it's true is because well, landslides are secondary impacts of earthquakes because they happen as an indirect result of an earthquake.

The earthquake shakes the soil and rocks on a slope, which destabilises them.

This makes it more likely for a landslide to occur, especially if there has been a period of heavy rainfall.

So really, really well done if you were able to get those two answers correct.

We're on now to our next learning check and it says to tick the correct answers to the following Haiti earthquake facts.

And on the left-hand side then, you can see the description of those facts.

For example, city worst affected, deaths, numbers left homeless, et cetera.

On the right-hand side then, you can see for each of those you've got a 50-50 option, and you need to select the correct option for each of those.

So what you need to do then now is pause the video whilst you attempt this learning check.

Best of luck.

And the correct answers were the following.

So the city which was worst affected was the capital city of Haiti, Port-au-Prince.

The numbers of death which occurred during the Haiti 2010 earthquake was a staggering 220,000.

The numbers left homeless was 1.

5 million people.

The percentage of people living in densely packed, poorly built housing was at 86%.

And finally, the cost to Haiti of the disaster was eight billion US dollars.

Really, really well done if you were able to recall those pieces of information.

We're on now to our practise tasks for our final learning cycle, and there are two practise tasks.

The first one says to complete this table comparing the primary and secondary impacts of the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan with the Haiti earthquake, which happened in 2010.

And you can see there on the left-hand side, you've got those different primary and secondary impacts.

Japan's data has already been completed.

Your job then is to complete the table with Haiti's data.

Our second and final practise task says using the images to help you, suggest two factors that help explain the destruction caused by the 2010 Haiti earthquake's primary impacts.

And you can see on the left-hand side then, you've got that map showing the epicentre of the earthquake whilst on the right-hand side then, you can see housing in Port-au-Prince.

So what you need to do now then is pause the video here whilst you attempt these two practise tasks.

Best of luck.

And now feedback.

So you were asked to complete the table that you see in front of you with the data for Haiti's 2010 earthquake.

Now, these are the correct answers.

So in terms of earthquake magnitude, Haiti was at 7.

0, the number of deaths, which was estimated, at 220,000.

The number of buildings destroyed was 300,000 homes.

The number of people left without clean water was two million people.

And the number of people who became homeless was 1.

5 million.

The second question asks you to use those images to help you and suggest two factors that explain the destruction caused by the 2010 Haiti earthquake's primary impacts.

Now, your suggestions may be similar to these.

The Haiti earthquake in 2010 was a 7.

0 magnitude earthquake with an epicentre 25 kilometres from Haiti's capital city, Port-au-Prince.

One reason why the primary impact of ground shaking had such a huge effect, 220,000 people killed, 300,000 homes destroyed, was because Port-au-Prince was very close to the epicentre, which I'm sure would've made its impact stronger than if it had been further away.

Also, a city means a lot more people to be impacted by the earthquake than if it had been in a rural area.

So population density is also another factor as well.

The answer continues.

The image shows houses in Port-au-Prince.

Haiti is a developing country, and I know 86% of people in the city in 2010 lived in poorly built concrete houses like these and that they weren't strong enough for the earthquake and collapse on people inside.

Another factor is that these houses on hillsides would be more vulnerable to collapse if the ground shaking made the slopes unstable.

We know this did happen because there was also secondary impact landslides after the quake.

So really, really well done if you're able to include anything like that in those questions.

We're on now to our learning summary.

And what do we need to know from today's lesson? Well, we need to know that in 2011, Japan, which is a developed country, a rich country, experienced a 9.

0 magnitude earthquake, and it was among the strongest ever recorded.

Japan's investment though in earthquake-resistant buildings meant that the primary impacts were minimised.

However, a tsunami, which is a secondary impact, caused massive destruction to property and people.

In 2010, Haiti, which is a developing country, a poor country, experienced a 7.

0 magnitude earthquake.

Here primary impacts killed 220,000 people.

While Japan was able to invest in earthquake-resistant buildings, it was collapsing buildings that killed most people in Haiti.

Now, really, really well done during today's lesson.

It was a pleasure teaching you and I will see you again on the next lesson.

Goodbye.