Lesson video

Hi everybody, and welcome to today's lesson.

Today we're going to be carrying on with anatomy and physiology, looking specifically at the musculoskeletal system but focusing on the joints and actually the movements that occur at those joints.

Now this becomes crucial when we start to analyze and be able to describe sporting actions and sporting movement.

So it's gonna be really nice as we move through the lesson, we'll look at lots of different sporting examples which will help you develop your breadth of being able to do exactly that, being able to put examples of different sports to the content that you're learning.

So our outcome for today's lesson is that you're gonna be able to describe the movements that occur at different types of joints.

So you won't be surprised to see that the keywords are actually five of those types of movements.

Now you may want to pause the recording at this point and make a note of these, but we will be going through them, each of them in quite a bit of detail.

So we will be able to describe them but also apply them to different sporting actions or sporting movements.

The lesson is actually divided up into three areas.

We're first of all going to look at some of those movements and be able to describe them.

Then when we're familiar with those movements, we're going to look at how they work at different joints.

And then finally, we're gonna develop that into being able to analyze those movements specifically within sporting examples.

So let's get started with that first part and look at these anatomical terms. Now these terms you will become very familiar with, and basically they are terms to describe the movement that occurs at different joints.

We can see there on that image, we've got someone holding a handstand.

And at that hip joint, those legs are in a position where they're straddled whilst that position is being held.

So it might be that you are familiar with some of these terms. And you might wanna pause the recording at this point and maybe write any of them down, or could you explain or demonstrate how they might look to either yourself or to a partner? Now the one we often start with this flexion, often referred to as when you bend at a joint.

Anatomically we probably develop that more so when you talk about when you decrease the angle at a joint.

Now this can happen most commonly at the knee and the elbow.

Bit more subtly does occur at the shoulder and the hip, which we know are ball and socket joints.

So I've got someone here to help me today.

And it might be that you can now wherever, we almost like play a little game of Simon says.

So when I do the movement or you see the image on the screen, that might be a good opportunity for you to just stand up and do the same movement or you might be able to do it while you're sat down.

And sometimes by doing the movement, whilst we're talking and learning, it makes it a bit more memorable.

So we can see here on this first image, we've got that elbow flexion.

So simply when the elbow bends like that, and it's not that easy on my skeleton, but what I can do on my skeleton is I can do the next one where we look at the knee, which is when you can see here, I'm bending the knee backwards.

So that angle at the knee joint, this hinge joint, is actually getting smaller.

So it almost goes from 180 degrees, just a bit beyond 90 there just in terms of how this skeleton is structured.

If we look at the images, we've also got shoulder flexion.

So if you were to now just raise your arms in front of you, the angle here at your shoulder joint will be getting smaller or will be decreasing.

And likewise, if you bring those, if you then bring the hip up and it does the same, you can see there how the arrow is showing quite clearly that hip has been raised up in front of that person.

Therefore that angle at the hip is decreasing.

Now then that makes extension a little bit easier to understand 'cause it's quite the opposite of everything I've just shared with you.

So it's when the angle now increases at the joint, and often as a result that joint is straightening or moving from that flexed position.

So we can see this image here how we saw it first inflection and all that's happening now is that arm is being lowered back down to the side of the body.

So that angle is getting bigger or increasing.

Likewise with the knee, we look at on our skeleton, we can see we were in this position.

So as we bring that knee down to that straightened position, that angle now between those two bones has become bigger.

So we call that extension.

You're probably gonna see the opposite for the shoulder as well.

I'd ask you to raise your arms here.

Now if we were to bring them back down and also put them behind our body, maybe we're reaching to grab a relay button from someone that's running towards us, we would've extended 'cause that angle here would've got much bigger.

And finally we can see that we've got that hip extension, we've almost got that lunge position and that back leg has moved backwards.

So that angle at the hip has got bigger.

So we've introduced two of our terms there across four of the joints that we will look at in great detail.

So let's just have a quick checkpoint.

Which of these is the correct definition for flexion? Is it A, B, C or D? I'll give you five seconds to decide.

Yes, well done if you went with A.

Remember we looked at a few examples where that angle gets smaller or it decreases at a joint.

So now we looked at flexion and extension.

We wanna look at abduction.

Now this is when a limb moves away from the body.

And at this point it can only happen in our ball and socket joints.

So hopefully that reminds you that that can only therefore happen in our hip and our shoulder.

Now a really good way of remembering this is if you are taken away by aliens, let's hope not, but you are abducted, you are taken away.

So that's exactly what happens to our limb when our shoulder joint or our hip joint is being abducted.

So if we look here now, if I take this arm and take it away from the body, now that is abduction.

Now we often refer to the midline of the body.

So I want you to imagine that I'm drawing an imagining line now from the top of the cranium here all the way down the middle of the body towards the toes, and that's the midline.

So the sternum is actually a good reference point here 'cause it almost sits right in the middle.

And as you can see as I move that limb, the upper and the lower arm away from that sternum, that shoulder joint, this point here, where the humerus and the scapula meeting, is therefore abducting.

And a really good example, probably the most common example is that star jump, whether it's on the floor or you're on a trampoline because as we can see in the image then in the arrow, the arms are being taken away as you go into that outward phase of the star jump.

Now when we do a a star jump, once we've gone out, we often have to come back in, we can't stay there, alright? So the opposite of that, when you're then bringing that limb down to that midline is adduction.

And a really good way of remembering, it is when you are adding it back.

We look at our diagram from our star jump, like I've just shown you there, is when you're bringing those limbs back to that midline point or that starting point.

Now obviously on the screen, I can't show you my legs doing the same.

But you can see how in that image the legs have also gone out and then they've come back in, which is adduction, and that's occurred at that hip joint where the head of the femur sits into that really deep socket of the pelvis.

So quick check again to make sure that we're happy with our definition of adduction.

Do you think that it's A, B, C or D? Well done if you went with D 'cause we've got that movement towards the midline of the body.

Now rotation is when a limb turns around its long axes.

So it's kind of a subtle movement where it's a circular one and again can only happen at the shoulder and the hip because if you think you've got that head of that bone that fits into that socket, obviously you can do this kind of movement the bone can do that.

So that allows the joint to do some kind of rotation.

Now if that rotation develops into more of a circular pathway, you can see there in the image that that arm has almost drawn a circle, a complete circle with the shoulder joint.

Now we refer to that as circumduction.

Now to be able to get to that position, you've used both abduction and adduction 'cause you then have to kind of take it out and back in, it will flex, there'll be some decreasing at the angle of the joint as well as some straightening.

And in doing so, you'll create that circular pathway.

Might be a good opportunity even now to think about those sports where you might use your arm in that full circular motion, and therefore that shoulder joint will be circumducting.

So another good checkpoint here to make sure we're happy with this definition of circumduction.

Is it A, B, C or D? I'll give you five seconds to decide.

Well done if you went with D, knowing that we've got that combination of those keywords, we've been looking at that combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.

You also might see a definition where they talk about that circular pathway or that circular motion.

So now we've been introduced to our anatomical terms. I'd like you to do your first task.

You've been given two movements here, we've got an athlete doing a chest pass.

You can see how she starts with the ball at the chest and then she's gonna release it.

And we've also got an athlete in almost the dry phase of the sprint start.

So they're just pushing themselves off the floor away from the blocks.

I'd like you to add labels to those diagrams identifying where you can see flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and if any, some circumduction.

Once you've done that and you feel confident with that, could you provide a definition for each of those key terms? Pause the recording and come back when you're ready.

Welcome back.

How did you do? Now don't worry if you haven't got all of these, but I want to now and try and capture some of the labels you could have added to our two diagrams. So you could have first of all looked at that proprietary stage or that starting stage of that chest pass.

And notice that that shoulder is in a position of extension and adduction.

It's definitely not moved away from the midline and it's very much, that angle is quite big at the minute, it's not started to bend.

We've also got that elbow in that flexed or in a state of flexion 'cause it's bent, that angle is decreased.

As we then release the ball, we then do start to see that flexion.

So that angle, the arm's come up or the arm arm's pushed out so the angle is decreased, and it's still in a position of adduction.

Quite the opposite, we've got extension of the elbow so we can see how that elbow is straightened.

So that angle between the humerus, the radius and the ulnar has got bigger or has increased.

If we look at our athlete in that sprint or that drive away from that sprint start, you can see how that leg is being pushed back, so we've got extension in that back hip.

We've also, because they're pushing off, the knee is starting to straighten to push them into that kind of running position.

But that front knee is still bent as they're trying to drive away on that front feet, on that front foot, sorry, so we've got flexion of the knee.

We have got extension of the elbow there, and also we've got extension of the shoulder 'cause it's kind of almost reaching back.

It's kind of going before it can drive forward into that sprint.

And it's adducted or it's in a position of adduction, it's not moved away from that midline.

Remember we had that sternum as our focus point.

And on the other arm however, it is going upwards, isn't it? So we've got it in that flexed, or that state of flexion.

Last but not least, we do have some slight flexion at the elbow in that opposite arm.

Now like I said, this is a really good opportunity for you to often put yourself in this position and you can almost feel those joints and think, is the angle getting smaller? Is it getting bigger? Are my limbs moving away from my body or are they coming towards? And often that's a really good way of trying to remember these anatomical terms. I did ask you to also provide the definition.

You may want to pause the recording at this point and just check these definitions against the ones that you have recorded.

So now we feel confident with the descriptions or the definitions of those anatomical terms, we're gonna revisit those different joints and look at those movements possible at those joints.

Now we know our elbow and our knee are hinge joints.

And as I shared with you in the first part, they can only flex and extend.

Remember we learned about these as like doors, the hinges on the side of doors so that allows the door to open and close.

It's very similar to our knee and our elbow joint.

The only kind of movement it can create because of how it's structured is that kind of opening and closing, alright? So that bending and that straightening.

So maybe you could stand up at this point and flex your leg and your elbow just so you can get a feel for that movement.

And did it look like this? Did you stand and almost do that bicep curl? And did you bend that knee and just uplift that lower leg? Now our ball and socket joints, our hip and shoulder can also flex and extend.

We did say this is not as easy or as clear to see than maybe it is in our elbow and our knee.

So we are just gonna ask you again, can you stand up and can you flex your right shoulder and your right hip, and hold that position? And don't worry if at first, it makes you feel like you're doing strange things with your limbs.

I'm trying to get you to really try and remember that movement so it helps you understand the movement that's occurring.

Now did it look like this? Did you stand and did you lift that right arm upwards so that angle was getting less, and did you also lift that right leg upwards? It doesn't have to be straightened but hopefully you can almost get a sense of how that angle at the hip just where your pelvis area is actually gets smaller as you raise the leg upwards.

Our ball and socket joints can also do the abduction and adduction.

So it might be that you want to try some of those movements there where you just lift that arm out or laying on your side and lift that leg upwards so it would be taken away from the midline.

If you were to do that, if you were to stand up now though, how would that look if you were abducting and adducting? Maybe you did our star jump or just the outward phase of our star jump for abduction and then came back down for adduction.

And we also learned in that first part of that lesson that our bone and socket joints will also allow rotation and circumduction.

What would it look like now if you actually circumducted your right shoulder joint? Did it look like this, like we're seeing on the image there with that circular pathway? Or like me, now I'm going to do that circumduction and all I'm gonna do is make that circular pathway with my arm.

Alright, so I've now done that circumduction of the shoulder joint, which is a nice link onto task B.

And a really good way of trying to remember which movement occurs at which joint is to simply add some ticks to this following table so you can illustrate which movements occur where.

Pause the recording and come back to me when you're ready.

Welcome back everyone.

How did you do? Hopefully we know that our elbow and our knee are very much about flexion and extension only, but our shoulder and our hip, that BNS, remember, stands for ball and socket.

All of those movements can occur at the shoulder and the hip.

If we do just look at the hip for our circumduction, it might not make a full circular pathway but it can.

Sorry, probably best to do it on this side so you can see it.

It can actually start to make a partial circle.

As it moves, it does that flexion and that extension, as well as, it's not that easy to see here, but it can, if you imagine when you might bring your knee in, let your hip inwards and then take it out, I know that's a very popular warmup exercise when we call about closing the gate and opening the gate.

That's when the head of the femur will be kind of rotating inwards as you close the gate, and as you open the gate, it would be rotating outwards.

Alright, so we now need to kind of get these, all these movements linked to different sporting examples.

And I can't emphasize enough that the more sporting examples you try and reference this to, the easier this will become when you might get asked to give a sporting example of a particular movement.

For example, give a sporting example of flexion at the elbow.

And we've already looked at one example today, haven't we? That preparation to make that chest pass when you're playing netball.

But it's really good to have a bank of those to help you with those sporting examples.

So let's just look at a few to help us do that.

So on that downward phase of a bicep curl, we are getting that straightening.

So we've done that movement a few times in today's learning, but we just did it without a weight.

But when you have a weight in your hand, we refer to that movement as a bicep curl.

So on the way down you've got that straightening, that increase of the angle.

In contrast, when the athlete brings the weight up like we can see in that image there, you are then getting flexion because that angle is decreasing at our elbow joint.

Now with that in mind, I'm gonna show you now for our first check, three other sporting examples and you may want to act them out to help you get a feel for them.

But which of them would be an example of flexion? Would it be when you kick a ball in football, and you actually execute it and you strike the ball? Would it be that elbow action when you're preparing to perform a chest pass in netball? Or is it simply when you're on your tiptoes and you are holding a position in dance? Well done, it is in fact that proprietary phase when you bend your elbow before you release that ball.

So we're gonna follow this kind of format now where we'll look an example and then see if we can give a different example.

So when a footballer does execute, so if we use that word execution, it often means that the skill, the action is being completed.

Whereas when you're preparing for it, you're putting yourself in a position to execute that movement.

And we can see here, this footballer or it looks like the leg of a footballer, has straightened to strike the ball, and therefore they've performed full extension of the knee.

We can see that, can't we, in the picture because it's straightened, and we've also got flexion of the hip joint, alright? So that angle at our hip at the pelvis area is also less than what it would be if that leg was on the floor.

So another checkpoint now, but we're now looking for one of these that's not an example of flexion.

So movement of the hip when preparing to kick a ball is A? Think about what we've just seen at the hip at our previous image.

Movement of the elbow joint during an execution of a set shot.

So we might just wanna stand up and kind of memorize what that would look like.

Or finally, movement at a shoulder joint to reach out to the side to save a ball.

So, think goalkeeper.

Well done, it is in fact C.

And I'm hoping those of you that went with that, you almost did think, obviously if they're going out to the side, their arms will also be going out the side.

Maybe if I just do it with one arm now and what I've done is I've taken my arm away from the midline.

So therefore that's not extension, that is in fact abduction.

Now another example of abduction Is when as we can see in that image, the arms have gone outwards as that gymnast holds that very, very complex position that we often refer to as a cross or a crucifix.

So which of these could also be an example of abduction? Could it be that leg kick when you're swimming breaststroke? Could it be when you're standing with your arms by your side and feet together to start a floor routine in gymnastics, often done as a way of preparing or being that start point? Or again, is it standing the tiptoes in a dance performance? Well done if you work that out as because when they're doing breaststroke, remember I'm having to show you with my arms, they kind of go outwards, don't they, and come back in, a bit like as we sometimes, younger children call it froggy legs.

Alright, so what's happening is, as they go outwards, that execution phase, they're moving away from the midline.

So we now know that correct term is abduction of the hip.

In the same way, when a swimmer reaches their arm out the water when they're exploding in butterfly.

So as well as just looking at different sports, we're now showing or demonstrating how you can look at different sections of that particular sport.

So we've just looked at that breaststroke kick, and what we're looking at now is that butterfly, alright? So when those arms come out and explode out the water, an amazing stroke for those that do it and do it and make it look so effortless 'cause it certainly isn't when you're learning to do it.

But what is happening is, because those arms need to really create that power and keep them afloat and moving, those arms not only are making a circular pathway, they are bringing their arms outta the water away from the midline of the body.

So we would also refer to that as abduction of the shoulder joint.

Now obviously as they're coming back in towards the midline, that would be adduction.

So which of the following is not an example of adduction? Is it A, when your legs and arms are coming back during a star jump? Is it B, the hip positioning in trampolining when performing a straight jump? So a straight jump is when you very much stay in that straight position as you're bouncing on the trampoline.

And finally, the movement of the shoulder when you're preparing.

So remember it goes out whilst you're holding that javelin before you then execute and throw the javelin as far as you can.

Which one do you think it is? Really well done, it is in fact the shoulder joint.

So we went into that position, didn't we? Where you are, or I certainly did as well 'cause sometimes it still continues to help me as I do that movement.

So if you're holding that javelin there, alright, that actually would be extension of the shoulder joint, and it's not an example of that arm or shoulder coming towards the midline, like A is.

Okay, finally we've got a baseball player there.

We talked about opening and closing the gate earlier, and we can kind of see how that player's hips are rotating as he goes into that preparation phase to be able to pitch or ball the ball.

And often they do that 'cause it helps generate some power into that pitch.

So which of these may also be an example of rotation? A, execution of throwing a dart at the elbow joint, B, an ankle joint moving from raising on the toes towards the tibia to get under a lofted kick in football, that's very much a movement that's happening at the ankle.

Or is it the quarterback's shoulder joint to generate power and spin on the ball as they release it and try and get it as far as they can? Five seconds to decide.

It is in fact the quarterback's shoulder joint, okay? So we probably don't get that circular pathway, but we do get some of that rotation of that head of the humerus in that socket of the scapula and it will be rotating around to add that power as they throw that ball.

And we have a wheelchair athlete here that's about to serve, and they are definitely gonna do a combination in that server, flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.

And we now know that is circumduction.

And as that serve is done, we can probably memorize or appreciate that that's made a circular pathway.

If we were to draw, if there was a pen on the end of the tennis racket, it would look like there's almost a circle being drawn.

So which of these almost might draw that same circle and therefore is in another example of circumduction? Is it bowling in cricket in the shoulder? Is it the knee when preparing to kick a ball? Or is it the hip when you're exploding out of the box in 100-meter sprint? Absolutely, I wonder how many of you were stood almost doing that bowling action, and imagine if there was a pen in your hand as that action was taking place when you're bowling.

It would in fact draw that circular pathway.

So it's another really good example of circumduction at the shoulder.

And finally, now we've done lots of rehearsal there and well done for going through this 'cause we captured lots of different sports as well as looking at examples of all the different movements.

To consolidate that learning and make sure that you are able to do this in different sporting examples, you can see there we've got four movements.

Each of the movements have a red circle on there, and that red circle is just identifying the joint that I'd like you to look at.

And can you then explain what's happening at that joint at that point, making sure you use that correct terminology.

And in most cases that will need a sentence where you can contextualize why you've made that decision.

So for example, if the elbow was extending as you were throwing a ball in netball or basketball, you might write that as, for example, the elbow is extending, straightening, during the execution phase of a chest pass as the angle of the joint is increasing.

So we're bringing all our learning together to not only identify the movement but also to be able to describe it and explain it fully given the sporting example that's being used.

Good luck, pause the recording, and come back to me when you're ready.

Welcome back.

Let's go through these as we can.

So for our swimmer, we've got our different stroke there.

Looks to me like that young athlete is doing the front crawl or freestyle.

And hopefully you identified that flexion has occurred at the elbow joint.

And we know that because the angle is decreased or the elbow is definitely bent as it's coming out of the water.

For our golfer, did you come up with that circular movement or identify that that is circumduction, and that is because she would be able to draw a big circle with that golf club as that golf player has come down to strike the ball, which looks like off a tee shot at the start of the hole.

Our baseball player at the knee, we can see we've got slight bend or slight flexion.

We know that the angle is therefore decreased in order to get in that position as they strike that ball.

And last but not least for our shoulder joint of our football player, did we identify that that has been abducted? So he is in a position of abduction.

Looks to me like that is so he can be balanced and that arm has moved away from the midline of the body to be able to create that balance as he strikes the ball.

So in summary, lots of learning there, and a lot of that learning has been very much around the shape of the joint.

And we now know that that shape will determine what movement can occur.

So our hinge joints can allow flexion and extension only, but we had lots of different examples of that from sport as well as having a little bit of a practice ourselves of what that looks like.

And then our ball and socket joints, which are our shoulder and hip, also allow flexion extension as well as abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.

I have really enjoyed talking you through the many joint movements and applying them to different sports.

I really hope you've enjoyed it too, and I look forward to seeing you on the next lesson.