Lesson video

Hi, there, and welcome to your design and technology lesson for today.

My name is Mr. Boo.

Thank you so much for joining me.

Today, we are gonna be looking at papers and boards.

More specifically, we are gonna be looking at their properties, their sources, and their stock forms and why we use papers and boards so widely in our design and technology practice.

This lesson is part of our prototypes with mechanisms, which is a robotics and automation unit.

That's our context.

Today's outcome.

I want you to be able to identify papers and boards and their suitability for different uses and products.

We have four keywords today.

The first of those is paper.

This is, of course, a thin material made from tree fibers.

It's used for writing, printing, and packaging as well as lots of other applications.

We also have boards, sheets made from layers of paper or paper pulp used for packaging, printing, and prototyping, as well as lots of other applications.

We then have stock form, the basic size or shape a material is supplied in.

And finally, modeling.

That's what we're gonna be doing towards the end of this lesson.

The process of creating a representation of a design.

We have three learning cycles today.

The first of that is all about paper.

So let's take a look.

There are many different types of paper including layout, tracing, and grid.

Now you might have used those in your school lives so far.

Paper comes in different sizes.

Have you heard of A4 and A3? Probably.

Well, they are some of the standard sizes, but it's also measured in grams or grams per square meter, but you can just say GSM.

Now let's have a look at some of these examples.

You've got layout paper, tracing paper, and isometric grid paper.

Which of those ones have you used? Quick check for understanding.

Paper is measured in what? Pause the video now.

Have a go at this.

Come back to me when you've got your answer.

Of course, paper is measured in grams per square meter or GSM.

So let's take a closer look at those different types of paper that we've already talked about.

So the first one is layout paper and I'm sure you have used this for sketching on.

And the reason for that is because it takes pencil.

It marks with a pencil really well.

It's common weights, which we've already talked about, are between 60 and 90 GSM.

We also have tracing paper, also used for sketching and in projects that you might do in art or design and technology.

And again, it marks really well with a pencil.

But the reason we use it for tracing is because it has what we call a low opacity.

You can see through it.

Once again, it has a similar weight to the layout paper of between 60 and 90 GSM.

We then have grid paper and there's many forms of this, but it will have some kind of printed grid on it, such as isometric for drawing three-dimensional shapes.

It's slightly heavier than our previous types of paper coming in at between 80 and 100 GSM.

And here are some that you might have used in your school lives.

We obviously have isometric grid paper.

We have squared grid paper, which we sometimes do some planning on.

Or you might have used graph paper in lots of different lessons including science, maths, or possibly geography.

Now wouldn't it be useful no matter where you were in the world, paper sizes were all the same standard size.

Well, actually we do have this.

We have what are called the ISO standard sizes.

Now what do you think ISO means? What do you think that represents? Pause the video now.

Have a little think about that.

Maybe a chat with the person next to you and come back to me when you've got an answer.

Well, ISO is the International Organization of Standardization, but that doesn't seem quite right, does it? Surely, it should then be the IOS.

Well, actually ISO is an abbreviation of ISOS, which is the Greek word meaning equal.

Where else have you heard that word? You might have heard it in your math lessons when you talk about isosceles triangles, which, of course, have two sides of equal length and consequently two angles of equal measure.

So there you go.

Now let's have a look at some of these standardized sizes, these ISO sizes.

First of all, we have A1, A2, A3, and A4.

A4, A3 you've probably worked with, and you can go bigger than these sizes and you can't even go smaller than these sizes.

What I want you to do now though is have a look at the sizes in millimeters.

You can see the dimensions there.

And tell me what do you notice about those? Is there anything interesting that correlates between each of these standardized sizes? So pause the video now.

Have a little look.

Come back to me when you think you've got an answer.

Well, of course, I'm sure you have noticed it.

Have a look at the width of A1 and now have a look at the height of A2.

And obviously, you could do that down through the sizes and that makes it really nice and easy for us to standardize our sizes.

Quick check from the standing.

What is the ISO? Is it A, the International Organization for Sorting? Is it B, the International Organization for Sizes, or is it C, the International Organization for Standardization? Pause the video now.

Have a go at this.

Come back to me when you've got your answer.

It is, of course, C, the International Organization for Standardization.

And the abbreviation ISO comes from the Greek meaning of ISOS, equal.

We're now gonna look at stock forms. Stock forms of paper, to be precise.

Now paper can be supplied in all sorts of different stock forms. The most popular being sheets, commonly used at home and in school.

This is what we buy our printer or photocopier paper in.

We have rolls used by industries such as the newspaper printing industries because they need a high quantity of paper.

But we also have ply where we want sheets of paper layered.

And this is often used by designers and engineers to build models or structures and is often used in other things like toilet paper as well.

So sheets of paper, rolls of paper, and then also ply.

And, in this case, three-ply toilet paper.

Quick check for understanding.

I want you to identify the paper roll stock form from these images.

So we have the image A, image B, image C, which is the stock form where it's been supplied in a roll? Pause the video now.

Come back to me when you've got your answer.

So it is, of course, B.

C, a little bit of a difficult one in there because, of course, it is toilet roll, but that's actually supplied in ply.

Your first task, task A.

I would like you to select a suitable paper for practicing drawing 3D shapes on and I want you to explain why your choice of paper is suitable.

You can choose from layout paper, tracing paper, isometric grid paper, squared grid paper, or graph paper.

Have a go at this task.

Pause the video now.

Come back to me when you got your answer.

So how did you get on? Well, let's have a look at what Laura has said.

First of all, she said, "If drawing the 3D shapes free freehand layout paper would be a suitable selection." And why is that, Laura? "Well, it has a smooth finish and is often used for sketching on as it takes the pencil mark very well." That's a great answer.

But Laura also said, "Isometric grid paper could also be used.

It has a printed isometric grid which helps to draw accurate 3D shapes." Some great answers there.

I'm sure your answers were just as good.

Well done with that task.

So we're now onto our second learning cycle, all about boards.

Now boards are flat, stiff sheets of paper base material such as paperboard or the really common one is cardboard.

They're used for packaging, printing, and we use them for prototyping as well as lots of other applications.

Boards can come in many different sizes and are usually selected in metric units, most commonly millimeters squared or meters squared.

Like paper.

boards are measured by weight, but you'll find the weights will be much higher such as 250 grams per square meter.

Let's have a look at some examples of boards.

So we have my favorite corrugated cardboard.

Can you have a favorite type of board? I certainly do because I use it so much in prototyping every single day.

So corrugated cardboard.

We also have foil-lined board that you might find in takeaway packaging.

And then duplex board.

If you have bought any expensive electronics recently, you might find they come in beautiful packaging which is made from duplex board.

So what I would like to do now for this check for understanding is identify the images of types of board.

So there you have your images.

You've got A, you've got image B, and you've got image C.

Select all the boards you can see.

Pause the video now.

Have a go at this.

Come back to me when you've done it.

So the boards are, of course, B and C, could you name them? Of course, have B is duplex board and C is cardboard, corrugated cardboard.

So talking about corrugated cardboard, let's just have a look at its structure.

It's lightweight and it's strong.

It has a fluted layer sandwiched between two outer layers, which, of course, protects our products from impact, but also it helps them during transportation as well.

So that fluted layer in the middle is then glued to an outer layer and an inner layer, and that's what we call them.

A foil-lined board combines both paper-based board with aluminum foil.

And this is perfect for food packaging.

It makes it heat resistant, keeping food warmer for longer.

So for example, it can be delivered to you and it'll still be warm when it arrives at your door, but also it makes it nonabsorbent, which is ideal for food packaging, especially drinks such as drinks cartons, and, of course, some of you might have had takeaway pizza from foil-lined boards to keep them nice and warm.

So here, in this check for understanding, I want you to identify the missing labels of the corrugated cardboard structure.

So you can see we have got the outer liner made of paper, the inner line of made of paper, and we've got some glue on there.

But what are the two missing labels? Pause the video now.

Have a go at this and come back to me when you've done it.

So the two missing labels are, of course, glue 'cause we need to glue that fluted layer to the inner liner, and, of course, the fluted layer.

Well done.

Let's look at duplex board.

Now duplex is a dense, rigid type of board.

It's often used for product packaging, especially those kind of high-quality electronics packaging.

It's moisture resistant, which is fantastic.

So that means it's gonna protect the product during transportation, but it also can be easily printed on.

You can just about make some symbols, just about make out some symbols on the packaging that you can see in front of you.

It's often made from recycled paper pulp, which is great and it's got a nice white coated surface on one side and it's sometimes gray or brown on the back on the other side.

Now let's look at some stock forms of boards.

Boards are usually supplied in sheets, which can vary in size.

Boards are available in a number of ply.

Now the term ply refers to a single layer or sheet in a multi-layered material.

That's a great definition there.

And it's a way to describe the number of layers used to construct the board.

So let's have a closer look at that.

So we've got corrugated cardboard.

Now the most common type of corrugated cardboard that probably arrives through your letterbox on a weekly basis is three-ply.

That means we have one fluted layer in the middle and then two liners, the inner and the outer.

But you can also get five ply, which will have two flutes and three liners.

And you can see those images there, those illustrations, they look a little bit like a sandwich and that's exactly what it is.

So if we have three layers, it's three-ply and if we have five layers, it's five-ply.

It's as simple as that.

Now let's look at how we make paper and boards now.

Now I'm talking about papers and boards because when they start life out there, they're pretty much the same thing.

And, of course, it all starts with trees.

Now trees are processed into timber chips, then chemicals and water are added.

This produces the pulp, which can be rolled, press, and manufactured into the many different types of papers and boards available that we have already discussed in this lesson.

Recycled paper is produced by collecting used paper.

That's then de-inked to take all the printing off.

It's cleaned before it's then turned back into paper pulp where the process starts all over again to make all those wonderful different types of papers and boards.

So let's have a look at a visual representation of this.

So let's think about if we start from scratch so we're starting from trees to make paper.

So there we have our trees.

We need to debark those trees, take all that outer coating of the trees off.

We then put it through the chipper to make it into small pieces.

It then goes through the pulping process and then obviously made into paper and boards that we know.

If we are doing paper to paper, it's slightly different.

First of all, we need to collect that paper.

Now outside, you've probably got a recycling bin, which is just for papers and boards and that's where all that comes from.

We then have to de-inked it, clean it up, make sure it's nice and clean, and then it goes back into the pulping process, and once again, back into making paper.

So there are your two cycles of how we make papers and boards.

Quick check for understanding.

I want you to identify the important stage of the paper and boards manufacturing process shown in this image.

Is it A, adding water to make pulp? Is it B, paper pulp going through rollers, or is it C, using a chipper to make timber chips? Pause the video now.

Have a go at this.

Come back to me when you've got your answer.

It is, of course, C, using a chipper to make timber chips.

Well done.

We're now onto task B.

What I would like you to do for this task is select a suitable board for packaging a smartphone and explain why your choice of board is suitable.

You can choose from corrugated cardboard, foil-lined board, or duplex board and remember to explain your answer.

Pause the video.

Now have a go at this.

Come back to me when you've completed.

So how did he get on? Let's see how Jacob did.

Well, Jacob said, "For a smartphone, duplex board will be a suitable material.

It is dense and rigid and is often used for product packaging.

It's moisture resistant, which will protect the phone during transportation and it can be easily printed on for graphics and product details." A very good answer there, Jacob.

Well done, as I'm sure yours was too.

So we're now onto our final learning cycle.

So let's actually use some of these papers and boards to make a model, and that's what we're gonna do.

For this context, we'll be working with corrugated cardboard to develop a prototype.

In your design and technology practice, you will use cardboard repeatedly because it's so good to work with when creating prototypes.

We're gonna use cardboard to make quick physical models.

Cardboard can be cut, shaped, and assembled easily and it's lightweight and recyclable so it makes it a perfect modeling material.

A common misconception is that paper and boards are weak materials.

And as we have seen, many papers and boards are manufactured to be durable and used for packaging to protect the products inside.

This obviously, makes it perfect for us to make physical models.

Quick check for understanding.

Which material property is the most important when making physical models.

Is it A, elasticity? Is it B, moisture resistant or is it C, durability? Pause the video now.

Have a go at this.

Come back to me when you've got your answer.

Well, when we are making physical models, it is, of course, durability.

Well done.

Let's a look at some of the tools and equipment you are gonna need when modeling.

These include cardboard.

You need your material.

And I would suggest you use three-ply 'cause that's a bit easier to work with.

We also have a pencil for marking out, a metal steel rule for measuring accurately and maybe a compass if you're gonna do some curves.

You're gonna need a cutting mat and this is to protect the work surface and stop the material from slipping when you are working with it.

We need some scissors for general cutting when accuracy isn't necessarily needed, but also for cutting curves.

You need a craft knife or a scalpel, and this is for doing accurate cuts, usually straight cuts.

And to make sure we are nice and safe when using our craft knives, we also need a safety rule and that's to protect our fingers when cutting and make sure we're cutting straight lines.

Quick check for understanding.

Name these two pieces of tools and equipment.

Pause the video now.

Have a go at it.

Come back to me when you've got your answers.

So we have obviously, a craft knife or you might be using a scalpel, and then, of course, we have a safety rule that come in all different shapes and sizes, safety rules, so yours might look slightly different to what's on the screen.

Let's have a look at how to do a straight cut correct way using a craft knife or a scalpel and a safety rule.

So first of all, you need to have your cutting mat.

That's really important to make sure that your material doesn't slip and you don't damage the work surface.

You then need to place your safety rule on top of your material.

Now notice how I have lined everything up nice and neatly.

So my material is lined up with the lines on my cutting mat and, of course, my safety rule is lined up with one of the lines from the cutting mat and also with the material.

You might as well use those lines to your benefit when you're doing a straight cut and I've done that.

Then what you're gonna do is place your thumb and your index finger in the groove of the safety rule.

All your other fingers should be on the opposite side to where you are making your cut to keep them nice and safe in case you slip.

What you then need to do is from the top, place the blade up against the rule and using a small amount of force, you don't need to press down hard, make several cuts to cut through your material.

Try not to cut through in one unless, obviously, it happens very easily.

But you need to make several cuts to make sure you're not putting too much pressure on the blade.

Now once you've done that, really important this stage, you need to put the cap back on the blade to make sure it is hidden, or sometimes you might retract the blade if you're using a craft knife.

What you can then do now that the blade is nice and safely stowed away, you can check your cut for accuracy.

Quick check for understanding.

When holding a safety rule correctly, you should place your thumb and index finger in the what? Pause the video.

Now have a go at this.

Come back to me when you've got the answer.

So it is, of course, groove.

You've gotta make sure your index finger and thumb are in the groove and all your other fingers are on the side where you are not making that cut.

Well done.

So we're gonna use these skills to make a slot together robot.

So how are we gonna do that? Well, first of all, we need a piece of cardboard.

Again, try to use three-ply.

You're gonna sketch out the individual parts of your design onto the material using a pencil.

You are then gonna use scissors for curves or craft knife or a scalpel and a safety rule for straight lines.

Once you've done that, you then need to measure and cut the slots accurately.

So what you need to do is measure the thickness of your material and all cardboard comes in all different shapes and sizes.

So you need to do this.

You can either use a ruler for this or a pair of digital vernier calipers if you have some available.

You then need to accurately draw those slots using a ruler onto your design.

Ensure that the width of the slots is the same measurement as the cardboard thickness.

Check your slots for accuracy and then cut and assemble your robot.

We're now on to task C.

The first thing I would like you to do is fill in the missing information from the table below.

So you can see you have all the images of the tools and equipment that you need to use.

When modeling correctly, I want you to fill in the rest of the information that is missing.

I'd also like you to do it for this table as well.

The next thing I'd like you to do is create your own physical model of a slot together robot.

Use this success criteria to help you.

Sketch out your design onto cardboard.

Try to use three-ply.

Accurately cut out each shape.

Mark out, measure, and accurately cut the slots.

Test, modify, and assemble your models.

Pause the video now.

Have a go at this.

Come back to me when you completed all those tasks.

So how did you get on? First of all, I asked you to fill in all the missing information on the table.

So first of all, we have a pair of scissors.

This is used for general cutting where accuracy is not needed.

We also have a steel rule to measure accurately.

We have a pencil to mark out materials and a safety rule for safe used whilst cutting using a craft knife.

We then had cardboard and material from making physical models.

The cutting map to protect the work surface and stop the material from slipping.

And, of course, a craft knife or scalpel, which is a precision cutting tool commonly used to cut papers and boards.

I then ask you to make an accurate physical model of a robot using all those skills that we learn in learning cycle three.

Hopefully, yours looks something like this or possibly even better.

Well done.

So that brings us to the end of this lesson.

Let's have a quick summary.

Trees are the source of papers and boards and many different types can be manufactured such as tracing paper and corrugated cardboard.

Papers and boards have different properties and are available in different stock forms such as sheets and rolls.

Cardboard can be used to create quick physical models using tools and equipment like scissors, craft knives, and cutting mats can all support the modeling process.

You've been absolutely fantastic today, well done, and I look forward to seeing you again in the future.

Goodbye.