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Salvete omnes.

Salvete, magister.

Thank you.

Now we've done our grammar lesson on the infinitive, and now it's time to move on to a translation in order to practise the infinitive.

But not only that, we'll be translating or continuing to translate some fables taken from Aesop and taken from Phaedrus.

This one is about a bird and a string and it has.

I warn you now, it has a sad ending.

It's devastatingly sad this fable.

So brace yourself.

It's one of my favourites.

Let's have a little look at the bird and the string.

Practise Translation, The Bird and the String.

Discenda learning objectives.

Can I translate fluently a Latin passive containing the infinitive? And have I consolidated core vocabulary? Press pause here.

If you need to get the items required for today's lesson.

And thanks to those who came prepared.

Let's have a look at some of this vocab.

These are the 14, either most frequent or most difficult words that you will need to know.

The expectation is you know every single one of these words, in order to access the passage that you will be doing on your own in a matter of minutes.

We're going to take a close-up.

Don't worry if you don't know all of them now.

We're going to take a close-up look at these, one, two, three, four, five.

Starting with avis.

Derivations.

So English words that come from that Latin word a, stuff to do with aviation, aviato, and aviary.

Now all of these, aviation is to do with flight.

Because an avis is a type of animal and that animal is a bird.

You going to need to know what that means because the fable is about a bird and a string.

Avis, bird.

Debeo plus infinitive we did in the grammar lesson on the infinitive, but let's go over it again.

You'll see debeo without the infinitive, meaning I owe.

Because if you pecuniam debeo, you're in debt, then you owe money.

Now it also means something else because you see with the infinitive, it means not just I owe something that means I ought to do something.

So if you're in debt, then you owe money, but you ought to pay or to repay that money.

Deboe, I ought with infinitive.

Effugio, is going to come up all the time.

I think there's about at least half a dozen iterations of this verb.

If not, maybe the full dozen.

Now, if you're a fugitive, that it means you run away.

Effugio is a bit added on the front.

Which is you might have seen fugio meaning I run away, but effugio is I escape, effugio, escape.

So it links to being a fugitive, which is someone who's running away, maybe having escaped.

But I run away, isn't what we want, we want effugio for escape.

Peto plus infinitive is similar to the debeo.

One we have it looked at it before.

Peto on its own, means I make for or I attack.

We get words like appetite is when you attack, when you making for some food.

An impetus is a Latin word, but it also means someone's impetus is there forward sort of attacking motion.

And petition is when you seek to.

Petition is when you seek to get something done.

And so peto with the infinitive means I seek, and only mean that, i.

e, I strive or I endeavour.

And then last one circum.

If you've been following this course, you will have seen this word.

A bunch of times is a preposition.

The circumference, not the area.

It's not the area, is it? There's always a student who thinks circumference is.

To be honest, they teach you anything in math.

Is the distance around a circle.

Circum, around.

Doesn't mean circle.

Circum means around.

What I can do it at this stage is to press pause and just read, familiarise yourself with these words.

As always do not worry for a second if you don't remember all of them immediately.

'Cause we're going to practise them, aren't we? That's what we're here for.

So just press pause and read through it to familiarise yourself, one minute.

Okay, are we ready? Let's have a little look.

Effugio means what? I escape, well done.

Peto means what? Should we have a look? It could be.

Oh, it's both.

However, now Peto plus the infinitive is which of those two? Is just I seek.

I seek to do something, I endeavour, I strive to do something.

Debeo without an infinitive means what? It's an easy one.

Two, one, it's both.

Debeo plus the infinitive means just which one? Good, that one's I ought.

So you ought to do something.

Ought to do.

Paratus est means which of those two? Paratus est.

Good, now we've got a verb here.

So that's this one, he is ready.

Paratus est, he is ready.

All right.

Whereas perterritus just means what? Good, so here we have no est on the end or some.

All right, there's no verb.

So that's just the adjective, meaning perterritus mean terrified.

Parata est.

What's the difference between that and paratus est? Parata est means what? Good, well done.

So paratus is masculine parata est, and you'll be seeing this a lot because avis that noun is feminine, is, she is ready.

Perterrita est therefore is what? Quick one.

And that one is she, also she is terrified.

What's difference in circum and ad.

Does that mean circle? Circum and ad, what's the difference? That's another easy one.

Good, circumference when you go around the circle and as you advance, you go to, or towards somewhere.

When I say infinitive, you say re.

I'm just going to get the bongos, hold on.

When I say infinitive, you say re.

Infinitive.

When I say re, you say to, re.

Re.

Infinitive.

Re.

I give up.

O-S-T.

Mus, tis, nt.

One more time.

O-S-T.

Mus, tis, nt.

O-S-T.

What does revenire mean? I say re, you say to.

All right, it's now, but that's revenire, to return.

Effugit therefore means what? No re, so that's the O-S-T, she forms, she escapes.

Clamat, she shouts.

Venire.

Now revenire we knew was venire.

Good, so revenire was to return.

It's still going to be a to something that goes to venire which is I come.

So venire is to come.

Great.

Intrat, nice and quick.

No re is the he or she.

O-S-T he or she form.

Effugere.

Still infinitive, to escape.

We're going to see this loads.

Let's just do it one more time.

Effugere means to escape.

One more time.

We are going to say it so many times to escape.

Thank you.

Debeo.

There's an instance of it again.

Debeo effugere means what therefore? Two, one.

Lovely, is I ought to escape.

Very nice.

Revenire exspecto.

What about that one? Is I wait to return.

Good.

Revenire peto.

And if we didn't get revenire last time, we're just keeping that word peto on the front.

Good.

Three, two is I seek to return.

Good.

And what's the difference in parata est and perterrita est? One more time.

This is in to ads.

We've got this verb on the front.

Don't forget that this is the feminine form.

She is prepared.

You'll be seeing the she in brackets because as I said, avis could well be a thing, doing the verb.

Now, all verbs of motion, and what do they mean? And answers in three, two.

Good, venio is I come.

Revenio, I return.

And then intro, you just changed the I to an E and you get I enter, all right? This is where I come in.

Can we go? We got all these words here.

I'm going to mime any one of these words here and then you're going to tell me which Latin word I am miming.

Let's start off with Which one is that? After three, two, one.

Avis, isn't it? It's a bird.

What's that? Okay, now tell me the Latin word what it is going to be? Audio.

Thank you.

I listen.

What about the next one I'm going to mime? What's that in three, two.

It's going to be perterritus.

Good.

And then one of my favourites What's that verb? In three two one.

It could be any, it's going to be intro.

I enter.

Let's try and put some of these together.

Let's have avis perterritus.

What's avis perterritus.

? One more time.

Avis perterritus in three, two, one.

It's going to be.

Now if you translate it this way round here, the terrified bird.

And what about avis perterritus est? Avis perterritus est.

This should be good.

In three, two, one.

It's going to be the birds, good, is terrified.

Avis intro re perterritus est.

In three, two, one.

The bird is terrified to enter.

Sed, sed means what? In three, two.

It's going to be, but.

Sed avis perterritus est.

Three, two, one.

Is, but the bird is terrified.

Sed avis perterritus est audio re.

One more time.

Sed avis perterritus est audio re.

One more time.

Sed avis perterritus est audio re will mean what? Will be, but the bird is terrified to listen.

Great.

Okay, mime a word at me, let's see if I get it.

Let's have a look.

Did you mime birds? Avis.

That was it, right? How would I know? That's not how this works.

One more right now, you'll be fine.

Those words here, we know them.

Of course we do.

Let's have a little look.

And wonderful thing down the You can press pause.

What do these words mean? Go.

So let's do a different kind of pen.

How did we do? You were fine.

Okay, fantastic.

Really well done.

So now hands completely free because we're going to be learning about the context as a background of today's fable.

Now you will remember that fables were written by this ancient Greek.

His name rendered in Latin is Aesopus.

But he is Aesop, is what we call him in English.

And then the actual texture we reading is taken from a Latin poem, written by a Greek fable writer called Phaedrus.

Always these two down here writing these fables.

My favourite is about the bird and the string.

Here is a mosaic of a parrot.

And you'll need to know that Romans were huge fans of keeping birds.

It was as I suppose maybe it used to be more popular.

Avis is a bird and a dominus, this is another character in the fable is the master or the person who owns the bird.

Time to practise and translation.

This is the paragraph that you will be doing on your own in a matter of minutes.

Before you do that, however, we're going to look at the tricky sentences.

We'll look at examples of the tricky sentences that come up.

We're not going to do the exact same sentences, that would be me doing it for you.

So we're going to look for ones that are similar.

The first thing we are going to look at, everything in these boxes here is words with infinitive.

And looking effugere, effugere, effugere, revenire, effugere, venire, perire.

So what you need to know, has to have an infinitive.

So let's go over that again.

It is a sentence with infinitive in.

Avis effugere petit.

So we mistranslate it down there with this answer in pink.

Maybe 10 seconds to tell me why that's wrong and to think of what the correct answer is.

Go, ten.

two, one.

Let's have a little look.

This one, look, you can get this by doing step one.

To go through the steps as we find the mistake.

Step one, we're beginning.

So they translated bird, yeah.

Have they translated a word with escape in it? Yeah.

Have they translated petit? No.

There's no petit there for goodness sake.

So step one.

This is actually a pretty.

I've seen this loads of times.

Well maybe Mr. Ferber, you should consider teaching better.

All right, I'm doing that.

So where students, they just go birds escapes.

This word, I can't be bothered to make it make sense.

I think it makes enough sense, with just the bird escapes.

I'm going to leave out what's called the modal verb if I were to take the infinitive.

I'm going to change the infinitive into the main verb and just the bird escapes.

We're missing out peto or petit which comes now.

You just did a test on it.

Big, strong voice.

What's the action of a petit.

It's going to be.

Thank you, seeks.

So we write that in here or just to say, seek.

And then we still have to do all the steps again just to find out what's going on.

Finding the infinitive, it's going to be effugere.

Well done.

So we need to actually add what word here if this is infinitive? I'm going to be adding some annotation down here.

Will be to escape done.

Now, word endings that is normative and it is translated as normative.

So that's fine.

Actually, that part is tolerable case.

But the person who's doing petit and these revises as well.

After one, two, three, it's going to be O-S-T, meaning he or she.

And in this case, we're going to go for she because our nominative is the bird.

Seeks, it's verb plus nom.

But here we check constantly that if we've got a nominative.

And we do.

So actually this nominative is in brackets, so we don't need the sheet.

And then we go birds, verb, infinitive.

Nominative, verb, infinitive.

We haven't gone any accusative.

That word, that word, that word, the bird seeks to escape.

Let's write out in neat down here.

I strive to endeavours to escape.

That's me writing escape.

It's a mess.

Take one last look.

Step four done.

'Cause it's going in three, two.

And example number two.

It's a similar thing.

This time actually, avis intrare debet.

10 seconds go.

Five.

Three, two, one.

I won't run through the steps and as much detail this time, 'cause it's just the same mistake twice.

Really well done if you spotted that.

This person has gone debet, whatever.

I've got birds enter.

I'll smash them together.

They're missing out.

They're what's called the modal verb takes infinitive.

So actually we need to have the birds and then debeo is to do with what's the action of this.

It's not owing, it's going to be ought.

So the bird ought.

And then we need to add the re in.

So that's done now.

Then we add our re, the bird ought to give it to that S.

We've got the bird ought to enter.

Nominative verb infinitive.

What's that next? Dominus intrare exspectat.

And this is correct, I'm not trying to catch up.

If dominus intrare exspectat means, the master waits to enter.

What does this.

I'm going to add one word and you want to concentrate on.

I'll give you a clue on these bits down here.

What does this next sentence mean? So this means this.

Take a good look at it now.

Good.

I'm going to add one word on this sentence.

If dominus intrare exspectat means that.

What does dominus avem intrare exspectat mean? 10 seconds.

Four, three, two, one.

Okay, right.

So we've got one new thing, which is the avem, which is a bird.

So that's step one.

We know what these words mean, 'cause I just showed you.

We find out infinitive.

The Infinitive stays the same that's to enter.

Our word endings, we've got his new word.

What letter do single accusative end in m.

So what it's about is where we fit our accusative in when we translate.

Nominative let's just label these.

Last time we saw this, it was nom inf verb.

Technically plus nom, but we don't need to worry about that 'cause we have a nominative.

All right.

With no bird, we had the master waits to enter.

Now here is the I can go on either side of the infinitive.

Either is receiving the verb, or it's receiving the infinitive.

I think we can see here.

What's tricky about this is you actually have to add wait for to make it make sense.

All right.

So the master waits for the.

Then you say master waits for the.

is our accusative, the bird to enter.

Really well done, if you got that.

Let's get that written up.

The master.

Great.

That's tough, it's not easy.

If you follow the steps, you can't go wrong.

All right? The worst thing would be is if you just treat it like a conveyor belt and go master bird enter wait.

The master and the bird enter and waits in the back.

No, that's quite wrong.

You've done step one, but you've not done any other steps.

Nominative accusative infinitive verb.

The next thing we're looking at is nothing do with infinitives where it might be, but to do with these verbs where you've not got a noun.

I'm telling you who's doing them.

So you've just got effugit on its own or clamat on its own.

So let's have a look.

Here we have a student who's made a mistake.

Revenire re parata est.

Mistranslated is, prepared to return.

You should notice we've done loads of work on this.

So actually I'm going to give you five seconds for what's wrong with that.

Five.

three, two, one.

Let's have a look.

So our main thing we're focusing on here is person endings.

And we know parata est.

And this one has this little extra thing.

Which is it going to be? He is prepared or she is prepared.

If it's parata est, it's going to be she is prepared and we're missing a pronoun.

We're missing who's doing the verb here.

It's going to be, she is prepared to return.

The rest is all fine.

Do you see what the student did? They just went, "Est is, is.

I've learned est, just means is." So is prepared to return, done.

No, no, no.

Who's doing the who's being prepared? She is.

Right? Bear that in mind.

For this next example here, audit et audit.

This student has drawn what audit means, listens.

What's wrong with it? Just five seconds.

Go.

Four, three, two, one.

And so look, we did loads of work on this in the quiz.

Who's doing the listening? Doesn't just mean listens.

It might mean just listens, if you had a nominative, you have a noun here.

It's just audit on its own.

And audit on its own means O-S-T-I-U, she.

So here it's going to mean we're missing our person.

All right.

It's going to be, she listens.

And you've got an option here.

You can either say she listens and she listens, or.

I'm not going to do that.

Just to really hammer home my point.

Audits, audit.

She listens and she listens or something a bit more fluid than it should be.

She listens and listens.

Both of those are fine, but you must include at least one instance of she in there to make it make sense.

Goodness sake! Now some of you do one all by yourself.

Non clamat.

Off we go.

Press pause here.

Okay, different colour pen.

Let's have a little look.

So the big it's going to mean.

Now if you write off the top, if you write, he does not shout.

That's absolutely fine.

It does not shout.

That's fine.

I'm not interested in the gender of the pronoun, I'm just interested in making sure that you knew how to put this together.

Two things, one that you didn't fall into the trap of.

We've just been talking about it, that you didn't write not shouts.

If you wrote not shouts, we use this, go over it and you need to make sure you listen in now and don't make this mistake on the passage.

The other thing is you get to step three.

There's no infinitive.

So you get to step three and we get to.

And it hasn't been any of these previous ones actually.

No infinitive, all right? Don't assume.

I kept this step in here just to keep you on your toes.

All right.

You want to tell me that makes sense? Just because there's no infinitive, doesn't mean I shouldn't include the infinitive step because you will be seeing sentences where sometimes there's an infinitive in them and sometimes there isn't.

As opposed to on the grammar lesson, where every sentence has an infinitive in.

Now, here, there wasn't one.

We get to this next step and you get to not she shouts or not he shouts and we've been doing lots of weapons.

How would you put this together? You need to add actual word does in English.

She does not shout.

Really well done if you've got that.

You're going to be absolutely fine.

Let's take a look at this fable.

But before that, what's this mean? Revenire perterrita est.

Revenire perterrita est.

Good on to three, two, it's going to to be, she is terrified to return.

Great.

Translation time.

So I'll have a little read of this and that and then dominus avem habet.

Avis semper consumit et caveam optimam habet.

Dominus avem tenere petit.

Dominus lineam circum pedem ligat.

Sed avis effugere exspectat tandem linea atteritur.

The dominus.

Now, nominative accusative verb.

There's no reason there's no twos.

The master has a bird.

So someone has a bird as a pet.

The bird semper consumit.

The bird semper, birds semper.

Good.

The bird always eats and the cage.

Oh, hold on.

Caveam.

What's that mean I do? Where do I go next if I've got an accusative there? Good, I keep going.

So I get to my verb.

The bird always eats and O-S-T-R-U.

She has an excellent, very good caveam cage.

The master avem tenere petit.

Great.

This is a four word sentence with an accusative in there.

What are we going to to do? It's going to be nominative, then we go to our verb and then either it's going to be accusative infinitive, or it will be verb infinitive accusative.

Let's see what makes sense.

The master petit, seeks.

Literally he seeks, don't need the he.

The master seeks either the bird tenere, to keep, or to hold on to.

Literally to hold, I said to keep.

The master seeks the bird to keep, or is it going to be the master seeks to keep the bird? It's going to be the second one.

Lovely.

The master seeks to keep the bird.

He wants to keep the bird.

What'd he do therefore, well, he dominus lineam circum pedem.

He ligat, he ties a lineam.

What's the name of this? It's called the bird and the string, isn't it? A string circum around her, you might say.

You can add in words like her for now, around her foot, around the birds foot pedem.

But the bird waits, effugere.

The bird waits and escapes, the birth waits to escape.

One more time.

Effugere means to escape.

Good.

And finally, at last the string, linea atteritur.

Finally, a break.

So it's snaps.

So the bird can't escape, 'cause she's ties to presumably her cage with a string around her foot.

That string snaps.

And what's that bird going to do? You'll have to tell me.

Press pause here and get translated.

And if you want to finish, you'll do that last.

Now, hold on.

This fable is finished at the end.

If you'll know that, if you've translated it already.

But I've given you this extra short fable to do, which is also about birds and also about freedom.

So please pause here to do that as a challenge.

Okay, let's have a little look and see our answers.

Different kinds of pen at the ready.

Now, I think I should have mentioned before you get started, this fable you will know is devastating.

Oh, it's a sad one.

Avis, the bird ought to escape.

Parata est effugere.

I like reading them in Latin, sorry.

Avis effugere debet.

Effugere parata est.

Effugere non perterrita est.

Effugit.

Sed linea est adhuc circum pedem.

Avis ad nidum revenire or revenire petit.

Avis nidum intrat.

Sed linea ramulis implectitur.

Avis effugere petit.

Clamat et clamat.

Avis dominum venire exspectat.

Sed dominus non audit.

Avis non consumit.

Non effugit.

Perire exspectat.

Perit.

The bird she ought to escape.

So what's happened is the strings broken, she's got her chance.

So she ought to escape.

She is prepared to escape.

She is not terrified to escape.

Effugit, she escapes.

But the string is still around.

And if you're around the foot, that's fine.

Around her foot.

The bird seeks to return to again, the or her nest.

The bird enters the nest, but the string is tangled.

It gets tangled on the branches.

The bird seeks to escape, but she can't.

That string that was there is kept her in the same place.

Again, clamat.

Really, I don't know if you've done this.

Clamat et clamat, she shouts and shouts, or she shouts and she shouts.

The bird waits for the master to come.

But the master does not hear.

The bird does not eat.

She does not escape.

She perire exspectat.

Now I gave you just perio.

All right? Because I wanted you to spot that this was the infinitive and that this was the third person singular.

Let's have a look at this.

So she does not escape.

She waits infinitive.

She waits to die.

And then she dies of starvation.

It's devastatingly sad.

I should have warned you about it.

That poor bird.

Right, let's have a look at this one.

Which is about a corvus and a pavo.

It's about a raven and a peacock and a habent a certamen.

Raven and the peacock have a competition.

Bring me in.

And a pavo inquit.

The peacocks says, "Sum optima avis.

Pinnas optimas habeos.

Quid habes?" So the peacock says, "I am the Optima.

I am the best.

I'm an excellent or the best bird." Now, pinnas optimas habeos.

These are our accusative plurals.

Well, remember if you know about them, if not, there is a lesson on them.

So, I have the optimas, I have the best.

Now we know I told you here, feathers.

I have the best or excellent feathers.

Quid habes? What do O-S? What do you have? All right.

And then the raven.

So you say small birds.

It didn't look like a peacock, it was a big bird with this big of feathers at the back.

And the Raven says, "Well, look, pinnas optimas habes." So we've gone from pinnas optimas habeo, so habeo to pinnas optimas habes.

So you have excellent feathers.

And vincere debes, again, not I ought, but debes, you ought to win the competition.

Says, "Tuas pennas a caelo non video.

But you go to a verb, I do not video, I don't see, tuas pennas, your feathers from up in the sky.

So what's happened there.

The implication is the peacock.

It's obviously very beautiful, but the peacock isn't able to fly as well as this, where students always point out to me, I'm really surprised they have this knowledge that peacocks.

I think Phaedrus just might be assuming that peacocks can't fly or Aesop.

But peacocks they can't fly as high as ravens can.

So what is a metaphor about liberty, isn't it? Have a think about that and make sure you reflect that sort in the exit quiz.

Once you have marked and corrected your answers really well done that translations today.

Complete the exit quiz before you do that.

However, it is important that we say good bye to each other, Valete O-S-T.

Mus, tis, nt, re.

Infinitive, re, infinitive, re.

The unit continues, so I will see you on the imperative two in no time, or as soon as possible.

I look forward to teaching you in that lesson and for the rest of the units and for the rest of this National Academy Latin course.

See you then very well done.

Valete.

I've finished the video