Lesson video

Hello everyone, the year is 1192.

Almost 100 years have passed since the capture of Jerusalem by the Christian army.

And once again, the Christians are on a Crusade.

Marching down the coast is a Crusader army baking in the sun.

They are fully armoured up aware that they could be attacked at any moment, and they are.

The Muslim forces keep harassing, provoking, trying to encourage them into battle.

They ride closer and fire arrows at the Christians, but the leader refuses to budge.

He keeps marching forward.

Some soldiers collapse, exhausted and suffering in the heat.

Others look like pin cushions, arrows sticking out from the Muslim attacks.

Finally, one part of the army has had enough and breaks away to chase after their attackers.

Alone, they would be defeated.

The leader knows this could end his Crusade right here and in the blink of an eye, turns his army and charges the Muslim forces faster than the bolt of a crossbow.

The impact was devastating and the Saracen forces were pushed back.

The Crusaders march on, their leader was Richard the Lionheart, King of England.

His aim to capture Jerusalem once again.

Hi everyone, welcome back to our lessons on the Crusades.

My name is Mr. Wallace.

Now over the lesson so far, we've focused a lot on the causes of the Crusades and the events of the First Crusades.

So you know quite a lot about the early years of Crusading, we're going to take a step forward now.

And as you just heard, we're going to move nearly 100 years after the capture of Jerusalem.

And we're going to introduce two figures today.

If you were to ask most people what they knew about the Crusades, one of these two names would probably come up.

One of them you've already heard is Richard The Lionheart one of the most famous monarchs in English history.

Another is an individual called Saladin, one of the most famous Islamic rulers in history.

And it's their relationship, it's their dynamic, their back and forth that still captures people's interests today.

So we're going to focus on those two individuals and the events of what's called the Third Crusade.

We'll get to the Second in a moment, it's less important.

Before we get started, though, just make sure that you're ready to get moving.

So you want to make sure you've got a pen, make sure you've got a book or some paper to write on and as always try and make sure that you've got interruption-free environment.

So make sure that you've got somewhere quiet to work for the next few minutes and we can get started, okay? So ready to go? Perfect, let's start.

So let's get started and I've taken myself off the screen because obviously there's a lot going on here, so I'll bring myself back later.

But I want you to have a look through boxes.

Before we look at the Third Crusade, before we look at Richard and Saladin, let's just have a quick look at what we know so far.

Let's refresh our memories and make sure we're thinking about the right things.

So on the screen, you should see six boxes and each one of them has a fact about the Crusades where something is clearly wrong.

One way to do is pause the video here.

This is just a kind of a recall task, and I like to start my lessons by getting you to recall the information and just make sure that's fresh in your mind, that'll strengthen that memory for you.

I want you to recall the information and correct each one of these, okay? So I think they're quite straightforward.

It might take you a little bit of thinking one or two go back two or three lessons, but use this as an opportunity to make sure you really understand what we've done so far.

And later this lesson, we'll see what we can add to this, okay? Pause the video here and we'll come back in a second and check through the answers.

Okay, that's great.

I'm going to assume that you've paused.

You've written down six correct statements and shown where the mistakes are.

So let's go through them one by one.

So to begin with, in Jerusalem the Crusaders found the Holy Lance.

Well, we should know that's not quite true.

It was not Jerusalem that was found, it was found in Antioch, well done.

It was the siege of Antioch where the Holy Lance was apparently found.

The Crusades or the Crusade was called by Pope Alexius.

Again, I think we should know a little bit better than this, the Crusade was in fact called by Pope Urban II.

That's great, well done.

Two huge catapults were created to get past the walls of Jerusalem.

Was it catapults they built? I think we know better than that, that's right.

It's two siege towers.

Well done, those siege towers that are on wheels that they moved up to the walls.

The Crusaders were defeated by the Byzantine Empire at Manzikert in 1071.

Just a couple of errors here we need to flip a couple of things around.

It wasn't the Byzantine Empire that won at Manzikert, was it? They lost, the Byzantine empire was defeated by the Seljuk Turks of Manzikert.

Crusaders attacked Muslim communities in Germany before they left? Not true.

We know it's a different religious group that they targeted.

It's Jewish communities.

And finally, the Pope promised land to anyone who went on Crusade? Well, some of them may have wanted land, but it's not what the Pope promised.

What did he promise? That's right, he promised that they could go to heaven.

He promised salvation, that their sins would be forgiven and they could go to heaven.

So this helps us understand why these Crusades have begun.

And that's what I want to move on to now.

This is our question that we keep coming back to us at the start of every single lesson.

Why did Europeans join the Crusades? Now, I've given you three reasons here, but what I want you to do, is try and illustrate these three reasons, try and add detail to these three reasons to back them up.

So if we would see religion as a reason they join the Crusade, well, how do we know why? What evidence do we have for that? You could argue that power was a reason, or you could argue that prestige and honour.

The idea of being seen as a more prestigious person, an honourable person, a glorious person.

Now, one way to do is try and add at least one bullet point to each of the three categories.

If you can have more than one, that's great.

We'll go through some answers in a moment, but try and add at least one, okay? So the second kind of introductory task, can you just pause the video here, write down this, and draw this table, or kind of do it as bullet points however you see fit and try and add at least one piece of evidence for each of these three reasons.

We're then going to come back to this at the end of today's lesson and think, well, what else can we add.

How does the story of Richard and Saladin help us answer this question, okay? Pause the video, we'll come back in a second.

All right, perfect.

Now, I said I only wanted one piece for each category, for each reason, but I'm going to give you a few more.

You can see here, there's some different reasons for religion.

They wanted to free Jerusalem.

You can see that there's proof because they broke down and wept when they saw Jerusalem for the first time, they wanted their sins forgiven.

They wanted to protect the Christians.

All of these were important religious reasons.

For power, you could make the point that the Pope wanted to make the church more powerful.

And some knights stayed and ruled in Crusader States that they gained more land for themselves.

For prestige and honour, you could make the point they wanted to do great deeds like their ancestors, and it was honourable to protect Christians from attack.

They wanted to be seen as that sort of honourable person.

And in the Middle Ages, the idea of prestige often came down to your wealth.

If you were an important, wealthy noble, you could give more money to charity.

You could treat your knights better.

You could treat the people under you better.

That was a prestigious position.

So if you were to able to gain wealth on these Crusades, that meant that you could increase your prestige as well.

So everyone is kind of motivated by different things, but everyone would kind of fit into one of these categories.

Now, for some it might be more that religion that's important.

For some, it might be prestige and honour and for some it might be power.

Now we'll come back to this later and see what else we can do with this.

One of the things I think is most important to think about is that after The First Crusade finished, most of the knights who took it left.

They prayed, they finished their pilgrimage and some stayed and ruled over Jerusalem and this Crusader kingdom, but most actually left.

But what does that tell us about the reason they went there.

And to me that suggests that religion was very key, it was really important.

Because if it was about themselves and their own power and their own land, they maybe would have stayed.

But they got to Jerusalem, they achieved their goal, they took the city, they protected other Christians in their minds they did and then they left.

But those who stayed, created what we call Crusader States or Crusader kingdoms. And here was a map of the Holy Land, which shows the four main Crusader kingdoms. Edessa you can see with the little cross by them, they're the Crusader ones.

Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and the main one Jerusalem.

These four lands were created and ruled over by the European Christians.

So once the Crusade had finished, they took control of this land.

And around them you can see the Seljuq Empire.

Now at this time, the Islamic world was kind of split.

It was infighting and it didn't really respond very quickly to what the Christians had done.

And so it gave the Christians time to build up their defences, to really get settled in the area.

And that made it harder for the Islamic world to then come back against.

But then if we jump forward to the time of the Third Crusade, you can see that the map has changed quite a lot.

And we now have here what's called the Dominions of Saladin.

The lands ruled over by Saladin.

That includes Jerusalem.

That includes Tripoli with the exception of this one town here, Tyre.

A little bit of Tripoli up here, a little bit of an Antioch.

But if you were to compare, look, they've lost huge amounts of land.

And most crucially, at least to the Crusaders.

Most importantly, they've lost control of Jerusalem.

Saladin has united the Muslim world and been able to take back a lot of what was originally lost.

So let's talk a little bit about Saladin.

Now in this picture, you can see Saladin painted in the 15th century.

And he's got this horned turban, which was common in the 15th century amongst merchants.

So traders who come from Egypt.

And this tells us where Saladin really kind of developed his power.

He wasn't from Egypt, but he first became powerful in Egypt.

And it was there that he was able to use his forces to take control of Egypt, and then he stretched out taking control of other areas, such as Syria and eventually into Jerusalem.

He was able to do this because he united the Muslim world and it gave them a common purpose.

Rather than fighting amongst themselves, he reminded them really that the enemy here was the Crusaders.

It's the Crusaders that came to their land.

It was the Crusaders who took their cities and that they needed to join together and fight back.

Now he was helped in doing this by some problems in Christian Jerusalem.

So after the Christians took control of Jerusalem and set up this Crusader kingdom, they created a Royal family there, and by the time Saladin is on the scene, the king in Jerusalem is a child who has a very, very terrible disease called leprosy.

And this image from the time shows you the apparent story of how he discovered he had leprosy.

So the king is called Baldwin and he was apparently playing with other children when he was young.

And you can see these kinds of cuts and marks on their arms, that they have been playing quite roughly and injuring each other, but he didn't even feel it.

And it took somebody else to kind of point out to him actually you seem to be injured.

And they realised he had no feeling in his arms. Now leprosy was one of the most devastating and scary illnesses of the Middle Ages.

If you had leprosy, you were almost certain to die quite young.

Parts of your body effectively lost blood circulation and would become numb and more or less die.

Those parts of the body wouldn't be functional.

You were not able to have children.

Now, if you've got a king with leprosy, then there's a big problem there.

Eventually Baldwin went blind and you've got a king who is blind, a king who has a disease, a king who's going to die young who can't have any children.

So with all of this, that meant other nobles in Jerusalem suddenly wanted power.

They thought when this king goes, it could be me.

I could try and control him.

I could try and make myself more powerful.

So the Christian started infighting and Saladin was able to take advantage of that.

This painting shows the surrender of various Christians just before Saladin took Jerusalem.

You can see here, they're handing over their weapons, Saladin is this figure here sitting in this structure.

And Saladin took Jerusalem after the Crusaders constantly bickered, constantly fought amongst themselves.

Were more interested in their own power in Jerusalem than Crusading than protecting Christianity.

Now when Saladin took Jerusalem, he didn't do.

He specifically didn't do what the Crusaders did when they took Jerusalem in 1099.

Now think back for a moment.

What happened when the Crusaders got over those walls? They massacred thousands.

There were those quotes we read where blood is up to their ankles and only God knows the number.

When Saladin took Jerusalem, he is famous for not committing a massacre, for not getting revenge.

There was no slaughter.

He stopped to his word.

And in the eyes of many Christians, they saw Saladin sure as the enemy, but as a reasonable respectful person that they could do business with.

Someone who at least stood by his word.

And this contrast of brutal massacring Christians and Saladin who deliberately didn't do that has lasted over the years, and people see that there was a clear difference between how these two sides behave.

Now, a couple of quick questions just to make sure you've been listening, okay? So I'm going to ask you two questions about Saladin, and I want you to either say them out loud or to point at the screen, just to make sure you can remember where we're talking about here, okay? So first of all, where did Saladin first take power? Was it Syria, was it Baghdad or was it Egypt, okay? I'm going to give you five seconds.

Five, four, three, two, one.

That's right, it's Egypt.

To put that horned turban is he wouldn't have worn that, but that's how people in the 15th century knew Egyptians.

So they imagined him wearing that.

What disease did Baldwin IV suffer from? So which led to him not having children and dying young and led to all the other Christians fighting amongst themselves for power? Did he have smallpox, leprosy, or the plague? Five, four, three, two, one.

Absolutely, right, he had leprosy.

The most feared disease of the mediaeval period.

So Saladin had grown strong and he'd taken Jerusalem and the Christians were on the back foot.

The Christians had had their Crusader kingdoms taken from them.

And this is where Richard the Lionheart comes in, the King of England.

And you can see here, his statue, this is still standing outside the House of Commons in London, outside Westminster Palace.

Richard, the Lionheart Richard I of England is one of the most famous of English monarchs.

He is known as like a warrior monarch and he has a very, very famous family.

Obviously he's part of the Royal family, but depending on what you've studied, you may be familiar with some of his relatives.

So he's the son of Henry II.

And if you've studied the story of Thomas Beckett and the murder in Canterbury Cathedral, you will know Henry II from that story.

Here's the older brother of King John.

And if you've studied the Magna Carta, you'll be familiar with the story of John there.

And he is the son of Eleanor of Aquitaine.

Now you may not be as familiar with Eleanor.

I hope you would be because she's an absolutely fascinating and an amazing person.

Now we have some other lessons on Oak.

Where we go through Eleanor's life and how she was able to be quite a remarkable, powerful mediaeval woman.

I would strongly recommend you look into her life as well.

So he's got this, he's got Royal blood and he is the King of England, and he has got a monarchs all around his family.

Now, whilst he's the King of England, he grew up in Aquitaine.

I said, his mother is Eleanor of Aquitaine and Richard was sort of her favourite.

She had several children, but it was Richard she was always closest to.

And though he was born in England, he grew up in Aquitaine and saw that as his homeland.

And in fact, he was King of England for 10 years, but he only really spent about six months of his life in England.

And on this map here, all of these lands that are in red and pink, they all belonged to the Crown of England.

So when Richard was King, he had England and all of this land in France.

He had more land in France than the King of France and that's one of the reasons that him and the French King were rivals.

They weren't always on good terms and that will come up when the Crusade starts.

So just like under Saladin, I want you to answer just a couple of questions to show me what you know about Richard.

Just to make sure you've been listening and we know who these two people are, okay? So where did Richard grow up? Did he grow up in England, did he grow up in Aquitaine or did he grow up in Normandy? You got five, four, three, two, one.

Absolutely, right.

Aquitaine, that's where his mother was from.

And as I said, he was sort of the favourite.

And roughly how much of his reign was spent in England? Was it six months, six years or 16 years? You got five, four, three, two, one.

It's about six months.

From 10 years he was king.

Only about six months was actually spent in England, and that was mainly preparing for the Crusade.

Now, Richard, who in this mediaeval drawing is on the left here and Saladin, who in this drawing is on the right here.

They're the two figures that most people think of when they think of the Crusades.

They are some of the most famous monarchs in the entire Middle Ages, and they never actually met.

Despite what this picture says, their armies fought against each other, but personally they never actually met.

But it's their rivalry, their story, which is still remembered 800 years on.

And they're famous because of their personalities, because of how charismatic and interesting they were.

And I want to give you an example of this.

So this is a story about Saladin.

When deep in battle against the Crusaders, a Christian woman was brought to him.

Raiders had taken her three month old child and sold it at a slave market.

The woman was distraught.

She was told that Saladin might help.

She explained the situation, and Saladin ordered that the child be found.

He refunded the buyer and gave the child back to its mother.

They were then escorted safely back to the Crusader camp.

So Saladin, the leader of the Muslim army helped a Christian woman take back her child which his army had taken from her.

Now, how would you describe Saladin from that? Does that make him sound brave, dangerous or honourable? I'll give you a few seconds to think.

Okay, so from that story we can identify Saladin as an honourable person.

And that's how he was seen by Christians and Muslims. Because of stories like that, that he seemed to have a sense whilst he was a military leader and his troops and he himself no doubt committed some terrible things, but there were certain rights and wrongs, certain standards that he wouldn't let slip even if his opponents would do it.

Just like when he took Jerusalem and didn't get revenge.

That he stuck to his word and tried to treat people with respect.

Now, this one is about Richard, and this is a quote from someone who was at one of Richard's battles in the Holy Land during the period we're currently talking about.

"With no armour on his legs he threw himself into the sea first and forced his way powerfully on to dry land.

The Muslims opposed him on the shore.

The outstanding king shot them with a crossbow he was carrying in his hand and his companions pursued them as they fled cutting them down.

At the sight of the king they had no more spirit left.

They dare not approach him." Now from this quote, what sort of king does Richard appear to be? Is he generous? Is he courageous? Or is he ambitious? So is he generous? Does he have courage or does he have ambition? Again, I'll give you a few seconds to think.

Okay, so from that we get a really good sense that Richard is a courageous, brave warrior.

The story I told you at the start of him leading that charge headstrong into Saladin's army.

Here, where he is the first one off the boat, onto the shore, firing his crossbow.

He's not a king who gives orders and stands back and watches his soldiers fight.

That's not how a mediaeval king would inspire people.

He was brave and he led from the front.

So you've got Richard and Saladin, a brave king and a noble honourable leader.

So even though they were on opposite sides, they had a lot of respect for one another.

We're going to get into the Third Crusade in a moment, but I just want you to show you this map.

And it shows the route that Richard took to get there.

So rather than travelling over land this time, they decide to sail there.

And you can see this blue line, which shows the King of France, King Philip.

So these are the two main kings that go, and I already said that Richard and Philip don't particularly get on.

You're going to read about why surely.

And they start here, in Sicily, but you can see Richard's route is a little bit different and he makes a couple of stops and in particular, he makes a stop on this Island before he goes to the city of Acre, which is where the Christians are currently based.

There's not much land that the Christians have, and they're trying to take this city called Acre.

And it looks like it's the word acre in England, but it's in English, but it's pronounced Acre.

Now, this is how they get there, and once both kings arrive and the Third Crusade really gets going.

And at this point, I want you to stop and read about that Third Crusade.

So there are going to be some questions I want you to answer.

And when we finish going through these basic questions, one of the things we're going to think about is, was the Third Crusade a success? So have that in your mind, as you're reading through the work.

Now at this point, I want you to pause the video, move forward in the lesson, answer the questions in detail and in full sentences and we'll come back in a moment and go through it, okay? Perfect, off you go.

Excellent, right.

So you should by now have gone and done the reading and the questions.

So let's go through the answer.

And as always, I have my acceptable answer, but my good answer, the detailed one.

So what island did Richard conquer and then sell? Now the acceptable answer is Cyprus.

And if we just go back, you can see him landing on that Island here.

The answer is Cyprus, but a detailed explanation here would be, Richard conquered the island of Cyprus and then sold it to the Knights Templar.

He kept all the income from this, which went against the agreement he made with King Philip of France.

So Richard and Phillip were already not on good terms. They're already rivals.

They had some personal problems, but they then made an agreement to split all of the income that was gained from this Crusade and Richard broke that on the way.

Why did the Crusaders want the city of Acre? The acceptable answer here is because it had a port.

So a place where ships could land, but a more detailed answer would explain that.

The Crusaders wanted the city of Acre because it had a port which was very valuable to them.

This is because it allowed them to land more soldiers and supplies if they needed to continue fighting and wanted to take back Jerusalem.

So explaining the value of this city, it's not just any city, but it's a city where they can expand from, where they can land soldiers, get supplies, and they wouldn't have to worry about running out of things like food.

What did Richard do at Acre that horrified many people at the time? The acceptable answer here was he executed 2,700 prisoners.

So that's explain that a bit more.

Richard executed 2,700 prisoners at Acre, which horrified many people, including both Christians and Muslims. This was supposedly done because he believed that Saladin was not keeping his end of the deal that was struck to hand over Christian prisoners and wanted to move forward and attack Jerusalem.

So this is the thing that really stains Richard's reputation.

Amongst all the bravery and the heroism, he is known for this massacre of almost 3000 prisoners.

These are people who have no weapons, who can't defend themselves.

But this was because he felt that Saladin himself was not keeping to the deal that Saladin himself was not being honourable.

And as long as he had 2,700 people that he needed to guard, that he needed to feed, he couldn't move forward and try and take Jerusalem.

And so he executed those prisoners.

And it horrified people at the time, some supported it and saw, well, this was the reasonable thing to do, but many thought this was a terrible action.

And it really spoiled relations between the Christians and the Muslims who lived in the Holy Land.

Why did Richard decide not to attack Jerusalem? So he marches there, but he decides to turn back.

The acceptable answer here is, he thought you wouldn't be able to keep hold of the city.

So let's add some depth to that.

Richard decided not to attack Jerusalem because he felt that, while he was strong enough to take the city, he might not have enough soldiers to keep it.

If they lost the city afterwards, this would have meant all the soldiers had died for nothing.

And I think this goes some way to explaining Richard's kind of intelligent thinking.

That he's not brave and in a kind of a full-hearty sense.

He doesn't rush into things that he can't win.

He probably could have taken Jerusalem.

But if we think back to the First Crusade, what did most soldiers do after Jerusalem was taken? They left.

He might've been able to take Jerusalem, but he might not have been able to keep it.

And a lot of the people who would have died would have died for nothing.

So he realised that wouldn't really be any sort of victory and he turned away.

Now, what were Christians able to do after the Third Crusade? The answer is they were able to go on pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

So explaining that in a little bit more detail.

After the Third Crusade, Christians were able to go on pilgrimage to Jerusalem so they could worship in the city.

They were also treated with kindness by the Muslim inhabitants of the city.

So even though they didn't take control of Jerusalem, Christians were allowed to go and pray.

They were allowed to go visit his Holy City.

So there is some progress, there is some development there.

So it's this relationship.

This is what people focus on, the actions of Richard.

His bravery in battle, his intelligent thinking, and yes, his controversial decisions.

And the actions of Saladin, this intelligent noble honourable, Muslim leader, who himself maybe was not exactly as honourable as records suggest.

But they're dynamic, their relationship has fascinated people for 800 or so years.

Now, the question that I want us to really focus on now here is, how successful was the Third Crusade? So I asked you to think about that in general when you are reading.

But let's cover a few ideas here.

On the screen, are several statements about the Third Crusade.

I want you to go through this list and I want you to only write down the ones that actually help us answer this question.

Other statements might be true, but there might have nothing to do with the success of the Crusade.

So only write down the ones that would help us answer this question, okay? Pause the video here and write down those sentences.

Okay, that's great.

So which ones actually answer this? You can see here, I've crossed through several of them.

Richard was a courageous warrior and leader.

Well, it's true, but that doesn't mean that the Crusade was successful or not.

Saladin was an honourable leader, it's true.

Again, it doesn't answer the question.

The ones that do, Christians were able to go on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

Richard and his army failed to capture Jerusalem, and the Christians took more land on the coast, including the port of Acre.

So this gives us some information about the end of the Crusade.

What was the situation after the Crusade had finished? Now, some of these would say it was successful and some would say it wasn't.

And we can separate them like this.

So you could argue that it was a success because they took more land and they could go on pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

You could also argue that it was a failure because ultimately the main goal was Jerusalem and they failed to take it.

So just because this has two and this has one, it doesn't mean this one is any less important.

This is the goal, but they didn't get it.

So you can see that there are some arguments that actually Richard did achieve something that there were some positives from this and some arguments that actually this didn't get anywhere, that this was generally a failure.

I want you to try and put all this together and give me an answer.

So how successful was the Third Crusade.

Now on the screen here, if you want to go and write this on your own and figure out you understand exactly what you want to talk about, that's fantastic.

But if you're not sure how to structure it, I've given you some points that you can make.

So it could be argued that the Third Crusade was a success.

One way that it was successful was that, and then provide some evidence.

What was successful about it? Furthermore, and add more evidence.

And then on the other hand, give me the different side of the argument.

So the best arguments are always balanced.

And there's some also some key words here which will help you think about the type of things you want to talk about.

So this bigger argument, this bigger question will help you really understand the third Crusade in the bigger picture, because we can see the First Crusade was a success.

It took its goal.

So even though the Third Crusade didn't take its goal, does that mean it wasn't successful? It's one of those things to consider.

The last thing I want to think about then, and it would be amazing if you could write this and I would really like to see it, if you do.

Of course, show it to your teachers, but at the end, I'll show you how you can show it to me as well.

I would love to see what you say about the Third Crusade.

What does this lesson tell us about this question? Why did Europeans join the Crusades? So I've given you three reasons so far religion, power, and prestige and honour.

Where can we see evidence from this Crusade specifically from the actions of Richard and Philip? Where can we see evidence that religion was their main reason? Where can we see evidence that power was their main reason? And where can we see evidence that prestige and honour was their main reason? I'm going to pause here and see if you can add one or two points to this table just for this specific Crusade.

Okay, so it might have taken you a moment to think here, but let's try and add in a couple of points.

So religion was clearly motivating them because they wanted to take back Jerusalem.

And when they didn't, the Christian soldiers were devastated.

They were really disappointed.

So that was obviously something they really wanted and they were happy that they could then go on pilgrimage, that's a key part of the deal.

If religion it wasn't important, they wouldn't have asked for this.

I think you could also argue that prestige and honour was a key reason as well.

So Richard's motivation was constantly to prove his prestige.

If you think what happened when Phillip started paying his soldiers, Richard started paying them more.

He proved his bravery several times in battle.

And then he turned away from Jerusalem even though he could take it because he knew that maybe in the long run that wouldn't be the smart idea.

And so his own status, his own honour seems to be motivating Richard from time to time.

So like I said at the start, not everyone is motivated by the same things.

Just like us nowadays we're all interested in different things.

And whilst religion is very important to almost everyone at this point, that doesn't mean that other things aren't important, okay? Okay, I'm back now.

So you haven't seen me all lesson, which is fine.

So by this point, you're now building up a really complex understanding of the Crusades.

You've looked at two different Crusades and all the different reasons why people join them.

Some for religion, some for power, some for prestige and so on.

Now I would really like to see the work you've done, especially the work you did today on whether this Crusade was a success.

So of course, show it to your teacher, but I would like to see it too.

So if you'd like to, please ask your parent or carer to share your work on Facebook, Instagram, or Twitter, tagging Oak National and #LearnwithOak.

I would really like to see your judgement on whether or not this Crusade was a success.

Now there's one more Crusade to go.

Well, there's more than one, but we're going to study one more, okay? In the next and the last lesson, we're going to focus on the Fourth Crusade, which is really the kind of crazy one.

And at that point, we'll have a really brilliant, complex understanding of this period of history and why it matters so much in the big picture, okay? I look forward to seeing you on our next lesson and I hope you have a great rest of the day.

Okay, thank you.