Lesson video

Hi, I'm Ms. Mia.

Thank you so much for joining me in this lesson.

Let's get started.

In this lesson, you'll be able to describe how the caliphate expanded and spread Islam across North Africa and Southern Europe.

Your keywords are on the screen now, and I'd like you to repeat them after me or write them down.

Syria.

Caliph.

Rashidun.

Jerusalem.

Great, let's find out what these keywords mean.

Syria is a country located in the Middle East with borders on the Mediterranean Sea and Turkey.

Caliph.

A caliph was a Muslim leader and political ruler who came after Muhammad.

Peace be upon him.

Rashidun.

The Rashiduns were the first four caliphs who ruled the Islamic Empire after the death of Muhammad.

Peace be upon him Jerusalem.

Jerusalem is an ancient holy city in the Middle East.

Let's move on.

This lesson is all about the early caliphates and the spread of Islam.

We have three lesson cycles in today's lesson, and the first lesson cycle is to do with Muhammad's, peace be upon him, final years.

We're then gonna learn about the Rashidun caliphate.

And lastly, we're going look at Jerusalem.

Let's get started.

So on the left, we have a map of the Arabian Peninsula showing the Byzantine and Persian Empires.

At Tabuk, near the Syrian border, the Muslim army waited for the Byzantines to attack, But they never appeared.

On the right, we have photo of Muslims in evening prayer.

Between 630 CE and 632 CE, many of the border tribes made an agreement with Muhammad, peace be upon him, if they converted to Islam, Muhammad, peace be upon him, would ensure their safety.

Over to you.

Which two statements about Muhammad's March on Tabuk are true? Is it A, the Byzantine army never appeared, B, the Muslim army went to war with the Arabian tribes near the border, or C, many Arabian tribes living near the border accepted Islam? What do you think? You can pause the video here, and click play when you've got the answers.

So what did you get? If you got A, the Byzantine army never appeared, and C, many Arabian tribes living near the border accepted Islam, you are correct.

Fantastic.

Let's move on.

During the last two years of Muhammad's life, the early Islamic Empire grew a lot.

The Muslim armies also successfully invaded Byzantine territories in Syria, Palestine, and Egypt.

Over to you.

The Muslim armies successfully invaded Byzantine territories of which three countries? Is it A, Egypt, B, France, C, Syria, or D, Palestine.

You can pause the video here, and click play when you've got the answers.

So how did you do? Well, you shoulda have got A, Egypt, C, Syria, and D, Palestine.

These are the three Byzantine territories which were successfully invaded by the Muslims. In 632 CE, Muhammad, peace be upon him, made his final pilgrimage to Mecca, known as the Farewell Pilgrimage.

And here on the left we can see an illustration of the city of Mecca.

Here we can see a map showing the extent of the Islamic Empire by the time of Muhammad's death.

By the time of his death in 632 CE, Muhammad, peace be upon him, was the ruler of all Southern Arabia.

Here we can see that the birth of Muhammad, peace be upon him, was around 570 CE.

Muhammad's first revelation happened at 610 CE.

The Hijra to Medina happened at 622 CE, which was 12 years after his first revelation.

Eight years after that, Muhammad, peace be upon him, returned to Mecca at 630 CE.

And then the death of Prophet Muhammad happened at 632 CE.

Over to you.

help Sofia to Complete her sentence below.

Muhammad's final pilgrimage to Mecca in 632 CE is known as the.

You can pause the video here, and click play when you've got the answer.

So what did you get? Muhammad's final pilgrimage to Mecca in 632 CE is known as the Farewell Pilgrimage.

Well done if you got that correct.

Task A.

One, I'd like you to decide if the sentences below are true or false.

And then two, I'd like you to correct the false sentences.

So let's have a look at these sentences.

The first one being many border tribes made an agreement with Muhammad, peace be upon him, to keep them safe.

Is this true or is this false? In the last two years of Muhammad's life, the early Islamic Empire grew smaller.

The Muslim armies invaded areas in Syria, Palestine, and France.

Muhammad, peace be upon him, made a Farewell Pilgrimage to Medina.

By the time of his death in 632 CE Muhammad, peace be upon him, was the ruler of all Southern Arabia.

You can pause the video here now to complete the task, and click play when you're ready to rejoin us.

So, what did you get? Well, your answers should look like this.

The first sentence is true.

Many border tribes made an agreement with Muhammad, peace be upon him, to keep them safe.

Second sentence is false, third sentence is false, fourth one is false, and the last sentence is true.

Now let's have a look at the corrected statements.

So in the last two years of Muhammad's life, the early Islamic Empire grew bigger.

Then the Muslim armies invaded areas in Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, not France.

Muhammad, peace be upon him, made a farewell pilgrimage to Mecca, not Medina.

Well done if you got those correct.

Super.

Let's move on.

Our second lesson cycle is about the Rashidun caliphate.

Let's begin.

Here is an illustration of Caliph Abu Bakr.

After Muhammad's death in 632 CE, the caliph became the ruler of the Islamic world.

A caliph was a religious and political leader, and Muhammad's, peace be upon him, next in line.

the area that the caliph ruled was known as the caliphate, which was the areas included in the Islamic Empire.

The first four caliph after Muhammad's death were known as the Rashidun caliphs.

The first was Abu Bakr.

Over to you.

Which answer best describe what the caliphate was? A, the area where Muslims lived, B, the Muslim army, or C, the are that was ruled by a caliph.

You can pause the video here, and click play when you've got the answer.

So, what did you get? If you got C, you are correct.

The caliphate was the area that was ruled by a caliph.

And remember, a caliph is a political and religious leader.

On the left, we have a map of the locations of the Ridda Wars.

After Muhammad's death, many of the Arabian tribes who had made agreement with Muhammad, peace be upon him, decided to reject Islam.

This led to the Ridda Wars of 632 CE, with the Muslim armies against the Arabian tribes.

The Ridda Wars ended when the Muslim armies defeated the Arabian tribes who had rejected Islam.

The Arabian peninsula was once again united under the caliphate in Medina.

Over to you.

Why did the Arabian tribes reject Islam, reading to the Ridda Wars in 632 CE? Is it A, they had made agreements with Abu Bakr, B, they had made agreements with Muhammad, peace be upon him, or C, they wanted to leave the Arabian peninsula? What do you think? You can press play when you're ready to continue.

So what did you get? If you got B, you are correct.

The Arabian tribes rejected Islam leading to the Ridda Wars because they had made agreements with Prophet Muhammad.

So here we can see a map of the Rashidun Caliphate.

By 633 CE, the Muhammad armies had conquered most of Arabia, and later North Africa, Mesopotamia, and Persia as well.

Here we have a photo of Damascus.

In 634 CE, Damascus, which was then a part of the Byzantine Empire and now the capital of Syria, fell to the Muslim army.

In Damascus, the Christian people were not hurt and were allowed to worship freely.

True or false.

Muslim control of Damascus in 634 CE showed the Rashidun Caliphate accepted other religions.

Is this true or is this false? What do you think? You can pause the video here.

So what did you get? If you got true, you are correct.

Why do you think this is? You can pause the video again.

So what did you get? Well, after Damascus fell to the Rashidun Caliphate, Christians there were allowed to worship freely.

Task B.

I'd like you to read Lucas' statement below.

Do you agree with it? Lucas thinks the Rashidun Caliph, Abu Bakr, was responsible for the huge growth of the Muhammad territory.

Tell your talk partner your opinion and explain your reasoning.

A good explanation should include the following, the Ridda Wars, Damascus, Syria.

You can pause the video here, and click play when you're ready to rejoin us.

So how did your discussion go? Well, your answer may have included something like this.

I agree with Lucas.

Not only did Abu Bakr's army defeated the Arabian tribes during the Ridda Wars, they also conquered territories in North Africa, Mesopotamia, and Persia.

In 634 CE, Damascus fell to the Muslim army.

This victory allow the Muslim forces to continue taking over more territory in Syria.

Well done if you manage to include those key points in your discussion.

Let's move on.

Lesson cycle three, Jerusalem.

On the left, we've got photo of Temple Mount in Jerusalem.

Jerusalem is an important holy city to Muslims because they believe that Muhammad, peace be upon him, ascended to heaven from the Temple Mount in the city.

On the right, we have a map of the Middle East during the time of the Rashidun Caliphate.

At that time, Jerusalem was part of the Byzantine Empire.

Capturing Jerusalem meant that there would also be Muslim control over Palestine.

Which two statements about Jerusalem during the Rashidun Caliphate are true? Is it A, it was under Persian rule, B, it was under Byzantine rule, C, it is where the Ka'ba is located, or D, it is where Muslims believe that Muhammad, peace be upon him, ascended to heaven.

You can pause the video here, and click play when you've got the answers.

So what did you get? If you got B and D, you are correct.

Jerusalem was under Byzantine rule at the time.

It was also where Muslims believe that Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, ascended to heaven.

Well done if you've got those correct.

Let's move on.

On the left, we have an illustration or depiction of Caliph Umar entering Jerusalem.

The second Rashidun Caliph, Umar, captured Jerusalem in 638 CE.

Afterwards, people of all religions were allowed to worship freely there.

It is the third holiest city to many Muslims. True or false.

In 638 CE, Jerusalem became part of the Rashidun Caliphate.

Is this true or is this false? You can pause the video here, and click play when you've got the answer to the first part.

So what did you get? If you've got true, that's correct.

Why do you think this is? You can pause the video again.

So what did you get? Well, the Rashidun Caliph, Umar, captured Jerusalem.

Well done if you got that.

Let's move on.

Task C.

I'd like you to put the events in the correct order by writing the numbers one to four, starting with number one as the earliest.

Here are the events.

The first caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate united the Arabian peninsula once again after defeated the tribes.

Soon after, Jerusalem also captured and included in the Rashidun Caliphate.

Damascus fell to the Muslim army, allowing the Muslim forces to continue taking over more territory in Syria.

After Muhammad's death, some Arabian tribes decided to reject Islam.

So I'd like you to put these in order, remember, with one, as the earliest.

You can pause the video here and click play when you're ready to rejoin us.

So, how did that go? Let's look at the answers.

Starting with one.

After Muhammad's death, some Arabian tribes decided to reject Islam.

Then the first caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate united the Arabian peninsula once again after defeating the tribes.

Next, Damascus fell to the Muslim army, allowing the Muslim forces continue taking over more territory in Syria.

And soon after, Jerusalem was also captured and included in the Rashidun Caliphate.

Well done if ordered those events correctly.

Let's summarize our learnings.

So today's lesson was about the early caliphates and the spread of Islam.

You now understand that by the time of Muhammad's death in 632 CE, Muslim forces had invaded the southern parts of the Persian Empire.

They also successfully invaded Byzantine territories in Syria, Palestine, and Egypt.

When Muhammad, peace be upon him, died, his successor was Abu Bakr.

His Rashidun Caliphate expanded into Central Asia and North Africa.

Captured cities were often treated well.

In Damascus, the Christian people were not hurt and allowed to worship freely.

The caliph, Umar, captured Jerusalem in 638 CE.

It is the third holiest city to many Muslims. Thank you so much for joining me in this lesson.

Bye.