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Hello Year Six, welcome back.

I'm Mr. Hutchinson and this is history.

We're learning all about 20th century conflict.

First things first, if you've got your phone near you or something that's going to distract you put it somewhere else.

Actually don't throw it like that, that's probably broken.

Put it in another room safely away so it's not going to distract you.

One person, Chris, was in touch over Twitter saying, "Oh, I was trying to concentrate on the lesson but I had to keep checking on my phone." It's really easy to get distracted like that so put any devices away so that you can just focus on this lesson and increase your knowledge all about 20th century conflict.

We've already learnt about the First World War, we've learnt about how European countries descended into this First World War, this great war, and America became involved and at the end of the last lesson the World War had finished.

It was 1918, America had become involved, the German army and navy had gone on strike, were hungry and Kaiser Wilhelm had to abdicate, had to say, "I'm no longer in charge, I'm resigning because the army wouldn't fight anymore." In today's lesson we're going to find out what happened next.

What happened after the war had ended? So our lesson today, our question, our big question, is all about the Treaty of Versailles.

Try and say it, the Treaty of Versailles.

So the Treaty of Versailles which we're going to learn about, and we're going to ask ourself this, was the Treaty of Versailles fair? So all through this lesson have that in your head.

Do I think that this is fair what's happening with the Treaty of Versailles? But before I do that I have to share some work that got sent through over Twitter because I am just blown away by how hard you're all working out there, really, really impressed.

You're doing a great job.

Some people sitting back, not doing any work, but not you, you are working so hard and increasing your knowledge and it's just very, very impressive.

So first shout out goes to Eleanor and Eleanor has done this wonderful piece of work.

Look how many detailed notes she's taken.

Look, I'm going to make that big for you.

Look at Eleanor's amazing work here.

All of these, all of this detail that she's put into the work.

Writing down not only stuff that's coming up in the screen but also things that I'm saying to make sure that she's an amazing historian.

Presented neatly, taking your time over it.

Eleanor, you're a superstar.

I'm really, really impressed, well done.

But it wasn't only Eleanor who was working hard.

We also have Noah.

Well done, Noah.

Who, so Noah's quite lucky because his dad has printed out some of the screenshots and questions and Noah's very neatly stuck them in his book and written in nice, full sentences all about the First World War and what was happening during the First World War.

I'm really impressed with Noah.

Something that Noah did as well that I want to point out to you 'cause you might like to do this as well, this is really good practise, is Noah adds additional notes to his work.

He annotates.

So he was doing the tasks and the questions that I was asking but then he adds additional notes.

So if you just look here he's got the timeline that we were working on but he was also adding in his extra notes about that timeline.

So here he's saying Germany is issuing an ultimatum to Russia because Russia, Germany want to stop Russia from mobilising.

So he's adding extra notes in and that's going to help it stick in his brain much, much better.

He's also ticking his work and that's really important as well.

You need to make sure as you're going through you tick or fix your work.

If you get it right, give yourself a tick because that will make sure that in your head you think, "Great, I'll consolidate that knowledge." If you get it wrong, that's fine, you've made a mistake and that's no problem because you can fix it and then the right answer will be in your head.

Let's get on with today's lesson but make sure that you learn from our superstar historians, Noah and Eleanor, and try and be just like them.

So we're going to start by looking at how the war devastated Europe and all of the countries that were involved.

We'll then look at the Peace Conference, the Paris Peace Conference.

A conference when people get together, how different people got together to try to make peace after the war and decide what to do with the losers, with Germany and the central powers.

We'll learn how this led to a Treaty of Versailles.

A treaty is like an agreement.

So it was in a city called Versailles.

So we'll learn about the Treaty of Versailles, the agreement that the people involved with the Peace Conference made.

We're going to look at Clause 231.

Mysterious, right? Clause 231, sounds very mysterious.

You're going to find out all about it and why it's so important.

Try saying it for now so that it's in your head.

Clause 231.

Say it a few times.

Clause 231.

Good.

Get that in your head.

Clause 231.

Good.

And then we'll end with our end of lesson quiz as usual.

So let's get on with the first section, the devastation of war.

Now writing at the time of the First World War was somebody, a very famous writer called H.

Wells.

And H.

Wells was writing in newspapers all about this war and seeing just how dreadful it had become and how many people were dying.

And so H.

Wells wrote something very, very famous, a very famous saying that was used a lot.

Wells said that this war, the First World War, or the Great War as it was known then, it was, "The war to end all war." Or sometimes, "The war to end all wars." It was so horrific, so awful that there would never be a war again.

That's what H.

Wells thought.

And this is often used ironically now because of course we know that only 20 years later the Second World War broke out.

But H.

Wells at the time said, "This is the war to end all war." Why did H.

Wells think that? Why did H.

Wells think that this is going to be the war to end all war and nobody will ever go to war again? Well it's because of the devastation that was wrought all over Europe.

So I've got a table up here for you and you can see that this table is split into two parts.

It's got the allied countries here.

So the triple , the allied countries here.

So the British Empire, France, USA, Italy, Russia.

And then it also has the central powers here.

What I would like you to write, what I'd like you to do is I'd like you to have a guess now at how many soldiers were killed from the British Empire.

From just the British Empire, not all of the allied powers, just the British Empire.

How many people do you think were killed? So a million men were sent and I say men, some of them very, very young, as young as 14 or 15, lying about their age to be able to go and fight.

So some of them not too many years older than you going overseas, fighting in those awful conditions in the trenches that we looked at and a million of them never came home, they were killed in battles throughout the war.

France lost even more, 1.

5 million.

Almost 1.

5 million.

The USA, even though they only came in late in 1917, lost 100,000 men, killed.

Italy lost 1/2 a million men and Russia, two million.

In total, see if you can tot that up in your head now, quickly.

What's the total? Some of you doing some speedy maths, well done.

In total the Allied Powers lost 6.

4 million when you add up all of this, all of this total because there were some other nations that were fighting as well, some smaller nations who were fighting that aren't included here.

But 6.

4 million soldiers.

Let's look at the other side, the Central Powers.

So Austria-Hungary lost 1.

5 million men.

Germany lost two million men.

And the Ottoman Empire, which is now Turkey, lost seven, about 770,000 men.

And the Ottoman Empire was basically finished after this, it became Turkey.

That empire which had ruled for 500 years was finished.

In total the Central Powers lost about 4.

3 million men.

I'd like you to take note especially of the total Allied Powers, 6.

4 million, and the total Central Powers, 4.

3 million, 'cause I'm going to ask you to use those in a moment in a task.

Okay, hopefully you've managed to write those down and make a note of them.

In addition to this, 20 million men were injured.

So we have those, we have over about 20 million people killed throughout the war and another 20 million wounded.

So in total, over 40 million killed or wounded making it one of the most devastating wars.

And that's not to mention the destruction of Europe, especially France, all the buildings and cities that were destroyed.

A really devastating war.

So your first task's I'd like you to complete this sentence to try and put all of that into your head.

In total, the Allies, the Allied Forces, Britain, the British Empire, France and Russia and their allies, lost um men during World War I, whereas the central powers lost um men.

A further um were wounded.

So pause the video now, write out that nice full sentence and that will help you to fix those numbers, remember them and they're in your head.

Pause the video and do that task now.

Great, well done.

Hope that's neatly in your notes and in your heads so you've got some of the idea of just how devastating this war was.

So after the war was finished a conference, a group of people came together, a group of leaders came together.

A conference was called to decide what to do.

Because of course the Germans had lost.

The German, the central powers had lost.

So what were the winners, the victors going to do? What were they going to ask for? And there were three main people at that Paris Peace Conference.

And they were sometimes called The Big Three.

So The Big Three at the Paris Peace Conference.

They were this man here, who's called Georges Clemenceau, sometimes nicknamed the tiger 'cause he was so fierce.

Georges Clemenceau, and he was the Prime Minister of France at the end of the First World War.

He was one of the people at the Paris Peace Conference that was making the decisions.

You also had this man here.

This is Woodrow Wilson who was the President of the United States and he was at the Paris Peace Conference.

And then lastly we had David Lloyd-George who is the British Prime Minister.

He was at the Paris Peace Conference.

And these were the big three, the three main men making the decisions about what to do.

So we've got Georges Clemenceau from France, Woodrow Wilson, the President of America, David Lloyd-George, the Prime Minister of Britain, these three leaders are going to decide what to do with the losers, with Germany and the central powers.

I want to make sure that you know who's who so I've got a little sorting task for you now.

Get ready.

So I've muddled up those men, and their names, and their flags.

I would like you to write down the person's name.

So first of all write down, for example, David Lloyd-George and then next to David Lloyd-George write the number.

So if you think this is David Lloyd-George write one, if you think this is David Lloyd-George write two and if this is David Lloyd-George write three.

And then which flag? Was David Lloyd-George this, was he the French Prime Minister, was he the British Prime Minister, was he American President? So you will write their name, a number and a letter to match up all three men.

Pause the video and try that now.

Great, well done.

Excellent effort.

So those are the three leaders who are deciding what to do and call this peace conference.

Now they had slightly different aims, not slightly different aims actually quite, quite big differences in their aims and so they had to compromise and have discussions and negotiate about what they would do because they all had different things that they wanted.

And that's what we're going to find out next, what did these three people, these three leaders, want from the Peace Conference? And what do they want to go into the Treaty of Versailles? This agreement that they were going to give to Germany.

Notice, by the way, Germany is not invited to the Paris Peace Conference.

The losers don't get invited.

They don't get a say in what's going to happen to them.

The leader, the big three are just going to decide what happens.

The big three are going to decide what they want and tell Germany this is what you need to do.

You've lost, we're in charge now.

And so they come up with the Treaty of Versailles.

Now Georges Clemenceau wants Germany to be really badly punished.

He has now seen two wars with the Franco-Prussian War where Alsace-Lorraine was taken, and this World War.

France has been the battle ground for each of these.

Germany are their next door neighbours.

Clemenceau, nicknamed the tiger because he wanted punishment.

He wanted the , he wanted to weaken Germany and he wanted reparations.

Say that word, reparations.

Say it to your screen, reparations.

Good, saying it out loud helps you to remember it.

Reparations.

Good.

Reparations is when you give somebody money because you did something to wrong them.

And the big three said, "Hey, Germany you're going to have to pay money now because you lost and you're going to have to pay for all of the death and destruction that you've caused." And Clemenceau really wanted that.

Woodrow Wilson, on the other hand, had a bit of a different take.

He was worried that punishing Germany harshly was just going to cause them to be bitter and resentful and maybe start another war soon.

And so Wilson's aim was to have peace across Europe.

And he thought the best way to make peace was to create a new club called The League of Nations.

A club that all countries could be a part of so that they didn't fight each other and instead worked together.

And so Wilson's goal was to create this league of.

David Lloyd-George was a little bit more self-interested about Britain.

Our navy had been the most brilliant navy and that had allowed us to be a very, very successful empire.

And so one of the things that David Lloyd-George wanted was Germany's Navy to be basically eliminated, to be blown away so that we could have the naval supremacy, the supremely best navy.

He also wanted to make sure that we didn't cripple Germany too badly so that we couldn't trade.

Because at the moment we were doing lots of trade with Germany and if Germany were so badly damaged by the Treaty of Versailles that they couldn't trade then that would also negatively affect us because we wouldn't be, they wouldn't be able to buy the things that we were making for example.

So we did want them to be punished but we wanted a balance between the punishment and allowing them to still be able to trade.

So Clemenceau, punishment, reparations.

Wilson, a league of nations, peace in Europe.

David Lloyd-George, naval supremacy and a balance between punishment and trade.

So for your next task I'd like you to think about the big three's main aims and I'd like you to make a judgement.

I want to know from you looking at those big three and their aims and what they were deciding to do with the losers, put yourself in their shoes, imagine that you're at the Paris Peace Conference, which do you agree with? Which of those men do you agree with, think, "Yeah, that's what we should have been asking for."? And why? So I'm going to put them back up for you so you'll be able to see Clemenceau, punish and weaken Germany, huge reparations, money.

Wilson wanting to create the League of Nations to ensure peace.

And David Lloyd-George wanted to expand the British Empire and balance trade and punishment.

So you might start this with, "I most agree with um's aims because.

." And I want a reason.

Okay.

Pause the video and restart it when you've, when you're ready.

Excellent.

And remember any work that you do you can ask your parents or carers to send it in, take a photo and send it to me over Twitter.

I really want to see it, I love reading your work and I'm really, really proud of it and proud of you for doing it so send it in so that I can see it.

Ask your parents to send it in, sorry.

I'll put the hashtag in at the end of this lesson.

The big three, one of the things that they do after the Treaty of Versailles is they want to break up Germany's empire.

So you can see there on the map, you can see that we used to have the Austro, before 1914 there was the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the German Empire, or the Prussian Empire, these two central powers.

They've lost the war and so whole new countries are made.

We had empires before, one leader over lots and lots of land and peoples, now we start to get these countries and you'll see that a new country is created, Poland, from the Russian Empire.

A new country, Czechoslovakia, is made, now the Czech Republic.

We have Yugoslavia, Romania, Hungary, whole new countries are made and lots of them are taken from Germany and Austria-Hungary.

Another thing that happens is Alsace-Lorraine, that land that Germany had taken away from France which had lots of coal and raw materials which were really important, that's taken back off Germany and given back to France.

So Germany is hugely weakened, Austria-Hungary are hugely weakened and much, much smaller compared to how they were before.

It's not only that, it's not only huge land restrictions, land taken away, that's part of the Treaty of Versailles, the military is also hugely reduced.

So this is what happened with the military.

Germany was only allowed to have 100,000 men in their army at any one time.

The navy was even smaller.

They said they had to get rid of all of their submarines and they were only allowed six battleships and 15,000 men.

So this allowed Britain to have their supremacy again.

The Rhineland, which was an area of Germany near to France, in between France and Germany, that was entirely demilitarised.

So no German troops or soldiers were allowed near there.

So this is just a question to think about, linking all of this together from what we've learned in previous lessons, why would France and Georges Clemenceau, why were they particularly keen to impose these military restrictions on Germany? Why did they want to limit Germany's military so that their military was very, very weak, their army was very, very weak? Why did France want that? Have a think about that.

You can jot down notes, pause and jot down notes if you'd like to.

Great.

So our last section to this lesson is about something that is really important.

I kept it until last because it's really important because it's something that the Germans really hated.

And it was this clause we talked about at the start.

Can you remember what that clause was? Can you remember the number? Clause.

Clause 231, you got it.

Well done, Clause 231.

Maybe you didn't, that's okay.

Clause 231.

And an easier way to remember it is this clause was known as the War Guilt clause.

This clause, so this little statement that was in the Treaty of Versailles, in this agreement, made Germany admit that the war was all their fault, that they were guilty of starting the war and everything that had happened was their fault.

Germany accepts all responsibility.

Now why is this a problem? Well because Germany accepted all responsibility, they had to sign this, they'd lost the war, they were in no position to negotiate, it meant that the Allies can then ask for reparations.

They can ask for money, okay? They can say, "You said it's your fault so you need to pay us up for all the destruction because you are responsible for that now." And how much money did they ask for? Well they asked for gold marks or Deutsche Marks, marks the German kind of money, and they said 269 billion gold marks is how much you need to pay.

That number is crazy big, right? 269 billion marks.

269 billion marks.

I can't even imagine, I can't even how much that is.

So this might put it in perspective.

269 billion marks, here's an SUV, they weigh about two tonnes.

Imagine it was made out of solid gold.

So you've got two tonnes of solid gold, a car made out of solid gold.

You would need 50,000 of those solid gold cars to pay the reparations.

They were asking for about 100,000 tonnes of gold.

That's what the Allies wanted from Germany.

It was so much that Germany actually only ended up, they actually only finally repaid it in 2010.

So they carried on repaying, they stopped repaying during the Second World War and during the financial crash, but they carried on paying and they only finally finished paying it off in 2010, 90 years after they initially started paying it.

Now for this reason the Germans often called the Treaty of Versailles the Diktat of Versailles.

The dictatorship of Versailles.

It was just the Allies saying, "You need to do this, you don't have a choice, you have to do this." And so it was very unpopular.

The League of Nations does get created.

So Woodrow Wilson gets his aim of getting the League of Nations, but Germany isn't invited to join.

They're not invited to be part of that club, it's only the winners that start to make the League of Nations.

And so the Treaty of Versailles was tremendously punishing for Germany.

There were lots and lots of negatives.

They've lost land, huge military restrictions and these massive reparations.

Having just lost a war and millions and millions of their young men and workforce.

So I'd like you to pause in a moment for your final task which is thinking about everything you've learned about what the Treaty of Versailles asked for, who out of Georges Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson and David Lloyd-George, who do you think would have been most satisfied with the Treaty of Versailles? Who do you think looked at the Treaty of Versailles and went, "Yes, I've got my way there."? And who'd you think might've been a bit disappointed thinking, "Oh, I'm a bit worried about this part."? So some of the things that you might like to include, so I've got the aims back up for you just to remind you, Georges Clemenceau, what he wanted, what Woodrow Wilson wanted and what David Lloyd-George wanted, and you might the task saying something like, "Overall, um," so that could be Clemenceau, Wilson, Lloyd-George, "would have been most satisfied with the Treaty of Versailles because.

." And if you're feeling especially, if you're feeling like you really want to work hard and really want to excel in this lesson because you love the First World War, you love finding out about 20th century conflict, you could even do a paragraph for each of those men.

So pause the video and have a go at that now.

Amazing.

Year Six, you are fantastic.

You've worked so hard, you've learnt all about the Treaty of Versailles, the end of the First World War.

This is going to be very important for our next lesson because in our next lesson we're going to start to learn about how Hitler rose to power and he'll go on to lead Germany into the Second World War and the Treaty of Versailles plays a key part in that role.

So well done for thinking so hard about it.

The only thing left for you to do is your end of lesson quiz.

So have a look at your end of lesson quiz on Google Forms and please, please, please send any work that you've done.

I want to give you shout outs and praise you for that because I'm very impressed with how hard you are working.

Very impressed.

So ask your parents or carers to take a photo and send it to Oak National on Twitter.

So there is the handle for Oak National, @OakNational.

And then learn with oak, #learnwithoak, and I'll be able, if you put that there I will be able to see it because I check that every day and I'll be able to see your work and I can't wait to look at what you've been doing.

Well done Year Six, and I will see you for our next lesson on 20th century conflict.

I've finished the video