Lesson video

Hi, I'm Miss Miah.

Thank you so much for joining me in this lesson today.

In this lesson today, you'll be able to explain how Edward I conquered and ruled Wales.

Your key words are on the screen now, and you can write them down if you'd like to.

So we've got heavy-handed, treason, vassel, hanged, drawn and quartered, dominate.

Let's find out what these key words and phrases mean.

Being heavy-handed is using too much force in dealing with someone.

Treason is to betray one's country, government or leader.

A vassal is someone below someone else in the feudal system.

Being hanged, drawn and quartered is an execution where the person was hanged until nearly dead, cut down, disembowelled and cut into pieces.

And lastly, to dominate is to have control over a place or person.

So those are our key words for today, let's see if you can spot them in today's lesson and more importantly, use them as well in your writing.

Let's move on.

So this lesson is all about the Welsh revolt and Edward I's conquest of Wales.

We've got three lesson cycles today, and our first lesson cycle is to do with the Welsh revolt.

We're then going to be having a look at Edward I's conquest of Wales.

And then lastly, we're going to be looking at Edward I's rule of Wales.

I'm super excited about this lesson.

I hope you are too.

Let's begin.

The different Welsh kingdoms shared a common language and customs which were distinct from England's.

And here on the left we have a map of Britain.

Edward had reason to think he could unite England and Wales under his kingship as there were many personal family connections between England and Wales.

For example, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was a distant cousin of Edward I.

Llywelyn had also married Edward's cousin, Eleanor de Montfort, and Edward paid for the wedding, once again showing the personal family connections between England and Wales.

Many Welsh princes and Llywelyn's younger brother, Dafydd, cooperated with the English against the Welsh in 1277.

Edward's army also included 9,000 Welsh soldiers.

Therefore, Edward may have had reason to think he could unite England and Wales under his kingship.

Over to you.

Why did Edward believe he could unite England and Wales under his kingship?

Select three correct answers.

A, Edward's army included 9,000 Welsh soldiers.

B, England and Wales shared a common language.

C, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was a distant cousin of Edward I.

D, many Welsh princes cooperated with the English.

What do you think?

You can pause the video here and click play once you've got the three correct answers.

So how did that go?

Well, this is what you should have got.

Edward believed he could unite England and Wales under his kingship because Edward's army included 9,000 Welsh soldiers.

Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was a distant cousin of Edward I.

Many Welsh princes cooperated with the English.

Well done if you managed to select those correctly.

Let's move on.

Edward built castles which surrounded Llywelyn and Dafydd's lands, a constant reminder of English control.

And here we have a map showing this, Hawarden.

However, Edward faced resistance as Llywelyn had felt humiliated after being forced to pay homage.

After the events of 1277, Edward started to build castles in Wales.

These castles were centers of royal power, which forced English law on the Welsh people, a constant reminder of English control.

The castles surrounding Llywelyn and Dafydd's lands near Gwynedd.

And the brothers suspected that Edward was getting ready to conquer the rest of their lands.

Tensions also developed because Edward's English officials acted in a heavy-handed way in Wales.

Many Welsh people were arrested without reason, and some merchant once murdered Welshmen without being punished.

This treatment enabled some of the Welsh from the different kingdoms to put aside the differences and come together behind a common Welsh identity.

Many agreed that their common enemy was their English rulers.

The uniting of some of the Welsh kingdoms meant that a revolt would be more widely supported.

During Easter 1282, the revolt started with Dafydd attacking the royal castle at Hawarden.

The revolt quickly spread across Wales with Llywelyn and other Welsh leaders joining in.

Over to you.

Select three examples of English rule which caused the Welsh to revolt.

A, Edward built castles which were a constant reminder of English control.

B, Edward enforced the English law on the Welsh people.

C, English officials acted in a heavy-handed way.

Or D, Marcher lords were being punished.

What do you think?

You can pause the video here and click play once you've got the answers.

So what did you get?

If you got A, B and C, you are correct.

Well done.

Let's move on.

So during Easter 1282, the revolt started with Dafydd attacking the royal castle at Hawarden.

The revolt quickly spread across Wales with Llywelyn and other Welsh leaders joining in.

Task A, I'd like you to complete the following sentence starters.

Edward believed he could unite England and Wales under his kingship because.

Edward believed he could unite England and Wales under his kingship but.

You can pause the video here and click play once you've completed this task.

So what did you get?

Well, your answers may include something like this.

Let's read this together.

Edward I believed he could unite England and Wales under his kingship because there were many personal family connections between England and Wales.

Edward I believed he could unite England and Wales under his kingship but the Welsh resisted Edward's rule because English officials acted in a heavy-handed way and Edward built castles which were a constant reminder of English control.

Well done if you managed to include some of those key points and for completing this task.

Let's move on.

Lesson cycle two.

Edward I conquest of Wales.

Edward decided to launch a war of conquest.

Let's have a look at this map that shows Edward's war of conquest.

So here's the key.

The orange represents Edward's army was joined by, the green in the key shows Llywelyn's Welsh enemies.

The blue shows the Scottish Earl of Carrick, the father of Robert the Bruce.

So seeing that the revolt had spread across Wales, Edward decided to launch a war of conquest.

Instead of ruling through vassals as an overlord, he wanted direct control over Wales to be the king of Wales.

Edward's army was joined by Llywelyn's Welsh enemies and the Scottish Earl of Carrick, the father of Robert the Bruce.

At the start of the war, Edward's armies experienced defeat across Wales, then the war turned in Edward's favor.

Edward's huge army began burning down towns and villages and taking hostages.

Over to you.

What did Edward I decide to do after Dafydd and other Welsh leaders revolted in Wales?

A, to rule through vassals as an overlord.

B, to strengthen Llywelyn and other Welsh leaders.

Or C, to take direct control and be the king of Wales.

You can pause the video here and click play once you've got the answer.

So what did you get?

If you got C, you are correct.

Edward decided to take direct control and be the king of Wales after Dafydd and other Welsh leaders decided to revolt.

Let's move on.

Back to you.

Match the two correct people or groups who joined Edward I's army.

Is it A, the French baron of Crecy, B.

Llywelyn's Welsh enemies, C.

Scottish Earl of Carrick, or D.

Welsh Earl of Carrick?

You can pause the video here and click play once you've got the answers.

So what did you get?

Well, the two correct people that joined Edward I's army were Llywelyn's Welsh enemies and the Scottish Earl of Carrick.

Well done if you got that correct.

Let's move on.

In December of 1282, Llywelyn was defeated and killed at the Battle of Irfon Bridge.

And here we have an illustration of Llywelyn being killed.

His head was chopped off and Edward had it placed on a spike at the Tower of London.

Seeing Edward's brutal war tactics and that the revolt was failing, many Welsh leaders began requesting peace with the king.

Dafydd was turned in by his own people.

He was charged with treason and hanged, drawn and quartered.

Dafydd's brutal execution marked the final defeat of the Welsh resistance.

Here we have an illustration of a prisoner being hanged, drawn and quartered.

So Dafydd was dragged by horses to the place of execution for betraying the king, hanged for murdering nobles.

While still alive, his bowels were cut and burned for the simple act of starting the war during Easter.

His body was cut into four for plotting the king's murder and the quarters were sent across the kingdom as a warning to others.

Dafydd's brutal execution marked the final defeat of the Welsh resistance.

Over to you.

What happened to Llywelyn after his defeat at the Battle of Irfon Bridge in December 1282?

Is it A, he escaped and went into hiding in Hawarden, B, he was recognized by a soldier and held for ransom, or C, his head was chopped off and placed on a spike at the Tower of London?

You can pause the video here and click play once you've got the answer.

So what did you get?

If you got C, you are correct.

Llywelyn's head was chopped off and placed on a spike at the Tower of London.

Back to you.

Complete the sentence with two correct key words.

In January 1283, Dafydd was charged with and became one of the first people to be executed by a horrific new method, later known as being.

What do you think?

You can pause the video here and click play once you've got the answer.

So what did you get?

Let's read this together.

In January 1283, Dafydd was charged with treason and became one of the first people to be executed by a horrific new method, later known as being hanged, drawn and quartered.

Let's move on.

Task B, explain in a paragraph how Edward I responded to the Welsh Revolt of 1282.

In your answer, include as many of the following words as you can.

So we've got conquest, vassals, hostages, treason, hanged, drawn and quartered.

You can pause the video here and click play once you've completed this task.

So how did that go?

Well, your answer may include something like this.

Let's have a look at this paragraph.

Edward I responded to the Welsh revolt of 1282 by launching a war of conquest.

He no longer wanted to rule through vassals as overlord.

He wanted to be the king of Wales.

Edward's huge army was joined by Llywelyn's Welsh enemies and Scottish Earl of Carrick.

Edward was brutal in warfare and began burning towns and taking hostages.

The Welsh revolt was defeated and Llywelyn and Dafydd ap Gruffudd were both killed.

Llywelyn's head was chopped off and placed on a spike at the Tower of London, Dafydd was charged with treason and was hanged, drawn and quartered.

If you managed to include some of those key points, good job, let's move on.

Lesson cycle three, Edward I's rule of Wales.

In order to secure his victory, Edward built castles around Wales.

As with the Norman motte-and-bailey castles, they were built to terrify and dominate the local population.

However, Edward's castles were built with the latest in military technology and were much larger and more impressive than the motte-and-bailey castles.

Many consider the castle at Beaumaris, in Anglesey, to be a model example of defensive building.

Here we have photos of those.

Perhaps the most famous of Edward's castle was constructed in the centre of Gwynedd at Caernarfon.

The castle there had two enormous gatehouses, a tower with three turrets and two lines of defensive walls.

It became the ultimate symbol of English conquest of Wales.

Many of the castles defended a nearby town, but no Welsh people were allowed to live in these towns.

Castles and their towns became places where English officials could safely rule Wales.

Over to you.

Why did Edward I build castles in Wales after 1282?

Is it A, to protect the common Welsh identity and culture, B, to provide shelter and housing for the Welsh, or C, to secure his conquest and dominate Wales?

What do you think?

You can pause the video here and click play when you've got the answer.

So what did you get?

If you got C, to secure his conquest and dominate Wales, you are correct.

Well done.

Let's move on.

Edward wanted his son and heir to be born in Wales, so the pregnant Queen Eleanor moved into Caernarfon Castle and gave birth to their son there in 1284.

He was also named Edward.

And here on the left we have an illustration of Edward I presenting his son to the Welsh.

In 1301, Edward I's son was given the title Prince of Wales, a title which the heir to the throne still holds today.

And here we have an image of the coat of arms of the Prince of Wales.

English common law was extended across Wales.

Some Welsh families from the knightly class welcomed this, as they believed it would give them better access to justice and the ability to defend their rights.

However, others saw it as another sign of an unwelcome English conquest.

Task C, How would you describe Edward I's conquest and rule of Wales?

I'd like you to discuss this with your partner.

You can pause the video here and click play once you've completed this discussion.

So your discussion may have included some of these key points.

Edward's conquest and rule of Wales was heavy-handed.

After the Welsh revolts, he used his huge army and castles to dominate Wales.

Izzy says, "Although some Welsh leaders had also cooperated, Edward's rule went too far.

He enforced English law and gave his son the title Prince of Wales.

Well done for completing this task.

We've now reached the end of this lesson.

Let's summarize our learning.

So this lesson was to do with the Welsh revolt and Edward I's conquest of Wales.

You now understand that Edward I believed he could unite England and Wales under his kingship.

Many Welsh revolted against the English law and the heavy-handed rule being forced upon them.

Edward I launched a war of conquest assisted by Llywelyn's Welsh enemies and the Scottish Earl of Carrick.

The Welsh revolt was defeated and Llywelyn and Dafydd ap Gruffudd were both killed.

Edward I built castles to enforce the English conquest of Wales.

Thank you so much for joining me in this lesson.

Bye.