Hello, I'm Mrs. Barry, and I'm going to be your citizenship teacher today.

We've got a really interesting lesson about communities to look at together.

This might be new to you, but that's okay because I'm here to work through it with you, and by the end of the lesson, we will have achieved our outcome.

So when you're ready, let's make a start.

Today's lesson comes from the unit "How are community identities changing?" And this lesson is called "How and why do people migrate to and from different countries?" Our outcome for today is to explain what migration is, understand different types of migration, and analyse push and pull factors.

During today's lesson, there's some ground rules that we need to bear in mind.

Laura reminds us to listen to others.

It's okay to disagree with each other, but we should listen properly before making assumptions or deciding how to respond.

When disagreeing, challenge the statement not the person.

Andeep reminds us to respect privacy.

We can discuss examples, but we shouldn't use names or descriptions that identify anyone, including ourselves.

Jacob reminds us not to judge, so no judgement.

We can explore beliefs and misunderstandings about a topic without fear of being judged.

And Izzy reminds us to choose the level of participation.

Everyone has the right to not answer a question or join discussion.

We never put anyone on the spot.

So range of key words that we're going to use throughout today's lesson.

So let's look at those before we start.

Firstly, migration, which is the movement of people from one place to another, for example, moving from one country to another.

Secondly, a migrant, which is a person who moves from one country to another.

The pull factor, which is a positive motivating cause that attracts a person to move from one region or country to another, and push factor, which are negative things that make people want to leave an area, for example, war.

Our lesson has two parts to it today, and we're going to be looking at what is migration and what are push and pull factors.

So we're gonna start with that first question, what is migration? So to migrate means to move from one place to another.

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another, either temporarily or permanently.

People migrate for various reasons.

These could be social, economic, environmental or political reasons.

It can occur within a country or across international borders.

It might be voluntary or it might be forced.

Migration can be described based on whether someone is leaving or entering a country.

To emigrate means to leave your home country to live somewhere else.

So if you think about the word emigrate, it's to exit and leave.

To immigrate means to move into a new country to live there.

So again, if we think about the word immigrate, it means to come into.

Let's think about those and just make sure we've understood them and correct the misconceptions that Andeep and Sam are talking about.

So Andeep says, "Migration is the movement of people from one place to another permanently.

It only happens when people move between different countries." And Sam says, "My cousin emigrated to France from England, so now she's an immigrant in England." What are the misconceptions here? Have a think.

So in Andeep's statement, we need to think about this, migration is the movement of people from one place to another, either temporarily or permanently.

It can happen within or between countries.

And for Sam's statement, if Sam's cousin moved from England to France, she emigrated from England and immigrated to France.

That makes her an immigrant in France, not in England.

Well done if you thought of those.

The Migration Observatory is an organisation that offers independent research on migration.

Its goal is to provide clear evidence-based information to support informed discussions in the media, among the public and in policy making.

They use two broad categories to describe migrants, firstly, a regular migrant, and secondly, an irregular migrant.

The terms regular and irregular migrant refer to the different ways people move from one place to another, especially across borders.

They relate to the legal or administrative processes involved in migration.

The term irregular migration is used to describe someone who has migrated without prior authorization from the country they are entering.

Many people who migrate without authorization do so because they're unable to seek prior permission often due to urgent or dangerous circumstances like fleeing war, violence or persecution.

Some specific types of migrants include asylum seekers, and that's someone who has left their home country and is now living in a different country seeking protection so they don't have to return to their home country.

Another type of migrant is a refugee, and that's a person who has been forced to leave their country due to well-founded fear of being persecuted.

And then we have economic migrants, and they're individuals who move to another country or region primarily for employment or better economic opportunities.

There is a crossover here, and we need to understand that a refugee is anyone who has fled their home due to the well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.

And an asylum seeker is someone who is in the process of applying for official refugee status within a specific country.

As long as they have a well-founded fear of persecution, they're still a refugee even if they're also claiming asylum and they have not been granted that official status yet.

So let's have a quick check of what we've learned, and we're gonna match the type of migrant with the example.

So we've got the three types of migrant we've spoken about so far here, an asylum seeker, a refugee, and an economic migrant, and then we've got these options.

So option one says someone who has been forced to leave their country.

Option two says someone who is looking for employment or better economic opportunities, and number three says someone who is looking for a place of retreat.

So can you match those up for me now? Okay, good job for giving that a go, and let's see where they match.

So an asylum seeker matches to number three, so someone who is looking for a place of retreat.

A refugee matches to number one, to someone who has been forced to leave their country, and economic migrant matches to number two, so someone who is looking for employment or better economic opportunities.

Different countries have different rules for migration.

Migrating to another country usually requires authorization.

To enter another country, you may need a visa, which is a type of official permission.

A visa allows you to stay in the country for specific period of time, depending on the rules of that country.

A passport is an official document that identifies you and allows you to travel internationally.

There are different routes taken to migrate.

Some may enter the UK after applying to come and receiving a visa, arriving as what we call a regular migrant.

Others may enter the UK under more urgent circumstances, such as due to war or conflict, arriving as what is known as an irregular migrant.

You can see these different routes on the image here.

I'm going to talk you through that image, but there are some closeups of it on the next couple of slides, and I'll give you time to have a look at those once I've explained.

So there's three possible entry routes at the top there.

We've got born in the UK to irregular migrants, which automatically makes you an irregular resident.

You might enter the UK regularly, and then that would give you regular immigration status or visitor status, and that would remain so unless something happened to change that, for example, you might later decide you want to claim asylum while you're already in the country, and then that would allow you to gain regular immigration status if that were to be granted, and while your claim's being decided, then you would get regular immigration status in that in between period.

If the asylum claim is successful, then you get regular immigration status, but if it's unsuccessful, you'd remain an irregular resident.

Now, if you don't follow what the visa says you have to follow or you overstay the period of time they say you can stay, then that means you would've breached a condition of entry or stay, and so if you do that, you then change from being a regular migrant to being an irregular resident.

At the top right there, you can see that if you enter the UK irregularly, you're automatically classed as an irregular immigrant, and again, you can go down the claiming asylum route, but if you don't claim asylum, then you remain an irregular resident.

So we'll have a look at those closeups now just so you can see.

So this is the top of the image.

And here we are at the bottom.

Now let's check what we've got so far, and this is a true or false question I'd like you to give a go.

There is only one method of migration.

Is that true or false? So that one's false, and the reason for that is because there are many different routes of migration depending on individual circumstances.

Well done if you got that right.

So let's practise what we've learned, and I'd like you to write two paragraphs explaining what migration is, and you should include answers to the following key points: what does it mean to migrate, and why are there different types of migrants? So pause the video, give it a really good go, and when you're ready to continue, you can come back and we'll have a look at what you might have put together.

Well done for giving that task a go, and I asked you to write two paragraphs explaining what migration is.

We're gonna go through the first paragraph first.

So migration is the movement of people from one place to another, either within a country or across borders.

People migrate for various reasons, such as work, safety, family or better economic opportunities.

Migration can be either voluntary, when people choose to move, or forced, when people have no choice but to leave.

Your answer might have continued into that second paragraph and looked something like this.

The Migration Observatory is an independent research group that analyses migration data in the UK.

They use terms like "regular migrant", which refers to those who have entered a country with prior authorization, such as with a passport and a visa, and "irregular migrant", which refers to those who enter a country without prior authorization.

People who migrate without authorization may do so because they are unable to seek prior permission often due to the circumstances they are fleeing.

There are specific terms used to describe different types of migrants, such as refugees and asylum seekers, which refer to people who are seeking safety and protection in another country due to fear of persecution or danger in their home country.

Really well done if your answers look something like that.

So we're on to to part two of our lesson today, and that asks, what are push and pull factors? Push and pull factors help us understand why people migrate and what influences their choices.

They explore the reasons behind migration and help governments, organisations, and researchers understand migration patterns.

By analysing push factors and pull factors, we can address migration issues, create fair policies, and better support individuals.

Push factors are reasons which force a person to leave their country, and examples might include natural disasters, climate change, unemployment, poorly paid jobs, poor healthcare, fear of persecution, and war or conflict.

Jun here says, "Persecution refers to causing serious harm to a person either physically or mentally.

This harm can include severe discrimination, preventing someone from earning a living, or accessing basic needs like healthcare." So persecution involves a whole range of different things that might make someone feel like they have to leave their country.

Pull factors are reasons that attract people to a new place.

These are usually positive conditions, and they might include better job opportunities, safety, chance for a better life, or family reunification, which is going to join your family where they are.

What reasons can you think of for moving to or leaving a country? So there's a whole list here.

Let's have a quick look.

So push factors would be lack of jobs, war, lack of healthcare, lack of education, environmental disasters, high crime rates, family separation, social discrimination.

Whereas our pull factors are job opportunities, personal freedoms, access to healthcare, access to education, safe environment, low crime rates, your family already being there, and inclusive and diverse communities.

Well done if you thought of some of those.

There's a long list.

Push and pull factors can fit into four different categories, firstly, ecological, which is about the environment in which you live, secondly, economic, which are the way in which a country produces and uses goods and services and supply of money, thirdly, political, the government or public affairs of a country, and fourthly, social, the way in which society acts or is run.

Can you think of examples of these from our push and pull list? I'll just give you a moment to think.

So an example of ecological would be the environment.

An example of economic would be jobs.

An example of political would be law enforcement, and an example of social would be education.

Well done if you thought of those examples.

Let's check what we've learned.

So which of these images show a push factor, a, access to education, b, safe environment, or c, environmental disasters? Okay, so you should have got c.

Environmental disasters is an example of a push factor.

Generally, for every push factor, there is an opposite pull factor.

Push factors highlight the problems or challenges people face in their home countries, like poor living conditions or lack of opportunities.

Understanding these can help policy makers work on solutions to improve living conditions, reduce conflict, or create jobs.

Pull factors show what attracts people to a new place, such as better economic opportunities or safety.

Knowing these factors helps countries plan for things like immigration policies, job creation, and social services to welcome and support new migrants.

So let's check this one.

Which of these images show a pull factor, a, war, b, access to education, or c, low crime rate? So well done giving that a go, and the answers were access to education and low crime rate.

Let's practise what we've learned here.

Is Sofia correct in her explanation as to why people might choose to go to or leave a country? Improve her answer using push factors and pull factors.

So Sofia says, "There are quite a few reasons why people would migrate to another country, such as joining family, getting a better education or healthcare, but fewer reasons why they would leave a country, for example, due to war." So give this a go, and when you're ready, we can have a look together and see what you might have put.

Well done.

Let's have a look at how we might have improved Sofia's answer.

So your answer might have included the following.

"Sofia has correctly mentioned reasons people might migrate, such as joining family or seeking better education or healthcare.

These are examples of pull factors, which attract people to a new country.

However, she underestimated the reasons people might leave a country.

There are many push factors that can cause people to leave, such as war, persecution, natural disasters, unemployment or poor living conditions.

In fact, for every push factor, there is often an opposite pull factor.

For instance, someone might leave a country due to conflict, a push factor, and migrate to a country offering peace and security, a pull factor." Well done for giving that a good go.

Today we have learned that migration is the movement of people from one place to another for reasons like work, safety or family.

Some migrants enter countries with prior authorization, regular migration, while others, such as refugees and asylum seekers, may migrate without it due to urgent situations, like war or persecution, irregular migration.

Push factors are conditions that force people to leave their home country, such as natural disasters, unemployment or persecution.

Pull factors are the positive aspects that attract people to a new country, like better job opportunities, safety, or a better quality of life.