Hello, everyone.

My name is Miss Wyatt and I am so pleased that you could join me here today for our Citizenship lesson.

Welcome to today's lesson on What is speaking truth to power? from the unit: What tools can we use to challenge injustice in our communities? By the end of this lesson, you will be able to explain what speak truth to power means and how a speech can be used to challenge injustice and influence change.

For this lesson today, we need to put some ground rules in place.

Laura says, one of the ground rules is to listen to others and that it's okay to disagree with each other and each other's opinion, but we need to make sure that we listen properly before making assumptions or deciding how to respond.

Andeep says, another ground rule is to respect privacy.

So we can discuss examples and scenarios, but we don't use names or descriptions that identify anyone.

Izzy says, we need to choose a level of participation.

So everyone has the right to choose not to answer a question or join the discussion, and we shouldn't put anybody on the spot.

And then finally, no judgement.

So Jacob says, "We can explore beliefs and misunderstandings about a topic without the fear of being judged." So let's hope we can stick to these ground rules and have a good lesson.

The following keywords will be used throughout today's lesson, and these are power and injustice.

Now, power is having control or authority over something or someone.

Injustice is when something is not fair or right, especially when someone's rights are violated.

Our lesson on What is speaking truth to power? is broken up into two parts today, with the first part exploring How does power work in our society? And then looking at How can a speech challenge injustice? So when you're ready, let's start the first part of today's lesson.

Sofia says, "Power is important because it affects who makes decisions, who has influence, and who gets heard.

It shapes laws, opportunities and outcomes in society." Andeep says, "Understanding power helps us to know how change can happen." Within our society, there are many levels and types of power.

Aisha says, "For example, the government has the power to run the country." And Izzy says, "The local council has the power to make decisions within their local area." So the government has the power in the country, and the local council has the power in their area.

Aisha says, "The headteacher has the power to make decisions about how to run their school." Izzy says, "A business owner has the power to make decisions about their business." Now, what other examples of power in society can you think of? We've heard about government, local council, headteachers and business owners.

What else can we think of? Maybe we've said things like Lucas has said.

So the media.

"Media has power to shape public opinion through news and stories." And Sam says, "The police have power to enforce laws and maintain order in society." Now, power can be categorised into different areas.

So you can have legal power.

So to make or enforce those laws, make sure people are following them.

You can have economic power, which is to do with control over money or resources.

Social power is like your status or your relationships.

Cultural power is influencing people's beliefs or values.

So we have legal, economic, social, and cultural power.

Now, the government has power in all four areas.

They have legal power because they can make and change laws.

They have economic power, they control taxes, spending and the national budget.

They have social power, so it can influence how people live through policies like education and health.

And they have cultural power.

It can shape national identity or values, for example, through education policies or public campaigns.

Now, local councils have power in three key areas.

So legal power, well, they create local bylaws and regulations.

The economic power, they control local budgets and spending on housing and roads.

And they have social powers.

They provide services that do affect daily life, like your waste collection, the schools that you go to.

Sofia says, "Local councils also have some cultural power.

They often support local events, arts, or festivals." Now, what areas of power does the media have? Let's think about this for a minute.

Well, we could have said that media has power with cultural power and social.

So culturally, it shapes public opinion, values and trends, and social power, it can influence how people see issues or events and what they care about.

The media also has some economic power, like big media companies can influence advertising and consumer behaviour and what you see.

Those in power do not always make choices or decisions that we agree with.

Andeep says, "Sometimes choices or decisions can be unfair, not right or negatively impact or take away the rights of others; and this is called injustice." So maybe you have felt like this before when someone has taken something away from you or negatively impacted you by just their decision and you felt, "This isn't right, this isn't fair." Izzy says, "If we feel that injustice is happening or has happened, we can challenge those in power." Andeep says, "Speaking truth to power is when those with authority or control are challenged." Izzy says, "We can speak truth to power in many ways.

For example, we can write to our MP or join a campaign." So truth to power is when you challenge those with authority and control.

Now, what other ways can we speak truth to power? Let's think for a second.

Well, we could have: attend council meetings to question local decisions, take part in a protest or a march to raise awareness.

And we could use social media to raise awareness.

So it doesn't just have to be signing a petition or speaking to your local MP.

You could attend local council meetings, protests, and use social media.

Now, anyone, including young people, can speak truth to power and challenge injustice.

At just 11 years old, Malala Yousafzai began writing a blog for the BBC describing life under the Taliban and how girls were being banned from going to school in Afghanistan.

Now, she bravely spoke truth to power by publicly challenging the Taliban's ban on girls' education and calling on world leaders to protect every girl's right to an education.

And she was just 11 years old.

Now, true or false: Only adults can speak truth to power.

Is that statement true or false? Hopefully, we've all said this is false.

It's false because young people have voices.

You have experiences and ideas that can challenge injustice and create real positive change.

So well done if you said false, because young people and adults can speak truth to power.

Now we need to consider the pupil's thoughts on speaking truth to power, and what advice would we give them? So we have Alex who says, "It feels like those in power don't care." Hmm.

What advice could we give to Alex? Jacob says, "I don't have a big platform like influencers do." And therefore he feels like can't get his voice heard.

What advice could we give to Jacob? And Jun says, "I'm just a teenager, who would listen to me?" So Jun thinks that adults wouldn't listen to him.

What advice could we give Jun? Now, how does your advice compare to Ms. Walsh's advice? So Alex says, it feels like those in power don't care.

Now, Ms. Walsh says, "They won't change unless people like you speak up.

Your voice can push them to act." So we can't really moan about something if we're not gonna do anything.

Let's use our voice and speak up.

Jacob says, "I don't have a big platform like influencers do." And he's worried about that.

Now, Ms. Walsh says, "You don't need a big following.

Just one voice can spark big ideas." And Jun says, "I'm just a teenager, who would listen to me?" Ms. Walsh says, "Young voices have started powerful movements.

Think about Malala.

Your voice matters too." For this task, we need to fill in the missing words.

Now, there are quite a few missing words within our sentences here.

So let's pause the video, read through the sentences, and try and work out what our missing words are.

Okay, let's go through our answers together.

So, there are different levels and types of power in our society.

It can shape laws, opportunities and outcomes in society.

Power can be categorised into four main areas: legal, economic, social, and cultural.

Injustice is when those with power make unfair decisions or negatively impact or take away people's rights.

Speaking truth to power is when those with authority or control are challenged about their decisions.

So our missing words were power, society, economic injustice, unfair, truth, power, and challenge.

Well done, you, if you got those correct.

For this task, we need to explain how power works within our society.

So within our explanation, we need to include types and levels of power, categories of power, what injustice is, and what speaking truth to power means.

So when you are ready to start this task, pause the video and have a go.

Okay, well done, everyone.

So how does your answer now compare to Sofia's? What have we said? Well, Sofia said, "Power means influencing decisions or controlling resources.

It includes legal, economic, social, and cultural power, held at different levels like government, councils or schools.

Injustice happens when power is used unfairly.

Speaking truth to power means challenging unfair authority, like Malala Yousafzai did by defending girls' education against the Taliban." So I wonder how your answer compares to Sofia's, but well done on your efforts in this task.

We have now looked at How does power work in our society? And we're going to start to explore how speech can challenge injustice.

Now a speech is when someone speaks publicly to share their views, raise awareness or speak truth to power.

You've probably sat through some speeches or heard some through the media, or you know some historical popular ones.

Aisha says, "Speeches have been used throughout history as a tool for challenging injustice." I wonder if we know about this speech.

So Martin Luther King Jr.

's speech at the 1963 Civil Rights March in Washington DC inspired US civil rights laws and racial equality movements.

Andeep said, "A famous quotation from his speech is, 'I have a dream.

'" So I wonder how many of us have heard about this speech? In 1994, Nelson Mandela became the first Black president of South Africa.

His first speech marked the end of Apartheid, promoting reconciliation and peace in the country.

Now, Andeep says, "The famous quotation from his speech is 'Never, never, and never again.

'" Malala Yousafzai's speech at the UN Youth Assembly in 2013 raised global awareness of girls' education rights.

A famous quotation from her speech, according to Sam, is, "One child, one teacher, one book." Greta Thunberg's speech at the 2019 UN Climate Summit ignited youth-led climate activism around the world.

Sam says, "A famous quotation from her speech is 'How dare you?' How striking.

Marcus Rashford's speech during his 2020 food poverty campaign led to the Government extending free school meals and raised awareness about child hunger across the UK.

Now, a famous quotation from his speech is, "We should be doing better." Now, what other examples of people using a speech to challenge injustice are there? I wonder if you know any of these examples.

So Lucas said, "In 2016, Zyahna Bryant made a successful speech calling for the removal of a Confederate statue in her home city of Charlottesville in the United States of America." And then Sam says, "In 2014, Fahma Mohamed gave a speech against female genital mutilation, or FGM, in the UK.

She successfully influenced the Government to send information on FGM to all UK schools." So I wonder if you've ever heard of these two and their speeches.

Now, in what ways can a speaker effectively use a speech to confront and challenge injustice? You have four options.

Read through the options and then make your decision.

Okay, so the ways a speaker can effectively use a speech to confront and challenge injustice is by identifying the injustice and outlining change.

Well done if we spotted that.

Now, the key points we should consider when making a speech to challenge injustice are: who it is aimed at, who has the power to stop or correct the injustice.

They know what the injustice is.

They know that people will no longer tolerate this injustice.

Explain what's expected in terms of change.

The use of ethos, pathos, and logos to make the speech persuasive.

Now, if we're not sure what these are, don't worry because some of our friends are gonna explain them to us.

So Izzy says, "Ethos appeals to ethics, which gains trust by showing the experience or authority of the speaker." Andeep says, "Pathos appeals to emotions which makes people care by creating strong emotional feelings." And Izzy says, "Logos appeals to logic which proves the point using facts, logic, and evidence." Now I'm gonna show you some snippets from some speeches, and I need you to identify whether they are examples of ethos, pathos, or logos.

So the first one says, "No child in the UK should have to choose between heating and eating, yet millions are growing up cold and hungry." Number two says, "One in four people will experience a mental health problem each year, yet NHS services remain underfunded.

This doesn't make sense." And number three, "As a young carer, I know how hard it is to balance school, work and look after family.

I'm asking the government to support people like me." So let's pause the video, work out which one's ethos, pathos, or logos.

Okay, time for our answers.

So the first one is pathos.

Second one is logos because it remains on logic and fact, and ethos is based on ethics, isn't it? For this task, we need to identify the key points in the example speech below, which I'll show you in a second, about violence against women and girls.

So this is the example speech, okay? We need to read through this and then identify the key points, such as an example of ethos.

The specific injustice, who is the speech aimed at, okay? So let's identify these six points within this speech.

Hopefully we've managed to identify the six points within the speech now.

So, who the speech is aimed at is Members of Parliament.

The specific injustice is violence against women and girls.

And the change being demanded is proper funding, education and action against misogyny.

Example of ethos is "as a young woman," so speaking from emotion.

Example of pathos is "we are tired of being unsafe." And then an example of logos is "one in four women in the UK." Well done if you identified those key points accurately.

Now, for our final task, we need to explain how a speech can challenge injustice.

So we need to include what a speech is, an example of a famous speech and its impact.

And then explain ethos, pathos, and logos and why they are used.

Pause the video when you're ready to have a go.

Okay, so how does your answer compare to Jun's? Jun says, "A speech is a powerful way to speak out publicly and speak truth to power by highlighting injustice and calling for change.

For example, Malala Yousafzai's speech at the UN Youth Assembly helped raise global support for girls' education.

Effective speeches appeal to ethos, ethics, pathos, emotion and logos, logic, to persuade people and influence those in power." We have now come to the end of our lesson on What is speaking truth to power? and I'm going to summarise it for us.

There are many different levels and types of power in our society.

Power can be categorised into four main areas: legal, economic, social, and cultural.

Speaking truth to power is when those with authority or control are confronted about an injustice and they have the power to change it.

For example, Marcus Rashford successfully challenged the Government's position on free school meals.

Speeches have been used as a tool to challenge injustice throughout history.

For example, Martin Luther King Jr.

's famous "I Have a Dream" speech inspired US civil rights laws and racial equality movements.

Fahma Mohamed's speech successfully influenced the Government to send information on FGM to schools.

This shows that individuals from all backgrounds can speak truth to power and challenge injustice.

Thank you so much for joining me in this lesson and for all of your efforts.

I hope to see you in the next Citizenship lesson.

Bye-bye.