Hello, my name is Mrs. Harris, and I'm the person who's going to be guiding you through today's lesson.

The lesson today is called, "What Are the Effects of Discrimination on Individuals and Groups in Society?" And it's part of a larger series of lessons called, "Are People Treated Equally in UK Society?" By the end of today's lesson, you're going to be able to say, "I can explain what discrimination is and describe some of the effects of it upon individuals and groups in society." Some of this content might be challenging for you, some of it might be very new to you.

I'm going to guide us both all the way through it, and we'll tackle it together.

First of all, it's really important to set some ground rules, so let's let some of the Oak Academy pupils take us through that.

So Laura here says, "Listen to others.

It's okay to disagree with each other, but we should listen properly before making assumptions or deciding how to respond.

When disagreeing, we need to challenge the statement, not the person." Andeep says, "Respect privacy.

We can discuss examples, but do not use names or descriptions that identify anyone, including ourselves." Jacob says, "No judgement.

We can explore beliefs and misunderstandings about a topic without fear of being judged." And finally, Izzy says, "Choose your level of participation.

Everyone has the right to choose to not answer a question or to join discussion, and we're not gonna be putting anybody on the spot." Let's start with our key words, then.

I'm going to say the key word, and you can repeat it back, and then I'll tell you the definition.

Stereotype: That's a simplified view of a group of people and stereotypes can be positive or negative.

Prejudice: That's when a person develops negative attitudes or feelings about a person or group before getting to know them, and this is often based on stereotypes that they hold.

Discrimination: That's treating people unfairly or differently because of things like their race, gender, or where they come from, instead of treating everyone equally.

It's time for our first learning cycle, called "What Can Discrimination Look Like?" A stereotype is a simplified idea or belief about a person based on limited aspects of their identity rather than taking into account the whole person.

People might develop these stereotypes, these beliefs about others, based on things like clothes or appearance, where they're from, their accent, their sexuality, their religion, or their age.

Perhaps it could be about their race, their disability, or their gender.

It's lots and lots of different things why people make a judgement of others and then build these stereotypes about them.

Now, sometimes stereotypes might seem positive, so, for example, "People from that country are always clever." However, although it sounds like it's a compliment, this can still be harmful because it's still generalising an entire group of people, in this case, from a whole country, by assuming things that just simply can't be true about every single person within that group.

And so, this can sometimes lead to pressure and very unfair expectations of anybody from that country if they don't meet that stereotype, even if it's positive, even if they don't meet that stereotype.

With prejudice, people haven't just made assumptions about a person, but they've actually developed negative feelings about them as a result.

It's possible for somebody to be prejudiced against others without, actually, anybody else knowing about it, because it's more about what somebody thinks rather than what they do or what they say.

These beliefs and attitudes are often developed based on things that might not actually be true about the person themselves, and they actually ignore most aspects of the person, their characters and the abilities, and they focus on just one part of them and make a judgement and have negative feelings about them as an entire person.

So, how are stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination all linked? Well, the generalised belief about a group of people is a stereotype, and that can often lead to prejudice, which is the negative attitudes or feelings towards someone based on the stereotype.

And then, if somebody has these negative feelings or these negative attitudes to a group of people, this could then lead to unfair treatment or actions towards individuals or groups because of that prejudice, and that's what we call discrimination.

It's time for our first check for understanding, then.

Izzy is explaining discrimination.

Is she right? If she is, why? If she's not, why not? Let's have a look at what she says.

She says, "When a person holds stereotypes, they will always discriminate, too." So I'm gonna give you a few seconds to think about it.

And if she's not right, why not? If she is right, why? All right, then.

So Izzy is not quite right.

Not everybody who hold stereotypes treats each other poorly as a result.

People can hold stereotypes about others, they don't treat others badly because of them.

So, if it could be a positive stereotype, that doesn't mean someone's going to treat them badly.

However, if they then build prejudices, that's the negative thoughts or attitudes as a result of the stereotypes, then, yes, discrimination is more likely.

It's still important to remember that even if stereotypes seem positive on the surface, they still can have negative effects.

Well done if you got that one.

So, as we've said then, discrimination is when someone acts on their prejudices and then treats others unfairly or unequally because of aspects of their identity, rather than treating them as a person in their own right.

The difference between prejudice and discrimination is, prejudice is someone's beliefs and attitudes, and discrimination is then what they do and say as a result of their prejudices.

People might be discriminated against in two main ways.

One of them is directly discriminated against, and that's when a person is treated less favourably than another person because of their protected characteristic.

For example, if somebody is treated badly because of where they come from, or the colour of their skin, or a disability, for example, that would be direct discrimination.

There can also be indirect discrimination as well, and that's when rules or arrangements are put in place that apply to everybody, but in doing so, in applying it to everybody, it actually means that some people are at a disadvantage.

So, for example, if you have a rule for everybody, but somebody with a disability is therefore unable to access what you're offering, then that means you're indirectly discriminating against that person because their access for it and the opportunity for that isn't actually fair for everybody.

People who have been discriminated against might also experience something called victimisation, and this is when somebody is treated badly or unfairly deliberately, and that's because they've complained about discrimination, or maybe they've supported somebody else who has complained about discrimination or had unfair treatment against them.

There's also something called harassment, and that's when people have unwanted behaviour which people find offensive, or it might make somebody feel intimidated, or humiliated, or embarrassed, and that can happen on its own or as a form of another discrimination as well.

The Equality Act 2010 is a law which protects people in England, Scotland, and Wales from lots of kinds of discrimination in all its various forms. You can pause the video to have a look at this graphic if you like, but I'll also read them out to you.

So there's race and ethnicity, disability, religion or belief, age, sexual orientation, sex, gender reassignment, pregnancy and maternity, and marriage and civil partnerships.

As you can see from that, there are nine protected characteristics there.

In Northern Ireland, anti-discrimination laws are written across multiple pieces of legislation, rather than all combined together in one act, like England, Scotland, and Wales.

Another check for understanding, then.

There are nine protected characteristics in the Equality Act 2010, but which one is missing from this list? We have age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, something, sex, and sexual orientation.

Which one is missing from that? Take a few seconds to think.

Okay, the missing one is religion or belief.

Well done if you got that one.

Discrimination against citizens who fall under one of these protected characteristics can be termed in the following ways: So, sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on a person's sex or gender.

Racism is a prejudice against a person or people on the basis of their membership of a particular racial or ethnic group.

Homophobia is the fear or dislike of someone based on their sexual orientation.

So, for example, lesbian, gay, bisexual.

Ableism is prejudice or discrimination against those with a disability.

Transphobia is prejudice against people whose gender identity is different from the sex that they were assigned with at birth.

Ageism is the dislike or unfair treatment of someone based on prejudice or negative attitudes about their age.

There aren't any specific terms for the following here, but marriage is discrimination based on a person's marital status.

If it's under pregnancy and maternity, that's unfair treatment due to the person being pregnant or on parental leave.

And for religious, that's what we call faith-based discrimination.

So, for example, that could be antisemitism, Islamophobia, anti-Christian prejudice, for example.

Now, discrimination can happen in many, many ways, including things like being called names or being sent insulting messages or threats.

It could be having belongings or property damaged.

It could be personal attacks, including violence or assault.

It could mean being left out, treated differently, or excluded deliberately.

It could be being made to feel like they have to change as a person.

It could be insults that are disguised as jokes or banter.

It could be people being treated unfairly or less favourably than others or assumptions being made about them.

It could be being ignored or not taken seriously, and it could be things like being denied opportunities such as jobs or promotions.

So, there's a huge list of there.

Now, this isn't exhaustive, this is just an example of the ways that discrimination might be present.

So, what might discrimination look like in England? Well, if it's ableism, that might mean an employee with disabilities is refused a promotion, they're refused to move to that next level, of their career purely on the basis of them, they would need a specific piece of equipment to support their needs, so, therefore, they're not allowed to take the promotion because the company won't buy the piece of equipment.

Racism could look like a woman being verbally abused on the bus because of her cultural headwear.

Homophobia could look like a hotel staff member refusing entry to two men because they're a same-sex couple, even though it actually goes against the hotel's policy where they shouldn't actually refuse them.

Another check for understanding, then.

Can you match the type of discrimination to its meaning? So here, we have number one, racism, two, sexism, three, ableism, and then we have A, discrimination against those with a disability, B, discrimination based on a person's sex, and C, discrimination based on a person's ethnicity.

Can you match those together? Take a few seconds to think.

Okay then, so number one, racism is discrimination based on a person's ethnicity.

Two is sexism, that's discrimination based on a person's sex.

And three, ableism, is discrimination against those with a disability.

Well done for getting those ones.

So we're onto Task A, then.

So decide here if the eight scenarios show discrimination.

If it does show discrimination, what kind of discrimination is it? You might want to consider whether it is discrimination of a particular protected characteristic, if it has some harassment, and if it has victimisation as well.

Let's have a look at the scenarios.

So the first one here is, "A person using a wheelchair is told they can't attend a trip because 'it's too difficult.

' Female engineer finds out she's being paid less than a man doing the same job.

An employee is not given a promotion because they lack the experience.

A person is hired because people from that country are so 'clever and efficient.

' A worker who complained about ableism at work is suddenly left off the rota.

A baker refuses to make a cake for a wedding after finding out it's for a same-sex couple.

A person is laughed at for their religious or cultural clothing.

A driver is fined for parking in a disabled car parking space without the correct permit." So you need to decide if there is discrimination being shown, and if so, what kind of discrimination is it? It's a good idea now to pause the video to give yourself the time to do that, and then we'll come back and check the answers together.

Okay, let's go through the answers together, then.

So the first one, "A person using a wheelchair is told they can't attend a trip because it's too difficult." Yes, there is discrimination being shown, and the type of discrimination is disability discrimination or ableism, yes.

"A female engineer finds out she's being paid less than a man doing the same job." Again, yes, there is discrimination, and this is sexism, so sex discrimination.

The third one, "An employee is not given a promotion because they lack the experience." No, there is not discrimination being shown here.

If the person lacks the skills or the experience to be able to do the job, then that is them being judged as that person, not judging them based on their characteristics, for example.

And the last one here, "A person is hired because people from that country are so clever and deficient." Yes, there is still discrimination being shown here, even if it sounds positive.

And the type of discrimination here is racism because it's making a judgement about a person because of where they're from, rather than them as a person.

Let's go to the second four.

So, "A worker who has complained about ableism at work is suddenly left off the rota." Is there discrimination there? Well, yes.

And the type of discrimination there is disability discrimination, so ableism, also victimisation as well because they've been treated badly as a result of complaining about previous unfair treatment.

"A baker refuses to make a cake for a wedding after finding out it's for a same-sex couple." Yes, there is discrimination there, and that is discrimination based on somebody's sexual orientation.

The next one, "A person is laughed at for their religious or cultural clothing." Yes, there is discrimination again, and that is either religion discrimination or race discrimination.

And the final one, "A driver is fined for parking in the disabled car parking space without the correct permit." Is the discrimination there? Well, no, they haven't been discriminated against.

They don't have a disability, therefore, they don't qualify for that particular car parking permit.

So, therefore, it is not discrimination against them, it's because they've done something that is against the rules of that place, so, therefore, they receive a fine.

Well done if you've got all of those correct.

It's time for our second learning cycle, "What's the Effects of Discrimination?" When a person or a group of people faces discrimination, the effects of this could be immediate, so they feel it straight away, and that could be making the person or the group feel unwanted, they might feel embarrassed, or they might feel upset.

There can be effects that go past this immediate time, though.

And so, in the long term, this kind of discrimination can often limit somebody's potential or their opportunities, perhaps their career prospects, their financial stability, and overall wellbeing.

However, these challenges in this discrimination that people face can often drive individuals and communities to take action against it by pushing for change and pushing for equality in society.

Let's have a look at some case studies, then.

So the first one is about somebody called Blessing.

Now, Blessing worked for a large retail company.

She discovered that a job role, which was almost identical to hers in terms of its responsibilities and its value to the business, was paid differently.

Her role, which was mostly carried out by women, was paid a lower hourly rate than the other job, which was mostly done by men.

Now, Blessing was already struggling with everyday costs.

She was having to work many extra hours to earn more.

So finding out that she'd been earning less for doing the same value of work, that made Blessing feel very undervalued and very unfairly treated.

Case study two: This is Charles.

Charles is 62 years old, and he worked for a delivery company for over 30 years.

Now, despite his strong performance and years of experience, he was told by a new manager who came in that the company needed "fresh faces" and a "younger energy." So Charles was then made to feel very unwelcome at work in many ways, with comments being made like, "Why don't you just retire?" And then, not long after, he was made redundant, so that means he had his job taken away from him because they said that position no longer existed for him to fill.

However, although he was made redundant, younger and less experienced staff were kept on in their positions.

This really affected Charles.

It led to stress and anxiety about money, and he really struggled to find alternative work.

Charles was also really embarrassed about it 'cause he'd been treated so poorly, and then, suddenly, after having this fantastic record, he couldn't find work anywhere else, and he was so angry.

After years of hard work, he'd basically been pushed aside due to only his age rather than his performance or his capability of doing that job.

Our next check for understanding, then.

So, Blessing was treated unfairly due to which kind of discrimination? Was it A, indirect racial discrimination, was it B, direct sexual discrimination, or was it C, indirect sexual discrimination? Take a few seconds to think.

Okay, so the answer to this is C, indirect sexual discrimination.

Izzy is saying here that "Blessing was treated unfairly because she is a woman.

It was indirect discrimination because the pay policy seemed neutral, but it actually ended up disadvantaging female workers." Well done if you've got that one.

Case study three.

Now, this is Isaac.

Isaac attends secondary school in the UK.

A pupil in his class posted a racial slur about him on social media, and Isaac, understandably, was deeply upset, and his parents reported it to school.

The school did speak with the pupils involved, but they kind of dismissed it as a bit of a joke.

The incidents got worse after he reported it, and despite his parents repeatedly telling the school, nothing further was done.

Isaac felt very alone because his school didn't seem to be taking his concerns seriously, and there was no support for him.

He felt like he didn't really belong at the school, and the emotional toll affected both his wellbeing and his ability to focus in class.

He became really anxious about going out and about using social media as well, and that made him become quite isolated from even those he counted as friends.

Case study four: This is Fran.

Now, Fran was excited to go to a residential camp in the summer.

She has Down syndrome and needs a few adjustments to support her in parts of her daily life.

But overall, she's independent, she's capable, and she's confident in her life.

But, unfortunately, the camp refused to let her attend by saying, "We can't meet your needs for you to come." However, they did allow another child to go who had similar needs, but who did have Down syndrome.

Now, for Fran, she missed out on a hugely valuable life experience, and not actually because of her ability, but because assumptions were made about her because of her disability, and this made her feel very excluded and very unfairly treated.

Now, all of the people in our case studies experienced an emotional impact.

Now, this could make in the form of low self-esteem, so feeling unworthy, excluded, or less than others.

It could result in mental health issues, so, for example, an increased risk of anxiety, depression, or stress.

There could be an anger or frustration because they're feeling powerless or that nobody is listening to them.

And there can also be a lack of trust as well, so losing faith in systems like school, or your employees, or the authorities when you don't feel like anybody's doing anything to help you.

There's also a social and a practical impact as well.

So there might be a social isolation, so being left out or people avoiding you or excluding you from groups.

There could be a loss of opportunities, so being treated unfairly in school or work or their housing.

There might be reduced ambition, so they kind of give up on what they want to do because they've just faced constant unfair treatment.

And again, these aren't all of the things they will have experienced.

There could be more than this.

This is just an example of what people face when they are discriminated against.

Another check for understanding.

And so, this is a true or false.

"The effects of discrimination are mainly emotional." Is this true or false? Take a few seconds to think.

Okay, so the answer to this one is false.

No, it's not just mainly emotional.

So, if it's false, why? Take a few seconds to think.

Okay, so this is false, "The effects of discrimination are mainly emotional," and it's false because the effects of discrimination can be emotional, but it can also impact people in other ways, such as financially or through missed career or life opportunities, as a result of the discrimination.

Well done if you've got that.

So, what happened next for the people in our case studies? Well, in Blessing's case, all the female employees worked with their union, and that's an organisation which is set up to support the employees in their work.

In court, it was ruled that this was indirect sex discrimination against the female workers because the pay difference wasn't justified, they couldn't give a proper reason for it, and because of that, it placed women more at a disadvantage all because of a job title.

So, although Blessing did receive back pay for the work that she had done, it still left her feeling quite undervalued and mistrustful of other employees from then on.

In Charles's case, Charles knew the law very well, so he reported his situation.

Now, when it went to court, the court judged that he had been not only discriminated against, but also harassed at work, and that when he lost his job, his dismissal was all to do with assumptions about his age rather than his actual ability or his performance in his work.

He was awarded compensation, so he received some money as a payment for unfair dismissal and age discrimination against him.

However, the stress of the whole situation had a permanent effect upon Charles's health.

In the case of Isaac, his parents sought legal advice.

Now, because the school had taken action against bullying in the past, but then they didn't with Isaac's situation, the court ruled that this was racial discrimination.

Because they'd done it for bullying, which wasn't about race, they didn't tackle it when it was about race.

As a result of this court ruling, Isaac received compensation for the discrimination, and he also got the apology he wanted for the abuse and for the lack of action that the school took against it.

However, this experience did leave a huge impact on his trust in the school, and he still feels quite isolated from the people that he is in the year group with.

In Fran's case, now, Fran's parents didn't report the discrimination that she faced because they just didn't think that they'd be supported by the law.

However, in Fran's case, the experience that she had of being excluded, that pushed her and motivated her to make sure that nobody else would face that treatment in the future.

And now, as an adult, Fran uses her voice at conferences and in the media, and she raises awareness about the challenges and the discrimination that people face.

She works very closely with organisations to help them change their policies and to think more widely about how they might be discriminating, even without meaning to, and that helps push for greater accessibility and better inclusion in society as a whole.

Fran also helped create lots of opportunities for children with additional needs, to help them be able to participate in activities like summer camps, which was the thing that she missed out on.

Fran's main aim is to shift the way that people think about disability, teaching others that it isn't a disability that is the challenge, but it's the assumptions, it's the lack of understanding, it's the lack of adjustments makes the challenge, not the disability itself.

Fran is, without doubt, an absolute role model, and her resilience and her determination has made her a really, really powerful friend for equality for everybody everywhere.

The impact of discrimination, though, can have lasting and painful effects.

It can harm a person's self-confidence, it can limit their opportunities and make them feel like they don't belong in a situation or that they need to change.

Discrimination can also really affect a person's financial situation, and it can affect their employment opportunities as well.

People might find themselves not wanting to say anything, not wanting to kind of rock the boat by telling people about the discrimination because they don't want to then be harassed or victimised for having brought up this unfair treatment that they're facing, so they stay quiet about it.

These difficult experiences, though, can also have a really huge impact in bringing about that awareness in society to push for positive change so that it doesn't keep happening to people.

So, lots and lots of people who faced unfair treatment in the past, like, for example, Fran, in our case studies, they use their voices to speak out, and it helps others understand the harm that is caused by discrimination, whether it's meant to be discriminated against, or it's indirect, or they're not meaning to discriminate against people.

And their courage, the people who have faced this unfair treatment, the courage that they have can really inspire the action, and it can push for better policies, fairer policies, and that ultimately brings more inclusive communities, and it makes the fight for justice and equality much stronger, having their voices behind it and their action.

Another check for understanding, then.

Complete this sentence with the word that means when a person acts on negative prejudice: Many people who have faced unfair treatment, like Fran in our case studies, use their voice to speak out, helping others understand the harm caused by what? Take a few seconds to think.

So, many people who have faced unfair treatment, like Fran in our case studies, use their voices to speak out, helping others understand the harm caused by discrimination.

Well done if you got that one.

It's now time for Task B.

So, you are going to take Fran's experience, and you're going to contrast and compare that with one other person from our case studies, and then you're going to present your findings in a Venn diagram.

What I'd like you to do is think about the things that were similar about the cases and the things that were different.

So you have one side for Fran, and then you have another side for one of the other people from our case studies, and then the overlap section in the middle is where you put their similarities of the things that they experienced.

It's a really good idea now to pause the video to give yourself the time to do this, and then we'll go through the answers together.

Okay then, let's go through this.

So this page here is if you are comparing and contrasting the experiences of Fran with Isaac.

So with Fran, she was denied access to summer camp.

She didn't report the discrimination.

She felt unsupported by the law.

It was disability discrimination.

She had missed opportunities, and she's now fighting for change.

In Isaac's case, he suffered racial abuse, which was reported to school.

It was deemed to be racial discrimination, but then there was victimisation after he reported it as well because the bullying got worse.

It was reported legally, and he won his case with compensation and the apology that he wanted.

So the similarities between the two of them, well, there was discrimination in both cases.

There was a long-term emotional impact.

They both felt unsupported and excluded as well.

Well done if you got those ones.

So, let's move on to Fran compared with Blessing.

In Blessing's case then, she was unfairly paid, she reported it legally, and it was deemed to be indirect sex discrimination.

She had union and colleague support, but she did face huge financial pressures.

However, they did win the case, and they got paid for the money that they'd missed out on when they were being unfairly paid before.

So the similarities between Fran and Blessing are, again, discrimination, there was a long-term emotional impact, but they both helped raise awareness because Blessing contacted her colleagues.

They both did feel excluded as well.

Well done for getting those ones.

And finally, let's compare Fran with Charles.

We still have Fran's experiences up there.

In the case of Charles, Charles was harassed.

He was treated appallingly to try and get him to leave his job.

He reported it legally, but he didn't have colleague support.

It was deemed to be age discrimination.

He faced huge financial pressures because he couldn't find work after he'd lost his job before.

But he did win his case, and he got compensation as well.

And Charles also experienced a long-term health impact.

The similarities between the cases are that Fran and Charles were both discriminated against, they both had this long-term emotional impact, and they both felt excluded as well.

Well done if you were able to contrast those experiences of Fran with one other person.

Well done.

It's time to summarise our lesson then, which is called, "What's the Effects of Discrimination on Individuals and Groups in Society?" A stereotype is a simplified idea or belief about a person based on limited aspects of their identity.

When people develop negative feelings based on these, this is called prejudice.

When people treat others less favourably because of their prejudices, this is discrimination.

And the Equality Act 2010 aims to prevent all forms of discrimination in England, Scotland, and Wales.

Discrimination can have lasting and painful effects, harming a person's self-confidence and wellbeing, and can affect their future opportunities.

These difficult experiences can also lead to greater awareness and positive change, leading to fairer policies, more inclusive communities, and a stronger fight for justice and equality.

Well done with this work today.

A lot of this has been really challenging, and you have been fantastic to stick with me all the way through.

I hope to see you again soon.