Friction can cause energy to dissipate (spread out and becomes unusable) into the surroundings, causing them to heat up.

Efficiency is the fraction of energy supplied to an object or system that is usefully transferred by it.

The amount of energy usefully transferred by an object or system is the useful output energy transfer.

The total amount of energy transferred to an object or system is the total input energy transfer.

Efficiency (in terms of energy and power)

Combined science

Work done (W = F × s)

Power (P = W ÷ t)

Calculating the energy of a moving object (Ek=½mv²)

The energy of an object in a gravitational field (EP=mgh)

Calculating energy changes (Ek and Ep)

Stretching a spring practical

Stretching a spring analysis (F=ke)

Calculating the energy of a spring (Ee = 1/2 ke²)

In the Forces make things change unit, they will build on this knowledge to learn how to combine forces in two dimensions, how to calculate acceleration from a resultant force and how to calculate forces in collisions and explosions.

In the Measuring and calculating motion unit, pupils learnt how to measure and calculate velocity and acceleration, and how to interpret displacement-time and velocity-time graphs. 

This unit covers energy changes in systems through heating, forces, and electrical work. It includes energy storage, efficiency, and transfer methods like insulation. Emphasis is on calculating energy, conducting experiments, interpreting data, and communicating findings accurately.

Energy of moving objects

Physical activity and equipment requiring safe use

40 J in the gravitational store and 10 J in the thermal store.

40 J in the gravitational store and 20 J in the thermal store.

40 J in the gravitational store and 30 J in the thermal store.

A ball has 50 J of energy in the gravitational store and 20 J in the thermal store.
Which of the following could be the amount of energy in each store after the ball has been dropped and rebounded?  

Energy is {{}} when it is transferred to the thermal store of the surroundings.

The amount of energy that makes something useful happen.

The fraction of the energy supplied that makes something useful happen.

The fraction of the energy supplied that dissipates.

Which of the following is a correct definition for efficiency?

Aisha is investigating how the temperature of a tennis ball affects its rebound height.
Match up the variable on the left to the type of variable for this experiment on the right.

efficiency = useful output energy transfer + total input energy transfer

efficiency = useful output energy transfer – total input energy transfer

efficiency = useful output energy transfer × total input energy transfer

efficiency = useful output energy transfer ÷ total input energy transfer

Which of the following is the correct equation for efficiency?

A forklift truck transfers 24 000 J of energy when lifting a box onto a high shelf.
Calculate the efficiency of the truck if 18 000 J of energy is transferred to the gravitational store. 

Which of the following forces slow down a sledge that is sliding down a snow-covered hill?

Which of the following energy stores does friction transfer energy into? 

energy due to an object's mass and height

Match the energy stores on the left to their descriptions on the right. 

All of its energy is transferred to the surroundings.

Some of its energy is transferred to the surroundings.

Earth's gravitational force is pulling the ball downwards.

The normal reaction force from the ground is less than the gravitational force.

Pushing air out of the way uses up some of the ball's energy.

Pushing air out of the way transfers some energy to the air particles.

Why is the rebound height of a ball not the same as the height that it was dropped from?

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or ...

Efficiency (in terms of energy and power)

Lesson outcome

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