Hi, my name's Mr. Brown.

Welcome to this lesson all about bridges.

We are gonna be learning all about different types of bridges.

You might recognise some of the bridges, you might not know about some of these bridges.

You might be thinking about some of the bridges near where you live, but we'll be thinking about all the different types of bridges, their designs, what they look like, and be working on our sketching techniques as well.

So without further ado, let's get on and have a look at the learning outcome, the lesson cycles, and the keywords.

Today's learning outcome is to know what bridges are used for and to spot some important features in their designs.

Our keywords, we've got five keywords today, so we'll go through them very carefully.

So first one is an engineer.

An engineer is a person who designs and builds things.

And today we are thinking about engineers who build and design bridges.

The next key word is structure.

Now, a structure is something that is made for a purpose.

It's something that's formed and holds its shape.

In this case, we're gonna be thinking about bridge structures.

Bridge is the next one, and that is a type of structure that helps people to cross something such as might help you cross some water, or a railway, or another road, or a footpath, but lots of different things but it helps people cross things.

Stable is the next word, and that's something that's in place and will not fall over.

So it's going to stay where it is.

And the last word is strong.

Something that is strong is harder wearing and won't break very easily.

Now, I hope you understand those key words.

If you don't, don't worry 'cause we're going to be going through those as we go through the lesson cycle.

And let's talk about the lesson cycle.

So here are the two lesson cycles for today.

The first one is finding out about bridges, and the next one is about sketching bridges.

And of course we are going on to learning cycle one, which is finding out about bridges.

Have a look at this picture.

What do you think it is? Now I do hope we've mentioned the key word quite a few times so far.

What do you think it is? Of course, well done, it's a bridge.

Now a bridge, we need to think about where they're found and what they used for.

So think about why is there a bridge in this picture.

So where are they found and what are they used for? You could have thought of a footbridge.

Now footbridge is a very simple bridge that people can cross by foot.

Now this one's got rope bridge, so this is going to be crossing somewhere where we're trying to get from one place to another, probably over some sort of gorge, or some sort of gap between two areas.

The next one is a boat bridge.

So this is an aqueduct.

Now aqueducts tend to transport water, but as well as transporting water, they can also transport boats as well.

Vehicle bridge, so these are bridges that have got vehicles going over them.

And railway bridges.

And if you have a look at all of those, you'll notice they're slightly different designs.

There's some similarities, but there's also some differences too.

Now, just to go through this with you, a bridge is a structure that helps people cross something.

So it could help you cross water like that railway bridge does, might help you go over a railway, another road, or a valley.

Now, you might be thinking about your journeys, whether it's your journey to school, or a journey in a town, or a city, or a village near you, where you may cross some bridges.

Have a think and talk about whether you cross any bridges.

Now we're going to be talking about individual types of bridges here.

This is the Millau Viaduct.

Now, this is a type of bridge.

Now, I've already said it's called a viaduct.

Now, viaducts they're usually quite long bridges that carry trains and vehicles over valleys.

And if you have a look, that viaduct is huge.

It's absolutely vast.

Going from one side of the valley to another.

And you can see how high up it is and how long it is.

It's quite a significant bridge this.

This is a Roman bridge, this is an aqueduct.

Now aqueducts usually carry water across a gap or a valley.

Now this was really done so that particularly with the Roman times, to bring fresh water from the mountains into main cities and to transport water.

So there's fresh water in the towns and cities.

Now as well as carrying water, it might actually carry canal barges or boats, and we quite often see these.

Sometimes they'll be quite low down, but quite often they're quite high up because there might be a gap in the mountains or the hills where there's a valley.

And to be able to transport the water slowly and carefully and boats as well, then it needs to go over a valley.

And we need to have this quite high design.

Now bridges, they're set stable structures and that means that they're strong so that they don't fall over and they stay in place, 'cause what we don't want is bridges to be moved.

And as I Aisha said, "Once bridges are built, they usually stay in place for many, many years." And I'm sure that if you look around the places where you live, you'll be able to see some bridges somewhere.

You'll probably notice that they're not relatively new, they've probably been there for a long time.

Obviously we're still putting in new bridges, but you will be able to see that in certainly some older towns and cities, you'll find lots of old bridges.

Now, this bridge has incredibly been stood for over 500 years.

So this is Stirling Old Bridge.

And if you think about it, that's been there for a huge amount of times.

I wonder how many people have crossed this bridge in that 500 years.

Probably quite a lot.

Going back to thinking about structures now, Andeep asks, "What is a structure?" And Jacob's response is that, "A structure is something that is made for a purpose, something that's formed and holds its shape." So this structure, this is going back to the Millau Viaduct, is a huge structure and it is formed to get from one side of the valley to another, and it must hold its shape to allow all those vehicles to go across.

Okay, true or false, a check for understanding now, a structure is something that is made and holds its shape? Is that true or is that false? That's right, well done.

It's true.

But why? Why is it true? Well, a structure is something that is made for a purpose, something that's formed and holds its shape.

And as we are talking about today, that's exactly what a bridge does: it holds its shape and is made for a purpose.

Okay, so when we're talking about designing and making bridges, they're often designed and made by engineers.

Now, a job of an engineer is to design and make a bridge that is strong enough to let something cross, but also that it's stable enough to stay in place without breaking.

This is one type of bridge design.

And then this is the finished bridge.

So you can see how you've gone from a drawing into a real object that's actually being used.

Now, with some famous bridges which engineers have designed and made, we're just gonna go through a few examples.

So the Millau Viaduct that we've already spoken about, Stirling Old Bridge that we've already spoken about, and if you have a look at those two different designs, they are very, very different, but they've also got similarities as well.

Over time, there's been a lot of famous engineers.

Now this bridge is a very famous bridge in London, which is on the River Thames and it's called Tower Bridge.

It's right next door to the Tower of London.

And the Tower Bridge was engineered by Sir John Wolfe Barry and architect Sir Horace Jones.

And now this is an amazing looking bridge.

And I think you can see from the pictures that you've got there that it does some interesting things that you don't always see in all bridges.

If you have a look there that you've got the road that's actually the road there, that's at the bottom, that actually rises and lowers and that allows boats to come through the river, and it also allows them when the road is down that the traffic can go, and people walking, will be able to go across it.

Now, these are what we call special features.

Now, a special feature's got a special job that something does or it could be that it just makes it look different.

So we'll talk about the different parts of Tower Bridge now.

So there's a walkway across the top.

Now, if you have a think about the two pillars either side, you actually climb up one way and then I think there's a lift as well, and then you walk across the walkway and then you go down the other side.

There's also the bridge that opens to let boats travel through, which we've just spoken about.

And it's a suspension bridge.

So you can see there you've got those cables and the design that's on both sides.

And that suspension bridge actually holds it in place and gives it a lot of strength.

This is another type of suspension bridge.

This is the Clifton Suspension Bridge near Bristol.

It's just on the outskirts of Bristol over the River Avon.

And it was designed by an engineer called Isambard Kingdom Brunel.

This is the Millau Viaduct that we've spoken about.

Now, this is not a suspension bridge but a cable-stayed bridge.

And this was designed by an engineer called Michel Virlogeux.

Now, let's talk about the cable-stayed bridge.

So the towers in the middle, they hold cables and that suspends the bridge and gives its strength.

Now the deck, that's the bit that the people or the vehicles use to cross, and the towers help support the bridge as well.

So you can see underneath the towers on top of the deck, they are directly above the towers below the deck that go into the ground as well.

Now lastly, we have anchors that hold the cables to the hillside.

And here are some famous bridges which all look rather different.

So this is the Bridge of Sighs in Cambridge.

This is by St.

John's Bridge, by St.

John's College, sorry.

And that goes over the River Cam, and that's a walkway from one part of the college to another part of the college.

Stirling Old Bridge, that's in Scotland.

And we have Oresund Bridge in Sweden.

Now, this is an amazing bridge that actually connects Sweden and Denmark together.

So it connects two countries together, and not only does it go over the sea, but it actually goes into a tunnel which goes under the sea as well.

So it's quite an amazing, so one of those really, really long bridges that goes across a straight of water that separates Denmark and Sweden.

It goes from Malmo to Copenhagen, and obviously both ways.

Now, the bridges all look very different because they've got different sizes, different shapes, and they do different jobs.

So they might have triangle shapes, they might have different parts, but they all need to be strong and stable.

Now, you might have seen that some bridges now allow a little bit of movement.

So they do need to be stable so that they stay upright, but sometimes they need to allow a bit of movement and that's where those suspension bridges come in.

So check for understanding now, what is an engineer's job when creating a bridge? Do they design it? Do they find it? Or do they build it? Which do you think? That's right, well done.

They don't just design it, they can also build it as well.

So they might do a bit of both.

Okay, task A, look at these famous bridges, can you match the bridge to its name, and can you name two special things about each type of bridge? So which one is Millau Viaduct and which one is the Tower Bridge viaduct? And once you've worked out which one's which write down two special things about each bridge.

And if you can remember the type of bridge that it was, that would be absolutely amazing 'cause there's some tricky complex words in there.

But do try to mention some of the special things that each bridge does.

Why is it there? What is it made from? How is it designed? Those sorts of things would be really, really interesting for you to actually write down.

Okay, I'm going to stop now and let you get on, and I look forward to giving you some feedback in a few minutes.

Okay, welcome back.

Sure you've had a really good time actually working out which bridge was which, and thinking about all the different special features.

Let's go through the special features of Tower Bridge.

So the top deck is a walkway.

The bottom deck carries vehicles across the bridge.

But remember it opens to let boats travel through it.

It has a features of a suspension bridge, and it's a very famous bridge and it's found in the river Thames in London.

Now this is Millau Viaduct in France.

Now towers hold the cables that suspend the bridge, the deck, which is the flat part for vehicles and people to cross.

And the towers support the bridge as well.

Lastly, the anchors hold the cables to the hillside.

And this is a very high bridge because it needs to go across a valley.

Good, well done.

We have finished lesson cycle one and we're now gonna move on to lesson cycle two.

And that is sketching bridges.

Now, designers often use sketches as a way of making notes of what they see and to share their ideas.

And often pictures can show a lot more than a sentence to describe.

And it's a really interesting way of presenting your ideas and talking about your ideas about, and actually by sketching we can think about how we can change things and improve things.

Now what is a sketch? Well, a sketch is a quick drawing and often uses a pencil and a piece of paper, and it's usually of what a person can see.

Now, Jacob is gonna sketch a bridge.

He's gonna look closely at the bridge, and draw what he can see.

And then he is gonna look at the different features of a bridge.

Okay, quick check for understanding, will be a nice quick one this one, is a sketch a photograph? A sketch is a photograph, is that true or is that false? Well done, it is false.

A sketch is not a photograph.

So why? Well, a sketch is a quick drawing, often using a pencil and a piece of paper and it's usually of what a person can see.

Now, when designers and engineers design bridges, they sketch ideas so that they can think carefully about all the different features of the bridges that they need.

Now, feature is a special detail in the sketch or a special idea within the design.

Now, when we are sketching we are going to need, paper or a worksheet, we're gonna need a pencil, and we might need a rubber as well.

Check for understanding, what do you need to sketch something? Do you need A, paper, B, glue stick, or C, pencil? Which things do you think you need to sketch something? That's right, you need paper and a pencil.

You're very unlikely to need a glue stick today.

Now, if you look very carefully, this sketch of a bridge has got lots of different shapes.

So have a look very carefully.

You can see that like the obvious main part of the shape, but can you see other shapes inside as well? Well, we've got triangle shapes, there are some rectangles, and there's an arch, which is like half a circle.

Now, if we look even closer, we can see there isn't any colour.

The lines go side to side, the lines go close together.

There's some straight lines, curved lines, and there's lines that go up and down as well.

And lastly, there's some thick lines and there's some thin lines, there's a lot of variety there.

Right, onto the task for you as well now today, so task B is in two different sections.

So task B1, choose your favourite bridge and look carefully at the shapes, sizes, and structure of the bridge.

Now you might want to think about bridges that are near you.

You might want to think about bridges that we've actually got within this slide deck.

There's so many amazing bridges out there, there's some fabulous ones and some really good engineers.

We've just scratched the surface of some of the people that have engineered bridges.

You might want to go for some international ones, like ones in Asia that have been designed, or even ones in New York, for example, Emily Roebling designed and helped engineer the Brooklyn Bridge.

And that's an amazing looking bridge.

There's also some.

We talked about Oresund Bridge as well between Sweden and Denmark.

Have a think, think close to home, think wider.

Its entirely tree, could even be as simple as a bridge that's going, a footbridge that's going over a brook or going over a small stream very near where you live.

There's going to be lots if you really think about where you live.

Okay, so choose your favourite bridge, look carefully at the shapes, the size of the structures of it, and then sketch the bridge.

This is part two.

Part two is what you've chosen.

Sketch the bridge onto your worksheet.

Now, use pencil and draw and add detail of your drawing.

And if you want to, you can use coloured crayons.

But as we stated in the last slide, you don't have to, it's about thinking about the shapes, and the sizes, and the structures, and the special features of your bridge.

Right, time for you to go ahead and get yourselves some paper and some pencil and start drawing your favourite bridges.

All right, off you go.

Enjoy, and I'll see you back for some feedback soon.

All right, well done, welcome back.

I'm sure you've come up with some amazing ideas and some really good sketches.

Now, Jacob looked at a picture of a bridge.

He then sketched a bridge.

Can you guess which one of the bridges that we've looked at today he sketched? Well done, you are right.

He has done the Millau Viaduct in France.

Now, he sketched the bridge looking and drawing a little bit of the bridge at a time.

So he didn't just do it all in once, he just took his time and did a a section at a time.

And then he also used a ruler to help him draw some straight lines and coloured in a bit of the background.

And he used pens and crayons.

Well done.

We're at the end now, so I'm just gonna do a quick summary of the key learning points on this, our lesson on bridges.

So bridges are built for different purposes.

Sketching helps us to spot details and features.

Bridges have different shapes within their structure.

And bridges are built and designed by engineers.

That's brilliant.

Thank you very much for being with me today.

I hope you've had a lot of fun sketching and learning about different types of bridges.

I'm sure you've thought about all of the different bridges that might be near you, and some of the more international bridges.

There's some amazing work and some amazing engineering all over the world, whether it's close to home or a bit further away.

So I hope you've learned all about different types of bridges, the structures, and how to draw them and sketch them.

And I hope you've had a really good time.

I've thoroughly enjoyed being with you, and I look forward to working with you next time.

Okay, but for now, it's goodbye from me, and I'll see you on the next lesson.

Okay, bye.