Lesson video

Hello and welcome.

My name's Ms. Harrison.

I'm so excited to be learning with you today.

Grab everything you might need for today's lesson and let's begin our learning.

By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to describe how urban growth has created challenges for managing housing and quality of life in Jakarta.

Before we can begin this learning, we need to define the keywords that we'll be using throughout today's lesson.

The keywords in today's lesson are kampung and infrastructure.

Kampung.

This is an informal settlement in Indonesian cities that is self-built without planning permission.

Homes are overcrowded, poorly constructed, and lack basic services.

Infrastructure, the basic services and facilities needed for a city to function such as water supply, electricity, sewage, systems, transport, and waste collection.

Now that we've defined these keywords, we can begin our learning.

The first question we're going to explore in today's lesson is why can't everyone in Jakarta access safe housing? Let's take a look at the population growth of Jakarta, Indonesia's capital city from 1950 to 2025.

In 1950, Jakarta had a population of just 1.

4 million people.

Since then, its population has grown rapidly.

By 1970, it had more than doubled to around 4.

5 million, and this is an example of urbanisation where more people moved to cities often in search of better jobs, services, and living standards.

By the year 2000, the population had reached over 9 million and it's continued to rise hitting over 11 million people by 2025.

Jakarta is now considered a mega city, a city with a population of over 10 million, but the Greater Jakarta area, which includes surrounding cities like Bekasi is home to more than 30 million people making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.

What are the main causes for Jakarta's rapid population growth? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's check our answers.

You might have come up with something similar.

The main cause of Jakarta's rapid growth is rural to urban migration.

Well done if you identified that as well.

Jakarta's rapid population growth has caused serious issues for housing.

As you can see in the graph, housing demand has increased massively.

It's quadrupled between 2003 and 2023.

In 2003, demand was around 500,000 homes, but by 2023 it had reached around 16 million, but the number of homes actually being built hasn't kept up.

In 2023, only 6 million homes have been built.

That's just 38% of what's needed.

That means 10 million families or individuals don't have proper housing.

This is happening because there isn't enough planned and regulated housing.

Much of Jakarta's housing is informal, meaning it's built without permission or proper infrastructure, and because of this, many people are forced to live in kampungs or overcrowded settlements with poor access to clean water, sanitation, and electricity.

For many, housing is also too expensive making it hard for low income families to find somewhere safe and secure to live.

Which year had the largest difference between demand for and supply of housing in Jakarta? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is D, 2023.

Well done if you identified that correctly.

The cost of housing in Jakarta is rising fast, and that's a big problem for low-skilled workers.

On average, a low-skilled worker earns around 270 pounds a month, but renting a one bedroom flat in the city centre costs around 340 pounds, more than a full month's wage.

Even if someone still lives farther out, in the outskirts of Jakarta, the average rent is still around 200 pounds.

That means even the cheaper rent takes up around 75% of their income.

This shows that housing in Jakarta is unaffordable for many people, especially those in low paying jobs.

As a result, many are forced to live in informal settlements, often without access to clean water, electricity, or proper sanitation.

In Jakarta, millions of people live in informal settlements known as kampungs.

These are areas of densely packed housing that people build themselves, often without any planning permission.

The main reason is that affordable housing is in very short supply, so low income families have no choice but to create their own homes wherever they can.

Kampungs are usually built without access to formal infrastructure like clean water, sewage systems, or electricity.

Roads are often narrow and unpaved, making it hard for emergency services to get in.

Because the land is limited and expensive, kampungs are sometimes built on unstable or unsafe land like riverbank or near rubbish dumps.

This puts residents at risk of flooding, landslides, and health problems. Even though life in kampungs can be challenging, they also have a strong sense of community, but overall, they're a sign of urban inequality and the pressure that rapid urbanisation puts in cities like Jakarta.

I would like you to identify which statements are true and which are false.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's go through the answers.

For A, kampungs are formally planned and approved by the city authorities is false.

For B, kampung buildings are made with high quality, long-lasting materials.

It's false.

For C, houses in kampungs are often built very close to each other.

That's true.

And for D, kampungs usually have modern waste disposal and sanitation systems. That's false.

And for E, some kampung homes are built on unstable ground near polluted water and that's true.

Well done if you identified those correctly.

Aisha and Sofia are having a discussion about whether living in kampungs is a choice or a wider urban problem.

I would like you to decide who is correct.

Pause the video here whilst you read their statements and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The correct statement is Sofia's.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause here and press play to continue.

Brilliant.

The reason why Sofia was correct was because living in kampungs is mostly due to Jakarta's housing shortage.

800,000 homes are needed each year and the housing gap is over 6 million.

Well done if you managed to explain that correctly.

I would now like you to describe what the graph shows about housing demand and housing built in Jakarta between 2003 and 2023.

Alex said he's going to make sure that he uses evidence from the graph for both housing demand and supply to support their answer.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

Let's check our answer.

Your answer might include some of the following points.

In 2003, Jakarta needed 800,000 more homes, but only 300,000 were built.

By 2013, the demand had risen to 8 million, while only 3 million houses were built.

In 2023, housing demand reached 16 million, but only 6 million houses were built.

This shows that the number of houses being built is not keeping up with the demand and the gap between how many homes are needed and how many are being built keeps getting bigger.

Well done if you managed to include any of those points in your answer.

You've done brilliantly.

We're now going to explore our second question of today's lesson.

Why is it risky to live in kampungs? Because there's so little affordable housing in Jakarta, many families are forced to build their own homes in hazardous areas.

Some kampungs are built right along riverbanks, where the risk of flooding is really high, especially during the raining season.

Others are built dangerously close to train tracks, which can be unsafe and noisy and puts lives at risk.

People don't choose these answers because they want to.

They build there because they have no other option.

The demand for affordable housing far exceeds the supply so people use any available land, even if it's unsafe.

What challenges come with building homes by rivers or rail lines? Pause the video here was do you attempt this and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's hear some answers.

Laura said, "I guess homes built near rivers are at risk of flooding, especially during the raining season.

I know that flood water damages buildings and can spread disease." Izzy said, "Living next to rail lines must be very noisy.

And if there aren't proper fences then it could be really dangerous to live so close to railway traffic." I hope you managed to come up with some similar answers.

Flooding is a major risk in many kampungs, especially those in low-lying parts of Jakarta.

In North Jakarta, some of the areas are sinking by up to 25 centimetres per year.

This makes flooding worse and more frequent.

As water builds up faster and stays for longer, kampungs homes often don't have proper drainage systems so when it rains heavily, water has nowhere to go.

Homes can flood quickly damaging belongings and making it difficult for families to live safely.

The sinking land also means that even a small amount of rain can cause serious problems. Floods can also lead to health issues, especially where there's poor sanitation.

True or false? Flooding in kampungs is mainly caused by rainfall and the land in Jakarta is stable.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

This statement is false.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The reason why this statement is false is because flooding in kampungs is made worse by land sinking, subsidence, especially in North Jakarta where some areas sink up to 25 centimetres per year, increasing the frequency and severity of floods.

Well done in explaining this.

You've done brilliantly.

In 2020, Jakarta experienced severe flooding that displaced over 60,000 people.

Many of the worst-hit areas were kampungs built near rivers.

These settlements were especially vulnerable because they're low lying and don't have proper flood protection.

Homes are damaged or destroyed and many families had to leave with little or no warning.

Flood water also spreads disease and made it hard for people to access clean water or food.

This event showed just how badly flooding can affect communities that live in risky areas with limited infrastructure.

Many rivers in Jakarta are heavily polluted with waste from both homes and businesses.

When flooding happens, this polluted water flows into the people's homes bringing rubbish and sewage and chemicals with it.

This creates serious health risks.

After floods, standing water is common and it becomes a breeding ground for mosquitoes.

This spreads diseases like dengue fever, which can be dangerous especially for children and elderly people.

In kampungs, waste collection is often unreliable.

Rubbish builds up on the streets and gets washed into storm drains and blocks them.

When drains are blocked, rain water can't escape and this makes flooding even worse.

So pollution, poor sanitation, and blocked drains all combined to increase the risks for people living in informal settlement.

Lucas and Sofia are having a discussion about how poor drainage can affect people living in kampungs.

I would like you to decide who is correct.

I would like you to read both statements and then press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is Sofia.

Sofia said, "Poor drainage causes dirty water to spread.

When it floods, rubbish blocks the drains and standing water spreads diseases like dengue fever." Well done on this task.

Some homes in Jakarta's kampungs are built using scrap materials, like metal sheets or wood.

These buildings can be unsafe and not strong enough to protect people during storms or floods.

Around 40% of families live in just one room, which makes life very cramped.

The population density in some kampungs is extremely high, up to 60,000 people per square kilometre or even more.

Because houses are packed so closely together, the parts between them are very narrow.

It's difficult to move around, especially in emergency like a fire or a flood.

Emergency services often can't get through, which puts people's lives at risk.

Living in these conditions affects people's health, safety and overall quality of life.

In 2016, a massive fire broke out in North Jakarta destroying over 400 homes in a kampung.

More than 3,000 people lost their homes in just one event.

Why do fires spread more easily in kampungs? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Lucas said, "If buildings are made from wood and scrap and are built close together, then a fire will spread quickly." And he's correct.

Fires will spread quickly in kampungs because the homes are built very close together and they're often made from flammable materials like wood and plastic sheetings.

Narrow parts also make it difficult for firetruck and emergency crews to reach an area in time and this shows how dangerous life can be in an informal settlements where safety standards are low and infrastructure is poor.

True or false? In 2016, a fire in North Jakarta destroyed over 400 homes and more than 3,000 people lost their homes.

Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

This statement is true.

I would now like you to explain why did the fire spread quickly.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Brilliant.

The answer is the fire spread quickly in the kampungs because many buildings were made from wood and built close together.

Well done if you identified that correctly.

Ayu is a 15-year-old and lives with her family in a one room house in a kampung near the Ciliwung River.

During the raining season, from October to April, their home often floods, and when this happens, the family has to raise their beds on crates to keep them dry.

They also spend hours scooping out water by hand.

Last year, Ayu couldn't get to school for several days because the roads were underwater.

There's also electrical hazards in the kampung.

The wires are tangled and exposed and after one heavy rainstorm, a neighbor's house caught fire.

Ayu's story shows how flooding, poor infrastructure, and overcrowding can seriously affect people's safety, health, and education.

Which combination of risks best explains why Ayu's home in a kampung is unsafe during the rainy season.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is C.

Flooding, unsafe electrical wiring, and fire risks.

Well done.

What does Ayu's family do to cope with regular flooding? Read these statements and decide which one's correct and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The answer is A.

They raise their beds on crates and scoop out water by hand.

Well done if you identified that correctly.

Alex has written an answer to explain why living in kampungs in Jakarta can be dangerous.

I would like you to correct his mistakes.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Brilliant.

Let's check our answers.

Alex said, "People live close to rivers and sometimes get wet when it rains." You might have said, "Kampungs near rivers flood often during the raining season, which damages homes and forces people to leave.

Some areas are also at risk of sinking." Alex said, The houses are a bit weak, but most of the time they're fine." You might have said, "Homes are made from wood or metal sheets so they can collapse or catch fire easily." Alex said, "People throw rubbish in the river and that makes it smell bad." You might have said, "Garbage blocks storm drains and makes floods worse, while dirty water spreads disease like dengue fever." Alex said, "The streets are small so it's annoying to walk around." You might have said, "Narrow paths and poor lighting make it hard to escape during floods or fires and emergency services can't reach homes easily." Well done on this task.

I hope you manage to come up with similar corrections.

We're now going to explore our final question of today's lesson.

How does poor infrastructure affect daily life? Many kampungs in Jakarta do not have access to basic infrastructure that people need for a good quality of life.

What infrastructure do people need? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The infrastructure people need include things like clean drinking water, sewage systems, waste collection, electricity, and safe roads.

Without these services, everyday life can be difficult and unsafe.

Rubbish builds up in the streets, toilets may not work properly, and families may have to share water from unsafe sources.

The lack of proper roads and street lighting also makes it harder to move around safely, especially at night or during emergencies like floods or fires.

This lack of infrastructure makes it much harder for people in kampungs to live healthy, safe, and stable lives.

Homes in Jakarta's kampungs often don't have piped water and are not connected to sewage systems. Across the whole city, only about 65% of people have access to piped water.

In kampungs, most families rely on wells, water pumps, or have to buy water from vendors which can be expensive and not always clean.

Without proper sewage infrastructure, wastewater can leak into the environment, especially during floods, and this spreads diseases and pollutes local water sources.

In North Jakarta, around one in every 250 children under five gets cholera each year, a serious disease caused by drinking dirty water.

Poor water and sanitation in these areas puts thousands of lives at risk and makes it harder to stay healthy, especially for young children.

True or false? Most homes in Jakarta's kampungs have piped water and are connected to city sewage infrastructure.

Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

This statement is false.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The reason why this statement is false is because only 65% of Jakarta has piped water.

In kampungs, many homes lack running water and toilets, relying on public wells and pumps and shared toilet facilities, which can spread diseases.

It is estimated that in North Jakarta, one in 250 children under five get cholera each year.

Well done on this task.

You've done brilliantly.

Kampungs often don't get regular waste collection because they're not officially recognised by city authorities.

What happens when there is no waste collection in kampungs? Well, this means that the rubbish is going to pile up in the streets or is thrown into nearby rivers and drains.

It makes the area look and smell unpleasant, but it also causes serious problems. Blocked drains can lead to more frequent flooding and rotting waste attracts rats and insects, which spread diseases.

Because there's no proper system to manage waste, families are left to deal with it themselves, often burning it, which causes air pollution and breathing problems. The lack of basic services like this shows how hard life can be in kampungs.

Why does rubbish build up in kampungs like in the image? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is C.

Kampungs are not officially recognised so waste is not collected.

Well done if you identified that correctly.

In many kampungs, electricity is either shared between homes or tapped illegally from nearby power lines.

This causes frequent power outages, especially during the rainy weather or when demand is high.

People living in kampungs often face longer and more frequent blackouts than those in informal neighbourhoods.

The wiring is unsafe with exposed or tangled cables running between houses.

This creates a serious fire risk, especially when the wires get wet or overloaded.

These conditions make it difficult for families to live safely and comfortably, especially when they rely on electricity for cooking, lighting, or using fans in the heat.

Why do kampungs in Jakarta often experience more power outages than formal areas? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The answer is C.

Illegal power tapping overloads the system.

Well done if you identified that correctly.

On the screen is a statement.

Poor infrastructure is the main reason life is difficult in Jakarta's kampungs.

I would like you to place across on the line representing your opinion and then justify your opinion.

Use information from this lesson and your own research to support your answer.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's check our answers.

Your response may look something like this.

The X may be closer to the agree side and your justification may sound something like this.

I agree with this statement because poor infrastructure affects people's health and daily life the most.

For example, only 65% of Jakarta has piped water, so many families in kampungs rely on pumps or water vendors.

This can be expensive and unsafe.

Kampungs often don't have toilets in the homes, so people use shared ones which are unhygienic.

In North Jakarta, one in 250 children under five get cholera each year.

Rubbish collection is also a problem as it gets dumped in the street or rivers, blocks drains and spreads diseases.

Electricity is often shared through illegal wire tapping, which causes blackouts and fire risks during storms or peak times.

These problems make life very difficult even if the housing itself hasn't collapsed.

Well done on this task.

I hope you manage to include some of those points in your answer.

You've done brilliant.

We've now come to the end of our learning on challenges caused by rapid urban population growth: housing, and you've done brilliantly.

Before we end this lesson, let's summarise everything we've learnt today.

Jakarta has a serious housing shortage with millions of people living in informal settlements known as kampungs.

Kampungs are areas where homes are self-built often without permission or planning, and these homes are usually made from weak materials like wood, corrugated metal, or plastic.

They're overcrowded with many families just sharing one room and often built very close together, leaving little space between buildings.

There is poor sanitation in most kampungs.

Many homes are not connected to a sewage system and there is limited access to clean drinking water.

Only around 65% of Jakarta has piped water and in kampungs, many people rely on wells or water vendors.

This leads to serious health problems, including diseases like cholera in young children.

Waste collection is often not provided because kampungs are not officially recognised by the city.

Rubbish builds up, blocks drains, and increases the risk of flooding and disease.

Electricity is usually shared illegally or tapped from nearby lines, which causes power cuts and increases the risk of fires.

Many kampungs are built in risky locations like along riverbanks or next to railway lines where land is cheaper but much more dangerous.

These areas are prone to flooding, especially during the raining season.

In 2016, a fire in a kampung destroyed over 400 homes and left more than 3,000 people homeless.

Fires like this spread quickly because of flammable materials, overcrowded conditions, and narrow alleys that make it hard for fire services to respond.

Life in kampungs is extremely challenging with residents facing daily risks to their health, safety, and security.

Well done on today's lesson, you've done brilliantly and I look forward to learning with you again very soon.