Lesson video

Hello and welcome.

My name's Ms. Harrison and I'm so excited to be learning with you today.

Grab everything you might need for today's lesson and let's begin our learning.

By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to describe the location and importance of Jakarta and explain the reasons for its growth.

Before we can begin this lesson, we need to find the key words that we'll be using throughout.

The keywords in today's lesson are subsidence, world city, and natural increase.

Subsidence, this is the sinking or settling of land often caused by human activities such as excessive groundwater extraction, which can increase the risk of flooding.

World city, this is city with global influence, important in the world economy through finance, trade, culture, and communication.

And natural increase, this is the difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a population, and it occurs when the birth rate is higher than the death rate.

Now that we've defined these keywords, we can begin our learning.

The first question we are going to explore in today's lesson is, where is Jakarta located? Jakarta is the capital and the largest city of Indonesia, a country in Southeast Asia made up of more than 17,000 islands, making it the world's largest archipelago.

These islands stretch over 5,000 kilometres from west to east, crossing three times zones, and forming a diverse and complex nation made up of hundreds of thousands of ethnic groups, languages, and cultures.

Jakarta is located on the northwest coast of Java, which is the most populous island in Indonesia and home to more than half of the country's total population.

Java is the political, economic, and cultural heart of Indonesia.

And Jakarta plays a central role in that, acting as the hub of government, finance, trade, and international business.

Its coastal location has helped Jakarta become an important centre for trade and shipping while its position on Java connected to key transport routes and economic zones across the island.

However, being in a low-lying coastal area makes Jakarta vulnerable to environmental challenges such as flooding, land subsidence, and sea level rise.

Where is Jakarta located? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is C.

Well done if you've got that correct.

Jakarta is built on a flat, low-lying alluvial plain right at the mouth of the Ciliwung River.

This means that the land is mostly flat and made up of soft, river-deposited sediments.

You can see on the map that the city is densely built with a growing network of roads, rail, and MRT lines like the red line shown here.

But this flat landscape poses serious challenges for Jakarta's transport system.

Because the land is so low and often flood prone, especially during the raining season, building and maintaining roads and railways can be difficult.

Flooding and poor drainage regularly disrupt traffic, delay journeys, especially in the north of the city where the land is sinking in some places.

Jakarta's flat terrain has made urban sprawl easier, but it also means that the transport network must work hard to move millions of people across long distances through a city blocked by congestion.

This is why the city's investing in new transport systems like the MRT to offer fast, efficient routes that are less affected by traffic and flooding.

Jakarta's coastal location has made it an ideal place for trade and growth.

Being close to the sea and at the mouth of the Ciliwung River has allowed it to develop into a major port city, connecting Indonesia to global markets.

But this same location also brings serious environmental risks.

Jakarta is built on a low-lying, flat alluvial plain, land formed from river sediments.

This means that it's naturally at risk of flooding, especially during heavy rain or when river levels rise.

The problem is made worse by land subsidence.

In some parts of the city, the land is sinking by as much as 25 centimetres per year.

This is often caused by pumping too much groundwater from underground aquifers.

As a result, large areas of the city are now below sea level.

This creates a dangerous situation.

Jakarta is now extremely vulnerable to flooding, especially from storm surges and rising sea levels linked to climate change.

So while Jakarta's location has helped it to grow into a major city, it has also makes it one of the most at-risk cities in the world when it comes to subsidence and sea level rise.

True or false? Jakarta's location means the city is vulnerable to rising sea levels associated with climate change.

Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

This statement is true.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The reason why this statement is true is because Jakarta's low-lying, flat site makes it extremely vulnerable to flooding, especially during periods of heavy rainfall.

Poor drainage systems and widespread subsidence have worsened the problem.

In some areas, the land is sinking by up to 25 centimetres per year, and large parts of the city now lie below sea level.

Well done if you managed to explain that correctly, I would now like you to complete the word fill below on where is Jakarta located.

Pause the video here whilst you'd attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's check our answers.

Your text should read like this.

Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia, and the largest city in the country.

It is located in the northwest coast of the island of Java.

Jakarta is built on a flat, low-lying alluvial plain at the mouth of the Ciliwung River.

This location boosted Jakarta's economy through trade, but today it causes problems like flooding and subsidence.

Well done on this task.

I hope you managed to get those correct.

We're now going to explore our second question of today's lesson, why is Jakarta important? Jakarta is not only the capital of Indonesia, it's also a regionally important city in Southeast Asia.

Its position on the northwest coast of Java makes a vital trading gateway, connecting Java and the rest of Indonesia and nearby countries in Southeast Asia.

Goods and people flow through Jakarta by sea, air, road, and rail, making it a major economic and transport centre.

Jakarta's metropolitan area is incredibly productive.

It has the second largest economy in ASEAN.

This is the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.

That's a group of 10 countries that work together politically and economically.

And Jakarta is actually the headquarters of ASEAN itself.

Within Java, Jakarta acts as the island's main transport hub.

It has Indonesia's busiest international airport and central bus and railway terminals that link the city to towns and provinces across the island.

But Jakarta isn't just important for business and transport.

It's also a cultural melting pot.

People from all over Indonesia and many different ethnic and religious backgrounds live and work here.

This makes Jakarta a city rich in culture, language, food, and traditions, and a key symbol of Indonesia's diversity.

Jakarta is Indonesia's largest city with a population of over 11 million people.

When you include the wider metropolitan area known as Greater Jakarta, the population rises to over 30 million, making it one of the most populated urban areas in the world.

It is the economic heart of the country, acting as Indonesia's main centre for finance, commerce, and manufacturing.

And major industries in Jakarta include the production of iron, soap, printing, and automobiles.

Because of this economic activity, Jakarta contributes the largest share of GDP of any province in Indonesia.

It plays a crucial role in the country's overall economic growth and development.

Jakarta isn't just Indonesia's largest city, it's also the country's centre for high-value services.

This includes sectors like businesses, communications and information technology, and education.

Many of the country's biggest companies, tech startups, and universities are based here.

Jakarta is where decisions are made and deals are done and knowledge is shared making it the heart of Indonesia's modern service-based economy.

Jakarta is also the cultural centre of Indonesia.

It's home to people from many different ethnic groups, each bringing their own languages, food, traditions, music, and clothing.

This makes Jakarta a vibrant multicultural city where different Indonesian cultures mixed together from Javanese and Sudanese to Batak, Balinese, and Chinese Indonesian communities.

On top of that, Jakarta is a key part of the country's trade and transport system.

Its main port, Tanjung Priok, is the largest and busiest in Indonesia.

It handles the majority of the country's imports and exports connecting Indonesia to global markets.

All of these roles in services, culture, and trade make Jakarta a city that's not only nationally important but essential to how Indonesia functions and develops as a country.

Which of these nations has its headquarters in Jakarta? Is it A, NATO, B, ASEAN, C, EU, D, World Bank.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is B, ASEAN.

Well done on this task.

True or false? Jakarta is only important nationally because it is the capital city.

Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

This statement is false.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The reason why this statement is false is because Jakarta is not just important because it is the capital of Indonesia.

It also plays a major role nationally as Indonesia's economic centre, and it is a world city because of its role as a global trade hub, it's cultural importance and its role within ASEAN.

Well done if you managed to explain that correctly.

Jakarta is not just important within Indonesia.

It also plays a major role internationally.

It's considered a world city, which means it has significant influence on the global economy, culture, and politics.

World cities are hub for finance, trade, communication, international business, and diplomacy.

Other examples include London, New York, and Tokyo, and Jakarta is part of this group.

Jakarta is a key player in global trade with strong connections to countries like China, Japan, and Thailand.

It imports and exports goods on a massive scale, helping to power both Indonesia's economy and its international partnerships.

The city is also home to the corporate headquarters of many Indonesian and global companies.

These include firms involved in finance, energy, manufacturing and technology, all operating from Jakarta and linking it to international markets.

As a global business centre and the political home of ASEAN, Jakarta is firmly connected to the rest of the world.

Jakarta is becoming an increasingly important global destination for tourism and culture.

The city is home to a rich mix of ethnicities and traditions, which is reflected in its food, clothing, languages, festivals, and art.

This cultural diversity makes Jakarta a unique and vibrant place that attracts visitors from around the world.

There are over 60 museums and 132 heritage buildings in the city, including important sites like the Jakarta Museum, which explores the city's colonial history, and the National Museum, which houses artefacts from across Indonesia's many islands and cultures.

Jakarta's central location in Southeast Asia also makes it a natural stop for international travellers exploring the region.

With new infrastructure, hotels, shopping centres, and cultural landmarks, the city is working to position itself as a major cultural and tourism hub on the global stage.

Whether people visit for business, heritage, or the lively street food scene, Jakarta is establishing itself as a key international cultural destination.

Indonesia is currently building a new national capital called Nusantara.

It is located about a thousand kilometres away from Jakarta, in East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo.

This marks a major shift in the country's geography and government.

Once completed, Nusantara will become the official capital of Indonesia.

It will be the seat of government and the new home of the president, as well as other key government institutions.

The city is expected to grow steadily with the planned population of around two million people.

Nusantara is being designed as a modern planned capital city and represents a new chapter in Indonesia's national development.

Why is the Indonesian Government moving the capital city? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's hear our answers.

There are several major reasons why Indonesia is moving its capital from Jakarta to Nusantara.

One of the biggest issues is severe land subsidence.

The land in Jakarta is sinking and in some places by 25 centimetres per year.

This is mainly caused by excessive groundwater extraction, as many buildings and homes rely on groundwater due to limited pipe water supply.

Jakarta is also facing a rising risk of flooding, especially during the raining season.

Because this city is built on a low-lying alluvial plain and parts are now below sea level, it's becoming increasingly vulnerable.

Another factor is rapid urbanisation.

Jakarta's population has grown to over 11 million in the city and more than 30 million in the metropolitan area, and this has created major pressure on housing, transport, and public services.

Experts predict that by 2050, large parts of Jakarta could be underwater, making it even more difficult to manage the city's infrastructure and keep people safe.

These environmental and urban pressures are key reasons why the government has decided to create a new capital city in a different location.

The new capital Nusantara is being built in East Kalimantan and it is expected to have a population of around two million people by 2045, and it'll be the seat of government, home to the president and all key government offices.

Nusantara is a purpose-built city, designed to be modern, sustainable, and more geographically central within Indonesia.

But Jakarta will still remain extremely important.

As a world city, Jakarta will continue to be the country's centre for trade, business, and international finance.

It is home to many transnational corporations and act as a major hub for manufacturing, banking, and commercial services.

Jakarta also has global cultural significance with its diverse population, cultural attractions, and growing status as a tourist destination.

In short, Nusantara will be Indonesia's political capital, while Jakarta will remain its economic and cultural powerhouse.

Aisha and Sofia are having a discussion about why the capital city is being relocated.

Who is correct? Aisha said the capital is being moved because it's no longer possible to do business or trade internationally in Jakarta.

Sofia said the capital is being moved to reduce overcrowding, pollution, and traffic problems in the current capital.

Pause the video here whilst you decide who is correct and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The person who's correct is Sofia.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's check our answers.

The reason why Sofia is correct is because the capital is being moved to help solve problems like overcrowding, traffic, and pollution in Jakarta.

The new location will spread development to other parts of the country.

Even though the capital is changing, Jakarta will still be an important city for business and the economy.

Well done if you explained that correctly.

I would now like you to explain two reasons why Jakarta will still be important nationally and internationally after Indonesia moves its capital city.

Lucas said, Jakarta is a world city and that means it is a city with global influence, important in the world economy through finance, trade, culture, and communication.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's check our answers.

Your text should read like this.

Jakarta will still be important because it is a world city, a major sense for international trade and business.

It has the largest port in Indonesia, Tanjung Priok, which connect it to countries like China, Japan, and Thailand, and many international companies have their regional headquarters in Jakarta.

It will also remain a cultural and economic hub.

Jakarta is Indonesia's biggest city, home to millions of people from different ethnic groups, and has museums and heritage sites, and contributes the most to Indonesia's GDP, so it will still be very influential nationally.

Well done if you managed to include some of those points in your answer.

You've done brilliantly.

We're now going to explore our final question of today's lesson, why has Jakarta grown? Since the 1960s, the population of Jakarta has grown very fast.

It now has over 11 million people.

For many years, it grew by about 2.

4% every year.

More recently, the growth has slowed a bit to around 1.

5% per year.

And there are two main reasons why Jakarta's population has grown.

Natural increase.

In the past, people in Jakarta had more children.

In 1971, the average woman had about five children.

That's a lot compared to the replacement level, which is about 2.

1 children per woman.

What does replacement level mean? It means the number of children needed to replace their parents and keep the population stable, not growing or shrinking.

Anything above 2.

1 usually means the population grows.

By 2020, women in Jakarta were having fewer children, about 1.

75 on average.

That's below the replacement level.

This change is because people are getting more education, living costs are higher, many people are choosing to marry later.

And even with fewer children per family, Jakarta still has lots of young people, and this means there are still many births, so the population keeps growing.

The next reason is migration, people moving in.

Since the 1960s, many people have moved to Jakarta from other parts of Indonesia to find jobs and better life.

Most come from Java and Sumatra, but some also come from other countries like those in Southeast Asia and the Middle East.

Today, about 1.

3 million people travel into Jakarta every day from nearby areas to work and that's called commuting.

But things are starting to change.

Between 2017 and 2020, more people moved out of Jakarta than moved in because of things like crowded living conditions, traffic, expensive housing.

And in 2020, a census showed that about 2.

15% of Jakarta's population were people who had moved their recently.

Since the 1960s, Jakarta's population has grown very quickly by an average of 2.

4% each year.

Between 1960 and 1980, the population of the city actually doubled.

This huge growth was mostly due to natural increase, meaning there were more births than deaths.

By the 1980s and onward, things started to change.

More and more people began moving to Jakarta from other parts of Indonesia to look for work and better opportunities.

By the time we get to the 2000s, migration became the main reason for population growth.

In fact, about 60% of Jakarta's growth after 2000 came from people moving into the city.

So overall, Jakarta's population has grown for two main reasons, natural increase in the earlier years and migration becoming more important from the 1980s and onwards.

Why has the cause of growth changed? In the 1950s and '60s, birth rates were very high in Jakarta.

At the same time, death rates started to fall.

Why? Because there were more improvements in healthcare and clean water supply, which meant fewer people were dying from disease and more babies survived.

This led to natural increase.

The population grew because more people were being born than dying.

But in recent years, things have changed.

Birth rates have fallen, and that's because education has improved especially for women.

People have more economic opportunities and careers.

Family planning is more available so families are choosing to have fewer children.

So today, Jakarta's population is still growing but much more slowly than in the past.

Based on the graph, what is the approximate percentage decrease in the birth rate from 1960 to 2025? Remember, to work this out, you need to subtract the new value from the original value.

Divide that by the original value and times by 100.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is C, 58%.

Well done.

True or false? Since 2020, natural increase has continued to be the main reason for Jakarta's growth.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

This statement is false.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The reason why the statement is false is because although natural increase was very important in Jakarta's growth from the 1960s to 1980s, by 2020, the fertility rate was 1.

75, which is below the replacement level.

Jakarta still has a young population, so birth rates are higher than death rates, but migration is now the main reason for population growth in Jakarta.

Well done if you explained that correctly.

You've done brilliantly.

Many people in Indonesia leave their villages and move to the capital city Jakarta to find better opportunities.

This is called rural to urban migration, when people move from the countryside to the city.

And there are two main reasons why people move.

Push factors and pull factors.

Push factors are things that make people want to leave rural areas.

Things like crop failures make farming unreliable and lead to hunger or death.

There are often fewer job opportunities outside of farming.

And some villages have poor access to education and healthcare, which affect quality of life.

And pull factors are things that attract people to the city.

More jobs in factories, offices and services.

Better schools and hospitals.

And a chance to enjoy a more modern lifestyle with transport, technology, and entertainment.

So for many people, moving to Jakarta feels like the best way to build a better future, even if it comes with challenges.

One of the main reasons people move to Jakarta from other parts of Indonesia is because it offers a much higher quality of life and better opportunities, especially compared to places like Papua.

Let's look at the differences.

In Jakarta, the average income is much higher about $14,000 GDP per person.

There are more jobs in the industry, technology, and finance.

And the city has better infrastructure with clean water, reliable electricity, and public transport.

People have better access to education and healthcare.

In Papua, wages are much lower, around $3,000 GDP per person.

Most jobs are in farming or mining, which are often low paid and unstable.

There are poor roads and limited access to clean water.

And healthcare and schools are harder to reach, especially in remote areas.

So for many people in Papua and other rural provinces, moving to Jakarta gives them a chance at higher wages, better living conditions, and more opportunities for their families.

True or false? Access to education and healthcare can be both a push and a pull factor depending on the location.

Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is true.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The reason why the statement is true is because, in rural areas, poor limited access to schools and medical services can push people to leave.

In contrast, cities like Jakarta often offer better education and healthcare, which pull people in.

It is important, therefore, to say what kind of access to educational or healthcare you are talking about, good or bad.

Well done if you explained that correctly.

While most people who move to Jakarta come from within Indonesia, the city also attract some international migrants though in smaller numbers.

So why do people move from other countries to live and work in Jakarta? Pause the video here whilst do you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

First, there are more skilled jobs and opportunities here, especially in areas like technology, finance, and business services.

Many transnational corporations have their headquarters in Jakarta, so international workers may come for jobs in management, marketing, engineering, or IT.

And finally, Jakarta is seen as an exciting dynamic place to live.

It's a fast growing world city with lots of energy, culture, nightlife and connections across Southeast Asia.

So while international migrants aren't the largest group, Jakarta's global role means it continues to attract skilled workers from abroad.

Which single country has the second highest number of migrants living in Indonesia according to the graph? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is B, South Korea.

Well done.

I would like you to tick the correct box to show whether each statement is a push factor or a pull factor for migration between regions.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's check our answers.

For poor access to healthcare and hospitals is a push.

Higher paying jobs in tech, services, and factories is a pull.

Natural disasters is a push.

Expanded transport links reducing traffic is a pull.

And support from the government for lower income families to attend school is a pull.

Well done on this task.

You've done brilliantly.

I now would like you to complete one more task.

I would like you to read through Izzy's statement and give her some feedback on how she could improve the accuracy of each of her sentences.

Pauses the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's check our answers.

Izzy said, Jakarta's population has only grown because of international migration.

You might have said, while international migration plays a role, the majority of the population growth is due to rural to urban migration.

Izzy said, people from villagers don't really move there anymore.

You might have said, rural to urban migration is still a major factor, especially among young people from other parts of Java and Sumatra seeking work or education.

Izzy said, natural increase isn't important because most people that are there are already old.

You might have said, Jakarta has a relatively young population and birth rates are higher than death rates, but natural increase makes a smaller contribution than migration.

Izzy said, only foreigners work for big companies are making the city bigger.

You might have said, international migration makes up a small portion of the overall population increase compared to migration within Indonesia.

Well done on this task.

You've done brilliantly.

And I hope you managed to include some of those points in your answer.

We've now come to the end of our learning about location and importance of Jakarta and you've done brilliantly.

Before we end this lesson, let's summarise everything we've learned today.

Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia, located on the northwest coast of the island of Java, the most populous island in the country.

It's the largest and most developed city in Indonesia, acting as a centre for politics, economy, and culture.

Jakarta is important on three levels.

Regionally it connects Java and other islands through trade, transport and communication.

It's a hub for people, goods and services moving around Southeast Asia.

Nationally, Jakarta is Indonesia's political and economic heart.

It has the highest population of any Indonesian city and is the centre for finance, commerce, manufacturing, and government.

Internationally, Jakarta is a growing world city.

It plays a role in global trade and is home to many transnational companies.

It also hosts the headquarters of ASEAN, showing its influence in regional and international affairs.

Jakarta has experienced rapid population growth, especially since the 1960, and this is due to natural increase, high birth rates and lower death rates in the past led to more people being born than dying, and migration.

Millions of people have moved to Jakarta from rural areas and other islands to find work, education, and better quality of life.

Together, these factors have helped Jakarta grow into a major global city, but also created challenges such as overcrowding, traffic congestion, and environmental problems. Well done in today's lesson.

You've done brilliantly.

And I look forward to learning with you again very soon.