Lesson video

Hello, my name is Mr. Conway.

I'm very pleased to have this opportunity to guide you through today's Geography lesson.

The emphasis is going to be very much on using geographical information systems, otherwise known as GIS.

So let's get started.

This lesson is part of a unit called "Geographical skills." By the end of today's lesson, the intended outcome is that you'll be able to visualise data in a webmap using basemaps, filters, and buffers.

So the lesson's divided into three learning cycles corresponding to these three things.

You'll be learning to use GIS techniques which can be applied in lots of ways across Geography to process spatial data.

And although some of the learning may be new to you, I'm here to help you along the way.

To help us achieve the outcome, we need to learn and remind ourselves about certain keywords.

We have five keywords for today's lesson: geographical information system, webmap, basemap, filter, and buffer.

Let's look at the definitions for each of these keywords briefly.

A geographic information system, and we will generally refer to this as GIS, is a computer-based system that captures, visualises, and analyses geographic data, and it helps us to understand spatial patterns.

A webmap is a webmap that's online.

It's a GIS map which is very often interactive, and it can be created or saved by the user online.

A basemap is a standalone foundational map, often used in GIS as a background for other layers to be added.

A filter is a selection process for some of the data in the GIS layer to visualise spatial patterns more clearly and maybe even declutter a map.

And finally, a buffer is a term used in GIS to mean an area generated by what's called an analysis tool, and it's for a specified distance, usually around a point or sometimes a line or sometimes a polygon feature.

There are three learning cycles for this lesson looking at how to use GIS to visualise data in a webmap.

So we're gonna look at the first of these learning cycles now, which is about using basemaps to visualise data.

GIS is what we use to visualise electronically stored georeferenced spatial data, and we use a suitable app such as a webmap to do this.

Normally, it's viewed online.

In order to locate spatial data to places, GIS usually uses decimal degrees of latitude and longitude to precisely georeference the data to places.

And here's a simple example where decimal degrees has been used.

We have a piece of data about a Californian city, the famous city of San Francisco with a population of 4.

5 million.

It's been georeferenced using decimal degrees that can be recognised by GIS.

So we see that San Francisco is at 37.

8 degrees latitude.

Notice that this is +37.

8, but it's at -122.

4 degrees of longitude.

The latitude number is positive, and that tells us it's in the Northern Hemisphere.

If it was in the Southern Hemisphere, the latitude number would be negative.

If we then look at San Francisco's longitude number, we find that it's negative, and that tells us it's in the Western Hemisphere.

Eastern Hemisphere numbers, on the other hand, are positive.

There are many different GIS options which can be used to map spatial data, but we're gonna use ArcGIS Online Map Viewer, and a key reason for this is that the subscription to ArcGIS Online is available free to all schools.

Here's an example of a webmap which visualises a layer of data about volcanoes around the world.

So you may well be asking a similar question to Lucas, "How can we use GIS to add georeferenced data to a webmap?" Well, let's find out.

First of all, let's make sure we know our way around ArcGIS Online.

The first thing you'll see when signing in is the homepage.

It will appear with mainly purple colours or green colours.

When signed in, you should see your name and username in the top right of the screen, and your organisation or school name will appear in the middle of the screen.

So if you need to check that you're signed in, these are the things you need to see to confirm it.

Next, it's important to know your way around the menus.

The menus are Home, Gallery, Map, Scene, Groups, Content, and Organisation.

The menus you're most likely to use are Map, Content, and Scene.

In this lesson, we're gonna focus on using Map, and we'll open that by clicking the word Map in that menu, and that opens Map Viewer.

In spite of its humble name, Map Viewer isn't just for viewing webmaps.

Its main use is for creating webmaps.

So when you click Map, it opens Map Viewer, which looks like this.

The functions we need to use are all contained in vertical toolbars on either side of the app, and they contain various useful control buttons.

The dark coloured toolbar on the left is known as the Contents toolbar, and that helps us to select the items of spatial data that we want to visualise.

The light coloured toolbar on the right is known as the Settings toolbar, and that provides all kinds of tools for configuring the spatial data, such as the way we want to visualise it.

The Map toolbars can be shown or minimised by toggling the Expand and Collapse buttons, which you can see at the bottom of each toolbar.

It's possible to hide both toolbars or show both toolbars using the Hide interface and Show interface buttons.

Now, back to Lucas's question, "How can we use GIS to add georeferenced data to a webmap?" Okay, so, data can be added to a webmap by clicking the + sign in the top left-hand corner of the Contents dark toolbar.

This means we're going to add data to Map Viewer, and then we browse layers.

After that, you'll see a dropdown menu which provides us with a range of sources from which we can select data.

Here's the webmap we saw earlier with a layer of data about the location of volcanoes added to it.

Then we can add more layers, such as tectonic plate margins.

This makes it easy to see spatial patterns and make links between the data, and we can switch that on and off easily, like this.

This is called toggling the layer.

When using webmaps, we always need to think about the basemaps, which are very useful on their own, but they also provide a valuable context for the visualisation of spatial data.

The categories of basemaps include basemaps which emphasise physical geography, such as Topographic or Oceans.

Then basemaps which emphasise human geography, such as the Charted Geography Map or Open Street Map.

Or basemaps which show remote sensing images.

That's images taken from cameras on aircraft or drones, which are called aerial images or satellite images.

These layers include Imagery or Imagery Hybrid.

Map Viewer has all kinds of basemaps we can use in a webmap.

The choice of basemap is important because it influences the effectiveness of visualisations.

The range of basemaps can be accessed via the Basemap pane, which shows a whole basemap gallery.

One of them called Topographic is the default basemap.

And at first, it can appear rather pale or even insipid, but it's designed like that so that it provides a useful backdrop for spatial data.

As its name suggests, it provides a very good emphasis for physical geography.

We can see here, for example, that it provides a good contrast with the volcanoes and tectonic plates data.

Here's another basemap where the emphasis is on human geography.

It's called the Chartered Territory Map.

This is an example of a political map because the emphasis is on political boundaries.

The tectonic data can still be seen fairly easily, but it's perhaps not quite so effective as the topographic basemap because all the written information is a bit more prominent.

By contrast, one of the basemaps is called the Dark Grey Canvas basemap, which can be very useful for data layers using brighter colours to provide contrast, but it's not so effective with these particular layers, which are difficult to see because there isn't much contrast.

Here's a guide demonstrating how to add data to a webmap and use basemaps to enhance visualisations.

To do this, we're going to use ArcGIS Online.

And we've signed in here for that.

You know if you've signed in if you've got a background that's either a purpley colour or green colour.

It will have your school name, and it will also have your name in the top right-hand corner.

You'll see a series of menus across the top: Home, Gallery, Map, Scene, Groups, Content, and Organisation.

The ones you're most likely to use will be Map and Content and Scene.

The focus for this demonstration is going to be how to use Map.

So if we click Map, it opens an app called Map Viewer, and that shows us a webmap, which is an online GIS digital map.

Now, if we look at each side of Map Viewer, we can see two sets of menus.

On the left, we have what's called the dark toolbar, and that's for Contents.

On the right-hand side, we have the lighter toolbar, which is for various settings, and we'll see how to use those shortly.

It's generally best to use these in collapse mode, but we can expand them to see them a little bit more clearly.

You can do that on the Settings toolbar as well.

And the icons all have pop-ups to tell you what they're for, but if you use them expanded, you can see those a little bit more clearly.

There's also an option where you can hide the toolbars by clicking Hide Interface, and you can make them visible again by clicking Show Interface.

Okay, we're going to add some data now to our webmap, and the best way to do that is to click Add in the top left-hand corner and Browse layers.

We're going to add some secondary data that's been collected by somebody else.

So we click Browse layers, and you will see a range of places where you can get that information from, including My content, My favourites, My groups, My organisation, Living Atlas, and ArcGIS Online.

So secondary data, best places to get that would be Living Atlas or ArcGIS Online.

So we're gonna click ArcGIS Online and look for a layer called Volcanoes Around the World.

And if we look down, we can see a layer with that name here.

We're going to add that to the map by clicking Add.

That layer's been added effectively, and you'll notice a Properties panel for it has opened on the right automatically.

Properties panel can be very useful.

One small way is to use the Transparency slider so you can make the layer less transparent or completely transparent.

So let's just see that back again.

It's 0% transparent, so we can see the layer now.

And I'm going to add another layer.

This time, we're going to search for tectonic plates, and various layers appear for us to choose from.

Gonna suggest you choose the one by Esri Canada Education.

So if we click that and add it to the map, it will help us to make links with the original layer of volcanoes.

Now, we've done some good work here.

We've added a couple of layers.

We want to save our work, so we click Save and open, and then Save as for the first save.

And we have to give the map a title, so we're gonna call it "Volcanoes." I'm just gonna add DEMO to this.

You don't need to do that.

And then we click Save and the map will save with that title.

And you'll see the title appear in the top left-hand corner.

You can change that with the pen at any time.

By default, our webmap has a basemap.

That's the background map that provides the foundation for all the data.

So if we just hide Properties for the moment so we can investigate basemaps, go to the dark Contents toolbar and click Basemap, and we'll see a basemap gallery.

And we can make a selection of different basemaps to see which ones are best for visualising our data.

Let's take a look at some of the options in the basemap gallery.

We can scroll down through them here.

One of them, for example, is called Charted Territory, and that's a map which emphasises human geography.

Another one might be National Geographic Style Map.

Another example we could look at would be Imagery or Imagery Hybrid.

Imagery and Hybrid are very similar.

Imagery Hybrid has labels on everything.

And then we can try, let's see, there's Light Grey Canvas or Dark Grey Canvas.

And each of them work in different ways.

You may have a preference, but one of the things you might like to consider here is that the Dark Grey Canvas map doesn't provide very good contrast with this data, whereas Light Grey Canvas is much more effective.

You can see the data much more easily.

So these are the considerations we need to make when we're choosing a suitable basemap.

Soon you'll have the opportunity to add data to a webmap and use basemaps yourself, but let's just check up on some points from the video demonstration.

The first check is a true or false? Is it true or false to say that when signing into ArcGIS Online, if you can see the homepage, it means you're signed in.

You may wish to pause the video here and restart it when you've decided if this statement is true or false.

Okay, this is actually true.

Now think about some other indications which might confirm that you're signed in.

Right, another way that you know you've signed in is that your name will appear in the top right of the screen and your school name appears in the middle of the homepage.

Being signed in is very advantageous 'cause it means you can save your work to Content and then access it later.

Now for a second check.

Which of the basemaps you see here, A, B, or C, provides the best contrast for visualising the layer Volcanoes Around the World? You may wish to pause the video here and then decide on your answer.

Of the three choices, the best contrast is provided by C, the Light Grey Canvas basemap.

Okay, now for the tasks which are gonna help you to add data to a webmap and to use webmaps to enhance the visualisation.

For these tasks, you're gonna need to open the direct link to ArcGIS Online, and you need to use Map Viewer.

In task 1, you're going to add data to a webmap.

In task 2, you're going to try some different basemaps in the basemap gallery.

And in task 3, you're going to decide which basemaps provide the best contrast for visualising the data.

So pause the video now to take some time to undertake the tasks, and when you're ready, press play to obtain some feedback.

Hopefully the task went well for you.

For task 1, your webmap should have looked something like this, showing the layer for Volcanoes Around the World and the layer for Earth's Tectonic Plates.

For task 2, here are some basemaps you may have looked at.

For example, National Geographic Style, Topographic, Light Grey Canvas, or Imagery Hybrid.

And finally for task 3, the basemaps which provide the best contrast for visualising data include basemaps such as Topographic, Light Grey Canvas, and Open Street Map.

So if you're unsure about anything there, just take another look back at the video demonstration.

In our second learning cycle, we're gonna find out how to use filters to visualise spatial data.

There are various GIS tools which can be used to improve the visualisation patterns of georeferenced data.

This can happen because a webmap is a digital layer cake, often putting together several GIS layers, like sheets of tracing paper, one above the other.

This means that each layer can be managed separately.

For example, layers can be switched on or off.

This is sometimes known as toggling.

Or we can even filter parts of a layer on or off.

Look at this small shape here.

We could switch that on and off with a filter.

So let's see how that can work.

In a webmap, the layers can be simplified and decluttered by using a GIS filter, and that can help us to see spatial patterns more clearly.

Here's the Volcanoes layer we saw earlier on, but using a GIS filter.

So what's happened here is that the Filter tool has been used to select only volcanoes that are in Indonesia, which, by the way, contain some of the world's most dangerous volcanoes.

Let's see how that's done in the following GIS guide demonstrating how to use GIS to filter data on a webmap.

We're going to continue to use the map we were using before.

And in Layers, we find the Volcanoes Around the World layer, and for that layer, we're going to click Options to open the panel on the right for properties for that layer.

A typical feature of webmaps is that the data layers can be very, very large so that we have what we call big data.

So it can be very useful to simplify and declutter the map by using a filter.

So we're going to use a very simple filter here.

We go to a symbol that looks like a funnel for Filter in the Settings toolbar, and we click that.

And many data sets like this one are set up so that you can actually be selective of volcanoes in particular areas.

So we can use the filter to do that by clicking Add new, and we're invited to set a Condition.

In this case, we're gonna use the filter to show volcanoes in one country.

So we select Country, and we're going to select a country from this dropdown list here.

We're going to look for Indonesia.

So if we click Indonesia, you'll notice that volcanoes in Indonesia have been highlighted.

We can see the other ones are greyed out until we click Save, and when we do that, all we can see are the volcanoes in Indonesia.

So the filter has successfully simplified and decluttered our map.

We're going to save our work by clicking Save and open, and just Save.

That's a very quick process because you've already named the map.

And before our next step, what we're going to do is move the layers in the Layers panel just slightly.

You'll see a small lozenge there, it's called Reposition, and we can move the layer to be above the Earth's Tectonic Plate layers.

And what that does is give priority to the Volcanoes layer with the Earth's Tectonic Plates layer underneath as a useful background.

So let's pan and zoom to Southeast Asia to take a closer look at Indonesia.

We've got lots of information about just the volcanoes in Indonesia.

There are lots of those.

And we can see the principal plate margins and some smaller fault lines as well.

And this makes it a lot easier for us to investigate this particular area.

For example, if we click on this area here, it tells us that it's the Eurasian Plate.

That's actually the same plate as the United Kingdom.

If we close that pop-up, we can then look at information for individual volcanoes in Indonesia.

So if we click on them, they will tell us useful details about the volcano, including its name and what type of volcano it is, and they're color-coded too.

We can investigate that with the Legend.

And what we may notice is that most of the volcanoes are composite.

If we click on the volcanoes, we often see that the categorization is very similar.

Lots of them are stratovolcanoes, which is a type of composite volcano.

There are a few exceptions, but you'll see lots of them fit into that category.

Soon you'll have the opportunity to use the filter yourself, but let's just check up on some points from the video demonstration.

When using the Filter tool, which of the following Conditions will only show symbols in Indonesia? You may wish to pause the video here before you select your answer.

The correct choice is C, the country > is > Indonesia.

And other Conditions are available, of course.

Here's our second check.

Which one of the following icons do we use to access the Filter tool in ArcGIS Online? Again, if you wish to pause the video here before you select your answer, that's fine.

The correct choice is A, it's the funnel icon, and they use a funnel because it only lets selected data through.

Well done if you remembered that.

Now for the task which will help you to use GIS to filter data on a webmap.

As for the task in learning cycle one, you'll need to continue to use Map Viewer.

The link is here in case you don't have it open already.

In task 1, you're going to use the Filter icon to select data in one area of a webmap.

Then in task 2, you're going to use pop-ups to source data about volcanoes, with a couple of questions in 2a and 2b to guide your thinking.

So pause the video now to take some time to undertake those tasks, and when you're ready, press play to obtain some feedback.

Hopefully the Filter task went well for you.

Your task using Filter should look something like this.

We see how the Filter tool has been used to select only volcanoes that are in Indonesia.

And here's what happens when we pan and zoom into Indonesia to take a closer look at its volcanoes.

For task 2 in which you used pop-ups to source data about volcanoes, for task 2a, you will have hopefully have spotted that the tectonic plate that Indonesia is on is the Eurasian Plate, which is of course the same plate as the UK, but we're towards the other end of it.

And for 2b, you were using the pop-ups to investigate the volcanoes in Indonesia.

You will hopefully have found that most of the volcanoes in Indonesia are stratovolcanoes, which are a type of composite volcano.

If your answers were different to those or you recognise some errors, take another look at the video presentation.

In our third learning cycle, we're gonna learn how to use buffers to visualise data.

GIS analysis can be used to create exclusion zones using buffer tools such as Create Buffers in Map Viewer.

Create Buffers can generate an area for a specified distance around a point, a line, or a polygon feature.

Let's look at a couple of examples.

Circular or concentric buffers for single points are the simplest type of buffer, and we'll be creating those later.

Then there are more complex buffers, such as linear ones or polyline features, which are more advanced, but they use the same principle.

They might be used along a river, a road, a railway, or some other linear feature.

A very common use of buffers is with various economic activities, including planning, environmental management, telecommunications, transport, and health services.

Here's an example of 5, 10, 15, and 20 mile buffers around single points which are used for mobile phone masts in Sierra Leone in Africa.

And telecommunications planners would use those for planning mobile networks.

What we see here is a linear buffer showing the noise footprint for Frankfurt Main Airport in Germany.

It's one of the five busiest airports in Europe.

The linear pattern here is dictated by the long runway and then linear takeoff and landing patterns around the airport.

We're going to look at the way buffers can be used with our GIS map of volcanoes in Indonesia to see how they're used when a volcano poses a serious risk to people and their property, and exclusion zones have to be planned and imposed by local authorities.

The example we're going to look at is Mount Merapi in Java, Indonesia.

It's a composite stratovolcano, which, as we found out earlier, is typical of Indonesia's volcanoes.

It's 2,910 metres high, which is almost 10,000 feet, and well over twice the height of Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in the UK.

Mount Merapi produces life-threatening eruptions on a regular basis.

It's also one of the so-called Decade Volcanoes, one of the 16 most well-known and mainly dangerous volcanoes in the world.

And it's currently the most active volcano in Indonesia.

One particular reason why it represents such a significant tectonic hazard is that it often produces lethal pyroclastic flows.

So consequently, variable radius exclusion zones are used, and they have to be planned using buffer tools, which brings us to a particularly interesting use of buffers in action.

Many governments issue what's called foreign travel advice to their citizens.

For example, the UK Government's Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, or FCDO for short, issue regular advisories about threats from different things around the world, including Indonesia's volcanoes.

This is their map helping to advise people about this.

They provide very specific warnings against travel within a specified radius of quite a few volcanoes.

Their advice is based on analysis by volcanologists here, and they use buffer tools to do that.

The radius of exclusion zones around Mount Merapi does vary according to the current perceived threat.

It's usually multiples of five.

The most notorious eruption of Mount Merapi in recent times was back in 2010, and we can see here just one of many properties that were destroyed by pyroclastic flows during that eruption.

This one's near Cangkringan, near Yogyakarta in Indonesia.

In that eruption, sadly 353 people were killed.

Over 300,000 people had to be evacuated and given temporary homes elsewhere.

There were major disruptions to aviation due to volcanic ash along busy air routes.

And the village in the photograph, Cangkringan, has a population density of around 1,200 people per square kilometre.

And that's quite similar to a county like Bedfordshire in England.

So there were a lot of people under threat.

We're now gonna see a GIS guide showing how to use a buffer tool to create exclusion zones around an active volcano, Mount Merapi.

Now, we could do this for all the volcanoes in Indonesia, but we're going to single out just one of them, which is Mount Merapi.

It's a Decade Volcano, and it's the most active volcano in Indonesia.

It's also very dangerous, and it often produces lethal pyroclastic flows.

So we can single it out by clicking the Layers panel, clicking Options, and showing the properties for that.

Then we're going to go to the Filter.

We've already got one filter, which has selected just volcanoes in Indonesia.

We're going to add a further filter, so we click Add new.

And the Condition this time, we're going to use Volcano Name and we're going to say it is called Merapi.

So where it says Unnamed, if we just type Merapi, and then click Save, and we would just see Merapi.

So we've used the filter to single out just one volcano, which is Mount Merapi.

We're just gonna save our work to make sure that we don't lose anything there.

And now we're going to use an analysis tool.

And the analysis tool we're gonna use is one called Create Buffers.

So we check that the Properties panel is open for the layer we're interested in, which is Volcanoes Around the World.

We click Show properties to make sure the analysis tool is gonna relate to that.

We click Analysis tools, and a panel opens with a hammer symbol.

And in the Analysis tools panel, we scroll down to a section called Use proximity.

And there's a dropdown menu.

If we click that, we can see Create Buffers.

So that's the tool we need, so we're gonna click on that to open Create Buffers.

So we need to tell the analysis tool, in this case, Create Buffers, what layer we want it to analyse.

So we click Layer and select Volcanoes Around the World.

Then a little bit further down, we find a section called Distance values.

We're going to type the radius that we want to use for each of our exclusion zones here.

So we type 5 and add it.

Then we type 10 and add it.

15 and add that.

And 20 and add that.

So we're gonna show four exclusion zones, 5, 10, 15, and 20, not feet, we have to change units to kilometres, away from the volcano.

Then what we need to do is scroll down to give the buffer tool's output layer a name.

So I'm gonna type this in as your suggestion, Merapi exclusion zones 5 to 20 kilometres, and I've put XY just to represent the fact that you would need to add your initials because the layer that's created is unique to you.

And if you give it the same name as other people in your organisation, it won't save it.

So you have to give it an original name like that, and you can change the name later if you want to.

Now, there are other steps you can take, but we're not gonna go into those in this particular exercise.

So, all we need to do now is click Run to set the tool to work.

And it can take a little bit of time to generate the information.

A status bar is available here, and here, if you want to see its progress.

And eventually the process is completed, and the result will appear quite suddenly.

And it automatically zooms into the volcano to show us our exclusion zones.

Now, as before, we can move the Volcanoes of the World layer to the top so that the volcano appears above the exclusion zone layer.

So we might want to consider how such a layer can be useful within the context of Indonesia and its population.

If the volcano were to erupt, this would be helpful to the authorities organising immediate responses because they would know exactly where their exclusions zones are, which helps them decide priorities for evacuation from settlements.

One of those settlements, for example, if we look down here, we can see Cangkringan, which was one of the settlements very badly damaged in the 10 to 15 kilometre buffer zone.

It also will help them to provide guidance about the safest locations for temporary accommodation for evacuees.

People might need community buildings to stay in and tented villages away from the danger.

The buffers have also created exclusion zone information that's useful to the first responders, to non-government organisations, the military and so forth, so that they can deploy their resources most effectively.

In the longer term, it informs authorities about where to more safely locate new housing and evacuation centres, and also to provide education for communities about the different areas of risk.

Businesses are also likely to suffer from the effects of the volcano, so this will help them to provide guidance about locations to reduce risk for different economic activities, including agriculture and manufacturing.

Soon you'll have the chance to find out how we can create buffers in GIS, but let's just check up on some points from the video demonstration first.

What name is given to the selection process used by the Filter tool, such as Volcano name > is > Merapi? You may wish to pause the video here and restart it when you've selected your answer.

The correct choice is C, Condition, so well done if you remembered that.

For a second check, which one of the following icons is used to access Tools and Create Buffers in ArcGIS Online? Again, if you wish to pause the video here, that's fine.

The correct choice is the hammer symbol, and it's used for the Tools menu and the Create Buffers tool as well.

Now for the tasks that are gonna help you use the buffer tool to create exclusion zones around Mount Merapi.

You should continue to use your map from the previous work, and the link is here in case you don't have it open already.

In task 1, you're going to use Filter to select data for one volcano, that's Mount Merapi, on a webmap.

Then in task 2, you're going to use the Create Buffers tool to visualise volcano exclusion zones for that one volcano.

In that context for task 3, you're going to consider how buffer tools might support responses to an active volcano, and you're gonna do that by completing the paragraph using the words that we're suggesting in blue.

And finally for task 4, suggest some other uses for buffer tools.

So pause the video now to take some time to undertake those tasks.

When you're ready, press play to obtain some feedback, and we'll see you on the other side of the tasks.

Hopefully you were able to undertake those tasks effectively.

For task 1, your webmap using a filter to show Mount Merapi, it should look like this.

For task 2, visualising Merapi's exclusion zones using the Create Buffers tool, hopefully it looks like this with the concentric circles around the volcano at 5, 10, 15, and 20 kilometre radii.

For task 3, the gap fill exercise, your paragraph should have been completed as follows.

For task 4, you may have suggested some ideas about other uses of buffer tools similar to these.

There might be economic activities to visualise for food delivery companies.

Planning to visualise accessibility for new houses to services.

For example, accessibility to schools or shops.

Environmental management to visualise range of habitats for species, such as the roaming range of bats.

Telecommunications to visualise mobile phone mast coverage, as we saw earlier for Sierra Leone.

Transport to visualise noise footprint for airports, as we saw earlier for Frankfurt Airport.

And health services, visualising accessibility of hospitals for local people.

If your answers were very different or you recognise any errors, take another look back at the video presentation.

Well done, what we've done in this lesson is move from a fairly basic understanding of how to use GIS to using some really very useful GIS skills and then applying them in different situations.

So practise these kind of things until you become fluent.

Let's summarise that learning with these key points.

GIS can be used to add georeferenced data and visualise it in a webmap.

There's a variety of basemaps which need to be selected carefully to make sure we visualise data effectively.

GIS often uses filters to select data so that we can visualise spatial patterns more clearly and try and avoid cluttering up a map.

And finally, GIS can use tools such as buffers to create visualisations which support the analysis of data.

A very good way to follow this workup is to use the same methods to investigate other locations.

So hopefully you've found the learning today useful and interesting.

It's been very good to learn with you today.

I look forward to seeing you again in another lesson.

All the very best, and bye for now.