Hello, my name is Mr. March and I'm here today to teach you all about the causes of migration that influence the growth and character of the city.

So grab everything that you need for today's lesson and let's get going.

So by the end of today's lesson, you will be able to detail the main historic and recent national and international migrations effect in Liverpool and describe their influences on age structure, ethnicity, housing, services, and culture.

There are four key words for today's lesson, and those are migration, inflow, outflow, and ethnicity.

Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another.

Inflow refers to migration of place to a place.

Outflow refers to migration of people away from a place.

And ethnicity refers to a term that refers to the backgrounds or shared experiences of a group of people including language, religion, and beliefs.

There are two learning cycles for today's lesson, and we're gonna start with the first learning cycle, which is the causes of migration to and from Liverpool.

Now in terms of net migration, there are inflows and there are outflows, but there are many questions it prompts.

For example, where are these people coming from? Where are they going to? Who are these people? What are their backgrounds? How many people are arriving and how many people are leaving? and why are they arriving and why are they leaving? When do they arrive and when are they leaving? These are all questions that really prompt us into thinking, especially when we're thinking about Liverpool's population.

Now geographers categorise answers to some of these questions in the following way.

For example, when we're considering when people arrived or when people left, we can categorise it into historic migration and recent migration.

When we're thinking about where from and where to, we need to think more nationally or internationally.

Did those people migrate within the same country or did they arrive from another country, a foreign country, and did they also immigrate to another country around the world? In terms of the historic national inflow, Liverpool has a long history of migration.

Some of the most significant inflows of people historically have been from Ireland and Wales as we can see on the map in front of you.

During the 19th century, there were greater inflows of people to Liverpool than outflows.

In the 19th century, over a million people left Ireland, which was then part of the UK, hence why we call this a national inflow.

Since at that time, Ireland was not a separate country was part of the United Kingdom.

The most significant time for Irish migration to Liverpool was the 1840s.

And between January and March, 1847 alone, 120,000 migrants landed in Liverpool.

Not all remained though many used Liverpool as a transit city for their ultimate destination of the USA, Australia, or Canada, but by 1851, 20% of Liverpool's population was Irish, indicating just how many remained.

By 1850, over 10% of Liverpool's population was Welsh with many migrants moving from North Wales to the city.

Now, whilst the cause of much of the Irish inflow to Liverpool between 1845 and 1849 was that great famine, the cause of the Welch inflow into Liverpool was mainly to seek employment.

So a great learning check says inflows of people to Liverpool in the 19th century from Ireland and Wales are categorised as what? You have four options right there.

What I'd like you to do is pause a video whilst you read through those four options and then select what you think is the correct answer.

And the correct answer is historic and national.

It is national because those people moving from Ireland and Wales, they are, well, were both part of the UK in the 19th century.

Ireland is now a separate country, and of course, we're talking about historic inflow of people since we're talking about the past in the 19th century.

So really, really well done if you're able to identify A as the correct answer.

Our next learning check asks you who is correct.

Now on the screen in front of, you've got three different statements, one by Sam, one by Sofia, and one by Alex.

I'd like you to do then is pause the video whilst you read through those three statements and decide who is correct, best of luck.

And the correct answer was Sam.

Now Sam says that the cause of the Irish inflow to Liverpool between 1845 and 1849 was to escape starvation and disease.

This was a result of the great famine that island unfortunately experienced.

Really, really well done if you are able to also select Sam as the correct answer.

Our final learning check says the cause of inflows of people to Liverpool in the 19th century from Wales was.

Now what you need to do here is pause a video whilst you try to recall the information to complete that sentence.

Best of luck.

And the reason why people moved from Wales into Liverpool, particularly North Wales, was for employment opportunities.

So really well done if you are able to select or to recall that piece of information.

Now, as a major global port city, Liverpool has always been a destination for migrants from all over the world as the map in front of you demonstrates.

In the 19th century, international migrants included sailors from China and the continent of Africa who settled in the city and used their links to other countries to establish trade routes.

But after 1945, Commonwealth immigrants arrived from the regions of the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent.

They were recruited to help rebuild Britain after the destruction of the Second World War.

So another learning check and it says, significant historic international inflows of people to Liverpool after the second World War were from which regions? You have three options on the screen.

What I'd like you to do is pause video whilst you read through those options and select what you think is the correct answer.

And the correct answer was A, the Indian subcontinent and the Caribbean people from the Commonwealth came to the United Kingdom after 1945 to help with the reconstruction of the country after the Second World War.

So really, really well done if you're able to select A as the correct answer.

Now, more recently on a national scale, there have been inflows and outflows of people to and from Liverpool, but not on such a significant scale as was seen historically.

Most migration to and from Liverpool now occurs within the Northwest region as once again, the map does a great job in illustrating.

Further afield inflows of people from Hull and Birmingham and outflows to London have been notable.

The main causes of all of these migrations are employment, education, and lifestyle choices.

Most migrants are students and of working age people.

Recent notable international inflows of migrants in Liverpool have seen the greatest numbers from countries such as Yemen and Somalia as a result of unfortunately, conflict, lack of food and water, security, poverty, and lack of employment opportunities in their home countries.

There have also been significant numbers of people coming from Eastern Europe.

From countries such as Poland since the inclusion of Poland and many other countries into European Union after 2004.

So a learning check, it says that recent national outflows of people from Liverpool are mainly two.

And again, you have four options in front of you and again, I'd like you to pause the video whilst you read through the options, consider, and then select your answer.

And the correct answer was B, which was other areas in the Northwest.

Yes.

More recently, outflows of people from Liverpool, they're mainly staying within that northwesterly region of England.

So really well done if you are able to select B is the correct answer.

Our next learning check says who is correct.

And again, you have three now statements from Jacob, Aisha, and Jun.

What I'd like you to do is pause the video whilst you read through those three statements and you select who you think is correct.

And the correct answer was Jun.

And Jun says that significant recent international inflows to Liverpool have been mainly from Somalia and Yemen.

And again, this is absolutely correct and it's on account of many difficulties happening within their home countries such as conflict, lack of water security, poverty, starvation as well.

So really well done if you are able to select Jun as the correct answer.

Our final learning check says true or false.

Recent national inflows of people to Liverpool are dominated by students and retired people.

So once again, pause the video here whilst you debate as to whether this statement is true or false.

The statement is false.

Now once again, I would like you to consider as to why this statement is false And the reason it's false is that recent national inflows of people to Liverpool have been dominated by students and working age people, so not retired people.

We see more people, more migrants who have are over work engaged moving into Liverpool for those education and employment opportunities.

Really well done if you're able to find those two correct answers.

So we have three practise questions for the first learning cycle and the first practise question says to annotate the mind map with significant inflows and outflows of people to and from Liverpool.

Place them above or below the line according to whether they were historic or recent.

So we can see the inflow from Wales, for example, as well as the outflow flowing at the top of the mind map right there.

And we also have that dividing line between recent and historic.

What you need to do then after that is colour code, the inflows and outflows between national in one colour and international in another colour.

Following this, you need to annotate each inflow and outflow with factual information, which could include things like dates and/or time periods as well as causes of the migrations.

So what I'd like you to do then right now is pause the video whilst you attempt these three practise questions.

Best of luck.

So in terms of feedback, then let's break it down.

First of all, looking at the inflows of people, and most recently we have people moving from Yemen and Somalia, but also Hull and Birmingham.

Historically, we had people moving from Ireland, Wales, and the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent.

Let's go one step further there.

So people are moving from Yemen and Somalia due to conflict and poverty.

They're moving from Hull and Birmingham to look for employment, education and lifestyle opportunities.

Historically then, people moved from Ireland due to the great famine which occurred during 1845 and 1849 to escape disease and starvation.

Likewise, in the 19th century, people moved from Wales, particularly in North Wales due to looking for employment opportunities in the factories of Liverpool.

Then moving more sort of further forward in terms of people moving from China and Africa in the 19th century, sailors were looking to establish trade routes from Liverpool to their home country.

And then more recently, in terms of just after the world, Second World War, we had people moving from the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent and they again, they were looking for employment opportunities.

In terms of outflows then, people are moving out of London looking to move towards places such as London and the Northwest England.

And the reasons are relatively similar.

So they're moving to the northwest of England to look for employment, education, and lifestyle opportunities.

And the same is absolutely true for people moving down south towards London.

So really, really well done if you are able to include any of those answers that are on the screen in front of you in your own answer.

We're on now to our second and final learning cycle, and this is all about the influences on the growth and character of Liverpool.

Now that all of these recent and historic national and international inflows and outflows have had great influence on the growth and character of Liverpool, and it is done in the following ways in terms of its total population, a total number of people that live there.

The age structure with more young people perhaps moving in to Liverpool, we may see a change in the ages of people that are living there.

The ethnicity as well of the people that are living there.

The income as well of the people that are living within Liverpool is certainly going to change as well.

As well as the housing and services and culture of the city are all going to be influenced by the number of people living there and the type of people living there as well.

Now these influences really do vary from place to place.

For example, the demographic geography of Toxteth is gonna be very different from Calderstones and very different to Halewood.

Now, census data from 1801 allows us to look at Liverpool's changing population.

For example, in 1801, the first recorded census, we had 90,000 people living in Liverpool local authority.

However, we need to fast forward and try to understand the impact of, for example, the Irish and wealth migration because it significantly boost the growth of Liverpool during that 19th century.

Between 1846 and 1852, an estimated 1.

5 million Irish people moved to Liverpool to escape poverty and famine.

And by 1851, 20% of Liverpool's population was Irish.

In 1850, 10% of Liverpool's population was Welsh and therefore, we begin to see a move towards its peak of 850,000 people in 1931.

Because in the mid 20th century, industrial decline led to a considerable number of people then moving out of Liverpool to new towns and cities offering better job opportunities.

And as a result we can see that steady decline of Liverpool's population following 1931.

However, recently, an influx of international students has changed the demographic and revitalised the city centre as we can see through the slight increase in population in recent times.

Rapid migration from Ireland and Wales in the 19th century certainly helped to transform Liverpool into a major port economic hub.

And the increased labour force certainly boosted the construction of industries, houses, and infrastructure and thereby influence its character.

Population change though is not only due to migration.

What else causes populations to grow and decline? You may like to pause the video here whilst you consider your own answer to that question or perhaps even discuss it with someone near you.

Well, the answer to that question really is that changes to birth and death rates will also impact the total population.

If, for example, the birth rate increases, then naturally, perhaps the population will go up.

Similarly, if the death rate comes down with improved medical care and healthcare, then naturally, the population should go up as a result, since people are now living longer.

It's a time now for a learning check and it says who is correct.

You've got three statements in front of you, Sam, Lucas, and Alex.

Pause the video here whilst you read through the statements and decide who is correct.

And the correct answer was Lucas.

Liverpool's population is partly due to inflows and outflows.

Yes, migration does indeed influence the population of a city, but of course, natural population change.

For example, changing birth rates and death rates will also influence Liverpool's to population.

Now by using the graph again, we can try to understand the impact of historic recent national and international migrations.

For example, between 1801 and 1931, there was a real surge in the population of Liverpool.

This was due to both national and international migration.

National migration from Wales and Ireland, international migration from China and the African continent as they all came to Liverpool looking for job opportunities as well as in Ireland's case to escape starvation and famine.

However, after 1931, we saw de-industrialization hit Liverpool and as a result, we saw people then begin to leave the city in search of other job opportunities elsewhere in the country and elsewhere around the world.

And so we begin to see this drop off in population.

However, there has been a small increase since 2001 perhaps boosted by international migration from countries such as Yemen and Somalia, as well as the EU expansion into Eastern Europe in the early 2000s, which has certainly contributed to a greater number of people coming into the country, especially with regard to students coming into Liverpool City.

So a learning check and it says which statement is incorrect about Liverpool's population growth between 1801 and 2021.

So you have four options in front of you.

You need to pause the video, read through the options and select What you consider to be the correct answer.

And the correct answer was D, population growth has been consistent between 1801 and 2021.

Yes, if we look at the graph in front of you, we can see that D is incorrect because it has not been consistent growth.

There was consistent growth between 1801 and 1931, but following that there has been a sharp decline and then a more recent increase, so not a consistent increase.

So really, really well done if you were able to select D as the correct answer.

Our next learning check says that Liverpool's population peaked in 1931.

What was the population at this time? Again, there are three options in front of you.

So pause the video whilst you tried to recall this piece of information and then select the answer.

And the correct answer was 850,000.

Now more recently, between 2011 and 2021, Liverpool's population grew by 4.

2%.

However, we have to remember that growth varied very much across the city.

For example, Toxteth, our inner city area of Liverpool grew by 2.

3%.

Calderstones, our suburb area decreased by 0.

4%.

Yet Halewood, which is on the rural urban fringe increased by 0.

3%.

So whilst it's true that Liverpool's population grew by 4.

2%, we get the idea that it's very much varied across the city.

Age structure is shown on a population pyramid as we can see in front of you.

Now we have the UK's on the left and that we have the Liverpool's population pyramid shown on the right.

What we have going up the central spine of each of those population pyramids are the ages, the age brackets, we have male on the one side and female on the other side.

Now if we begin to try and contrast and compare Liverpool's to the UK's, we see one or two differences.

Now it says that recent national and international inflows of students and working age people have certainly impacted Liverpool's age structure.

We can see this almost bubble as sort of bubbling out of Liverpool's population pyramid where we see that sudden increase of young people aged between 20 and perhaps 45.

The impact though is varied very much across the city.

And we can have a look at how it's varied across the city in the following way.

Again, we have our three areas of Liverpool, Toxteth, Calderstones and Halewood.

But we can see in Toxteth for example, is a much larger grouping of young people, aged between 21 and 39.

So Toxteth seems to be home for the younger demographic folder.

Calderstones seems to be attracting more of an elderly demographic perhaps in their retirement age as we can see people of a sort of bubbling out there at the top between 50 and 79.

And again, Halewood again, seems to be attracting a slightly more older demographic.

Now my question for you at the bottom says, which area has attract the most students and working engaged migrants? You may like to pause the video here whilst you consider your own answer to that question or perhaps even discuss it with the person next to you.

So what did you get? Well, from looking at the three population pyramids in front of you, I think it's clear to see that perhaps Toxteth with the most young people right there between perhaps the ages of 21 and 39 seems to be attracting the most students and people of working age.

And this is certainly something which is backed up with this graphic right here.

So we can see that the average age of Toxteth is actually 36 and students account for 28.

4% of people living there.

Contrast that with Calderstones, and the average age is 10 years older, it's 46, and students account for almost 20% of people.

Finally, Halewood, the average age is 41 and the students account for 19% of people living there.

So we can clearly see that Toxteth is an attractive area for students and work engaged people.

So a learning check and it says, which statement below is correct? You have three options in front of you.

I'd like you to pause the video whilst you read through those three options and select What you consider to be the correct answer.

And the correct answer is C.

Students and work engaged people dominate recent migration to and from Liverpool.

Some places have higher concentrations than others.

Now in terms of ethnicity, historic and recent international inflows have certainly impacted Liverpool's ethnic composition as this graphic in front of you does a great job in showing.

So what we can see is that 84% of Liverpool's population classify themselves as white, meaning that 16% come from ethnically diverse backgrounds, for example, Asian or perhaps Black British or other ethnic groups as well.

So we can really see how historic and recent international inflows of people have really changed the sort of character, the ethnic character of Liverpool.

But if we break this down further into our three areas of Liverpool, Toxteth, Calderstones and Halewood, and we see a slow change.

For example, Toxteth, our inner city area seems to have the most ethnically diverse population with 66.

6% identifying as white whilst the rest are from ethnically diverse backgrounds.

Calderstones is up at 89% white and the rest ethnically diverse.

Whilst Halewood is almost the most ethnically homogeneous with 96% white and the rest from ethnically diverse backgrounds.

Now my question to you is why would an international migrant of Caribbean ethnicity being most likely to settle in Toxteth? You may like to pause the video here whilst you consider your own answer to that question.

Well, in answer to that question, many recent international migrants are considered unskilled and need then cheap accommodation.

This is often then found in inner city areas such as Toxteth.

This means clusters of ethnic often develop over time, which really influences the character.

Because clusters support ethnic shops and services, we can buy food from their home country and services that they're familiar with.

There's a preservation of cultural distinctiveness.

And finally, it also supports against discrimination by being in a community where you feel safe, then of course, there's gonna be less discrimination perhaps in that area.

So a learning check, which area of Liverpool is the most ethnically diverse? You have three options on the screen in front of you.

Please pause the video here whilst you read through those options and select what you consider to be the correct answer.

And the correct answer was C.

Toxteth, that inner city area of Liverpool.

So housing debt.

There are massive differences in average household income between the different areas of Liverpool.

Toxteth, our inner city area, the average household income is 28,300 pounds.

But compare that to Calderstones, a really desirable area in the suburbs of Liverpool, and that's up at 62,000 pounds on average in that household in Calderstones.

Halewood again is very high at 41,200 pounds.

So we can see that there are real differences in income in the different areas of Liverpool.

Average household income has an impact on home ownership too, which really does make sense.

So in terms of the percentage of people who own their own homes, we can break it down from Toxteth, Calderstones and Halewood.

Just 23% of people in Toxteth own their own homes.

Compare that to Calderstones and Halewood, which are much more affluent and wealthy.

And we see that almost 90% in Calderstones and 85% of people in Halewood own their own homes.

In terms of people who rent privately, again, 23.

5% of people rent their own homes in Toxteth, but this is massively dropped in Calderstones and Halewood at only around 9% each.

In terms of people who rent social housing, then this is just over half of the people who live in Toxteth are renting social housing.

And look at that.

Calderstones and Halewood, barely two, 5%, something like that of people are renting social housing.

So we can clearly see that Toxteth, due to their lower household income are renting rather than owning their own home.

So people living in Toxteth are more likely to have a lower income and less likely to own their own home.

This area of the city is more deprived than Halewood and Calderstones.

Services.

While all areas face pressure on services, higher levels of poverty lead to extra pressure.

For example, in Toxteth, 46% of children unfortunately live in poverty, which puts massive pressure on social services.

In some schools, over 80% of pupils do not have English as their first language.

Compare that though to Calderstones, to a much more desirable area to live in in Liverpool and just 5% of children live in poverty.

A massive difference between Toxteth and cornerstones.

The schools here are heavily over-subscribed, meaning that many many children want to access the education there.

Halewood, 17% of children live in poverty, which again is a very high number, but not as high as the number of children living in poverty in Toxteth.

This is perhaps due to recent high birth rates which have put pressure on the primary school places in that area of Halewood two.

So which area of Liverpool has 5.

3% of children living in poverty? Again, you have our three areas of Liverpool, and again, I'd like you to pause the video whilst you consider and then select what you consider to be the correct answer.

And the correct answer was Calderstones.

Yes, this is one of the most affluent areas of desirable areas of Liverpool, and as a result, 5% of children live in poverty, one of the lowest numbers across Liverpool.

Really well done.

If you also selected A.

Our next learner check asks, what is the average household income of Toxteth? And again, we have the three options on the screen in front of you.

And again, can you please pause the video whilst you consider and then select your answer? And the correct answer was B at 28,300 pounds.

This was one of the lowest in the Liverpool districts with a low 28,300 pound on average household income.

It's our inner city area of Toxteth.

So an area with a high average household income is likely to have more people that own their own home.

Fewer children will live in poverty, which means there is less pressure on social services.

Schools may however be overly subscribed leading to higher competition for school places.

So here's a quick learning check.

And you have two gaps to fill in that paragraph.

Can you please pause the video here whilst you attempt this learning check? Best of luck.

Now then, what you needed to say was the following.

An area with a low average household income is likely to have fewer people that own their own home.

More children will live in poverty, which means there is more pressure on social services.

Lower income areas are often home to more ethnically diverse populations, which can mean English is less likely to be the first language.

So really well done if you're able to answer those two gaps in that paragraph.

Now, in terms of culture inflows have really, really contributed to the character of Liverpool through an increase in cultural diversity.

'Cause immigration has promoted the transfer of knowledge from one country to another, which spreads expertise and ideas.

It has impacted the character of Liverpool, which has fostered a really welcoming and ethnically diverse city.

Now England has been home to diverse religions since the Middle Ages and for centuries the inflow of Muslim people to Liverpool has increased the variety of religious buildings included mosques.

In fact, the oldest recorded mosque in the UK was founded in a Liverpool terrorist house in 1889.

The distinctive Liverpool Scouse accent is believed to have been heavily influenced by immigrants from Wales and Ireland as well as Scandinavian sailors.

Many place names in Liverpool today have roots which can be traced back to Wales and Ireland such as Belfast Road Inflows have brought a variety of traditions, foods, and fashions to the city.

And there are strong cultural links to national and international countries and one of the oldest Black communities in Europe.

Liverpool's Chinatown is one of Europe's oldest and home to a characteristic range of restaurants.

Toxteth, on a counter, its ethnic diversity has the most diverse culture of these three areas.

Today, Liverpool has a significant and well integrated Irish community, and with 75% of its population considered to have Irish heritage, there is a strong connection between the two.

In 1997, a Liverpool Irish famine trail was designated in honour of those who migrated to the city during the period of the great famine in Ireland.

And there is also an annual Liverpool Irish festival.

Furthermore, ethnic cultural festivals include the Liverpool European Festival, which celebrates the city's European cultural heritage through dance, music, and film.

So a learner check.

And it says there are a number of ways in which the character of Liverpool has been impacted through inflows, which from the six below are missing? Can you please now pause the video whilst you try to identify that one in the bottom right corner, which is missing.

And the correct answer was that famous Scouse language.

So really, really well done if you're able to recall that piece of information.

Another learning check says that the Irish influence on Liverpool's character is significant, but what was designated in 1997? The four options are in front of you.

So pause the video whilst you read through the options and select your answer.

And the correct answer was C, an Irish famine trail.

Brought now to our two practise questions to complete the final learning cycle of this lesson.

And the first one says, to complete the table for these three areas of Liverpool, which are Toxteth, Calderstones and Halewood.

Now you have the age structure to complete the ethnicity, the income, the housing, and the services.

The second practise question says, explain the influence inflows of people have had on the character of Liverpool.

So what I'd like you to do then is pause the video whilst you attend these two practise questions.

Best of luck.

Now in terms of the feedback for the first question, this is the completed table in front of you.

Now I'm not gonna read through every statement, but what I'd like you to do then is pause the video and just compare your own answer to the completed table in front of you and make any corrections or additions that you need to do.

For the second practise question, your response may have looked something similar to this.

It says that the recent and historic inflow of people into Liverpool has shaped the city into a diverse place with a rich cultural heritage.

Immigration has brought new traditions through and ideas making Liverpool welcoming and internationally connected.

The city has a strong Irish influence with 75% of the population having Irish heritage, which is reflected in place, names, accents, and cultural festivals like the Liverpool Irish festival.

Religious diversity has grown with Liverpool home to the UK's first recorded mosque.

The city's Chinatown is one of the oldest in Europe adding to its multicultural character.

Overall, inflows have made Liverpool a uni and dynamic city.

So to summarise, Liverpool has seen a great number of inflows and outflows of people to and from the city.

We need to think about this in terms of national and international, historic and recent.

Now a historic national example is that significant Irish 19th century inflow.

But a recent national outflow would be the outflow of people to the northwest region of England.

Historic inflow of people historically, would be the people perhaps after the war, Second World War in 1945.

Are people from the Indian subcontinent coming into the city of Liverpool to help with reconstruction.

A recent inflow of people from Yemen and Somalia due to conflict and starvation and water security has also seen an inflow of people into the city of Liverpool.

Influences on the growth and character of Liverpool include changes to population, age structure, ethnicity, income, housing, and services as well as culture.

Toxteth, Calderstones and Halewood have been influenced in many, many different ways.

So really, really well done during today's lesson.

It was a pleasure teaching you and I will see you again on the next lesson.

Goodbye.