Hello, my name is Mr. March, and I'm here today to teach you all about inequalities in employment, services, education, and health.

So grab everything that you need for today's lesson and let's get going.

So by the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to use data to describe deprivation across the Liverpool City Region and identify how this relates to inequalities at a variety of scales.

There are two key words for today's lesson, and those are deprivation and inequality.

Deprivation refers to: "A low standard of living caused "by low income, poor health, and low educational attainment, "sometimes described as living in poverty." Inequality refers to: "Wealth or opportunities that are not equally shared." We have two learning cycles for today's lesson.

We're gonna start with the first learning cycle, which is "Urban deprivation in Liverpool." Now: "Deprivation is a lower standard of living "and is a result of an interaction between the following, "low income, poor health, and low educational attainment." "In England, every three to four years "data on measurables such as education, crime, "and income are used to calculate something called "the Index of Multiple Deprivation." What is though the Index of Multiple Deprivation? Let's break it down.

So in terms of an index, it is a number, a ranked number given to each local authority across England: one being the most deprived and 317 being the least deprived.

There are 317 districts across England and each one is ranked according to this.

And in terms of multiple, it refers to the fact that seven pieces of data are combined to create this index, and the word deprivation refers to a low standard of living.

Now this Index of Multiple Deprivation can be displayed spatially on a choropleth map as you can see in front of you.

Now, once again, it is showing 317 different local districts of England, and as you can see from the key, we can see what the most deprived colour is, that dark blue colour, all the way down to the least deprived, that white colour.

And so we're able to see exactly where regions have more deprivation and where regions have less deprivation.

Remember, the darker the colour, the greater the average deprivation.

Now it is really important to say that: "Everyone who lives in an area does not share "the same characteristics," so we shouldn't stereotype as a result.

So the Index of Multiple Deprivation is really useful because it can be used to: "Identify average levels "of deprivation within an area." It can also then be used to: "Compare average deprivation "between different areas." What should it not be used for? Well, it should not be used to: "Identify individuals "and suppose characteristics for all people "living in an area." We shouldn't stereotype.

Just because somebody happens to be living in an area with let's say high deprivation, it doesn't necessarily mean that they themselves are deprived.

Likewise, if someone is living in an area with low deprivation, it doesn't necessarily mean that that person is necessarily rich.

They could easily be deprived even though they live in an area with low deprivation.

Remember this rank, this index is all based on averages.

Time now for a learning check, and it says: "Who is correct?" Now you have three statements in front of you, Laura, Aisha, and Jun.

What you need to do now then is read through those three statements and pause the video whilst you decide on who you think is correct.

And the correct answer was Jun.

Now Jun says that: "The Index of Multiple Deprivation "ranks 370 in English local authorities on a scale "from most to least deprived." So really, really well done if you were also able to spot Jun as the correct answer.

Our second learning check says: "Which two of the following statements "about the Index of Multiple Deprivation are correct?" So once again, pause the video here whilst you read through the four options and you select your two answers.

And the two correct answers were A and D.

A refers to the fact that it is a rank of one, which means the highest level of deprivation, and also D, the fact that it uses multiple pieces of data to use in calculating that deprivation score.

Really well done if you're able to identify those two correct answers.

Finally: "Who is correct?" Once again, we have now two statements, one from Sam and one from Sofia.

And what you need to do is read through their statements and refer yourself to the map on the right.

So what I'd like you to do then is pause the video whilst you read through those statements, refer yourself to the map and decide who you think is correct.

And the correct answer was Sofia.

Now Sofia says that a high percentage of people in Middlesbrough live in deprivation.

And again, she is absolutely correct.

Yes, it is true that Middlesbrough scores very highly in terms of deprivation, but it would be wrong as Sam says to say that everyone in Middlesbrough lives in deprivation.

Remember, this score is just an average, not everyone who lives in Middlesbrough will necessarily be deprived.

It's just an average score that is looking at a level of deprivation.

So really well done if you were able to identify Sofia as the correct statement.

Now, a really important thing to say is that the Liverpool City Region is made up of six local authorities, and these are; Sefton, Liverpool itself, Knowsley, St.

Helens, Wirral, and Halton.

So a quick learning check: "True or false? "Liverpool local authority is the same "as Liverpool City Region." True or false? Pause the video here whilst you consider and then select your answer.

And the correct answer was false.

Now, once again, I'd like you to pause the video whilst you consider as to why the statement is false.

And the reason it's false is because Liverpool City Region's made up of six local authorities and only one of these local authorities is also called Liverpool.

So really well done if were able to identify those two correct answers.

"Each local authority then is given a rank "on the Index of Multiple Deprivation." Now remember there are 317 different local authorities across England.

Let's have a look at where Sefton ranks on that score.

So it ranks 58th highest for deprivation in England.

Let's now have a look at the other five local authorities which make up Liverpool City Region.

Liverpool City Region then.

So we know that Sefton ranks as 58th highest, while Liverpool ranks as third highest, Knowsley as second, St.

Helen's 26th, Wirral 42nd, and finally Halton at 23rd.

So looking at those scores in front of you, how do you think Liverpool City Region compares to the wider rest of England? So time then for a learning check.

And we have two statements on the screen in front of you, one from Izzy, one from Jun.

What you need to do is pause the video whilst you read through those two statements and then decide who you think is correct.

And the correct statement was Izzy.

Izzy says that: "All six of the local authorities "in the Liverpool City Region are in the top 60 "most deprived local authorities in England." So really well done if you were also able to spot Izzy as the correct answer.

She's absolutely correct in identifying that Liverpool City Region as a whole ranks very highly in terms of deprivation.

But once again, it is an average score, it does not necessarily mean that everyone living within the Liverpool City Region is deprived.

And another learning check is once again where we have two statements and you need to decide who is correct.

So you need to pause the video right here, read through Lucas's and Aisha's statements, and then decide who you think is correct.

And the correct answer was Aisha.

"I think that rates of urban deprivation "vary across the Liverpool City Region." And once again, Aisha is absolutely correct because as we saw with the six local authorities, they all rank in very, very different ways in terms of their deprivation score.

Once again, really well done if you're able to identify Aisha as the correct answer.

So each local authority can be split even further into smaller areas.

Liverpool City Region can be broken up into 990 smaller areas, which we can see on the map on the left.

And as you can see that these areas have been colour coded based on their level of deprivation.

And really we need to be looking towards those red coloured areas.

These are in the most significantly deprived areas nationally.

They are in the top 0 to 1% of most deprived areas nationally.

The darker blue colours also carry significant deprivation.

They are within the top 1 to 10% of most deprived areas nationally.

And then finally we have that light blue colour, which is representing the top 10 to 20% of most deprived areas nationally.

Now, if we start looking and trying to understand the map a little bit further, we can see that Liverpool seems to have the highest concentration of deprived areas, but it wouldn't be fair to say that it is the only area of Liverpool City Region which has some significantly deprived areas.

If we look at the map as a whole, we can see that generally they're found more to the northwestern or western areas of Liverpool, particularly near the port.

And what we can see is that further east you go the levels of deprivation slowly decrease.

And this is also true for the further you go southwest and the further you go north and the further you go east the less levels of deprivation that you find.

So it's really looking at those sort of central areas within the Liverpool City Region.

"So significant deprivation is found "in the Liverpool local authority." That is absolutely true, but: "The spread of deprivation is not equal." If we look at the Liverpool local authority, the map on the left, we can try to understand it a little bit more.

And once again, we can see that it is a mixed picture.

Again, though, it is true to say that in the northern sector of the Liverpool local authority, there seems to be more deprivation.

But then again, it is true that we can see an area in the south, which is a slight anomaly, that we can see more deprivation in the southern part as well of the Liverpool local authority.

So what I'm trying to get across to is that again, it is a very mixed picture even when we break down just one local authority.

And now a learning check, it says: "True or false? "The north of Liverpool local authority "has more deprivation than the south." What you need to do then right now is pause the video whilst you consider and then select your answer.

And the correct answer was true.

Really, really well done if you also selected true.

Well now to our three practise questions for the first learning cycle, and it says to: "Identify the local authorities in the Liverpool City Region "according to their rank "in their Index for Multiple Deprivation." The second practise question says: "How does deprivation in the Liverpool City Region "compare to the rest of England?" The third and final practise question says to: "Describe the spatial pattern of deprivation "within the local authority of Liverpool." Now you need to consider the overall spread of deprivation, where are higher concentrations of deprivation found? And finally, where lower concentrations of deprivation are found.

And for that, you need to use the map on the right-hand side as well as the colour code at the bottom of the screen.

So what you need to do then right now is pause the video whilst you attempt these three practise questions.

Best of luck.

And in terms of feedback then, these were the six ranked local authorities which make up the Liverpool City Region.

So Sefton ranks as 58th, Liverpool ranks as third, Knowsley ranks as second, St.

Helen's 26th, Wirral 42nd and Halton 23rd.

And the answer for the second question, your answer may have included something like this.

It says that: "Deprivation in the Liverpool City Region is significant.

"The Index of Multiple Deprivation ranks all 317 "local authorities in England "according to their levels of deprivation.

"All of Liverpool City Region's local authorities "are within the 60 most deprived, "with Knowsley ranking second and Liverpool third.

"The lowest ranking local authority "for deprivation is Sefton at 58." And finally, in terms of the feedback for the third question, your answer may have included the following: "The spread of deprivation in Liverpool local authority "is not even.

"The most deprived areas are found in the north "of the local authority where there are "significant concentrations of areas "within the top 1% of all deprived areas in England.

"Other areas where deprivation is significant "is in the centre and very south of the local authority.

"There is a large area to the south "of the local authority's centre "which is significantly less deprived." So really, really well done if you were able to include anything like that in your own answer.

Well now to our second and final learning cycle.

And this is all about "Inequality in Liverpool." Now: "Levels of urban deprivation "across the Liverpool City Region are not the same." There is not a balance.

For example, differences certainly occur and it is led to inequality in a number of different areas.

For example, areas which are struggling in terms of services, for example; education, healthcare, transport, these areas then are more deprived.

Similarly then we're exactly with access to healthcare, some areas may be more deprived if they're not, do not have the same level of access to good quality healthcare.

Perhaps they need to wait a long time to see a doctor.

Perhaps they don't have the sufficient number of GP surgeries in that area.

Likewise, education, perhaps schools are oversubscribed or perhaps some schools rank quite low in terms of the level of education that they're providing.

And finally, also employment.

Employment opportunities can vary very much across a city region, and some areas may be more deprived in terms of this.

So let's start by looking at service inequality.

Well, distance to services such as supermarkets, post offices, GP surgeries, and primary schools are all measured.

And actually the Liverpool City Region does really, really well, it's really well served.

For example, the minimum and maximum road distance to a GP surgery is significantly better than in many, many parts of England.

Let's have a look at that on the spectrum as you can see below.

Now in terms of the England minimum, the least amount of travelling needed to access those services.

Well, 0.

110 kilometres is the the absolute minimum.

And look at Liverpool, it's actually doing really, really well.

It's at 0.

174 kilometres, and Halton is also doing pretty well as well at 4.

813 kilometres.

Compare that with the absolute maximum there at the other end of the spectrum at 15.

688 kilometres, and you can begin to really understand that actually in terms of services, Liverpool City Region does really, really well.

Now we have to also remember that housing is also a service.

However, it does display significant inequality because deprivation rates across the city have led to this housing inequality in terms of access, affordability and quality, as you can see on the screen in front of you.

In terms of access, Liverpool has a huge shortage of housing and 13,000 people are on the waiting list for social housing.

Owner occupation is more common in areas with lower deprivation.

In terms of affordability, average house prices really do vary across the city.

In Calderstones, for example, the average is around 430,000 pounds, whereas in Toxteth, that inner city area, it is down at 135,000 pounds.

Rental prices, though, have increased massively by 48% in the past five years, and those with the lowest incomes are more vulnerable to these price rises.

Finally, quality in terms of that, 44,000 properties do not actually meet the decent home standard, which relates to the state of repair, facilities, safety and heating.

The quality of housing is linked to health and wellbeing, and the poor quality incurs significant costs to our NHS and social care as a result.

Now, this deprivation prevents people from accessing some housing options and makes them more vulnerable to price rises.

People living in deprived circumstances then are also more likely to live in housing of a poor quality, which impacts on health and wellbeing.

So a learner check, and it says: "Identify three ways in which housing inequality "is evident in the Liverpool City Region." Please pause the video here whilst you read through those four options and select the three answers please.

And the correct three answers were; access, affordability, and quality.

In terms of educational inequality, well across the six local authorities within the Liverpool City Region, educational inequality can be seen in a number of ways.

At GCSE, the average grade per subject is 4.

5.

One local authority, Wirral, matches this, but all others fall below with Knowsley recording an average grade of 3.

9.

Looking more closely at the data that you can see, at the smaller areas within the local six local authorities, the children that live in the poorer areas of the local authorities are also those who attain the lowest scores.

There is a strong link between educational attainment and deprivation because deprivation limits access to resources such as food, quality housing, and educational materials.

Deprivation also has an impact on aspiration, and persistent absence rates are higher in more deprived areas.

In Liverpool, the primary persistent absence rate is the fifth highest in the country.

And in 2018, 2019, of all pupils permanently excluded from school, 65% lived in deprived areas of the city.

So once again, a learning check, it says: "True or false? "Average educational attainment "is not related to deprivation." Please pause the video here whilst you select your answer.

And the correct answer was false.

Now, once again, I'd like you to pause the video whilst you consider as to why this statement is false.

And the reason it's false is because: "Average educational attainment "does relate to deprivation as higher levels "of qualifications are linked to quality of housing, "health and aspiration." So really well done if you're able to get those two answers correct.

So in terms of health inequality, well average life expectancy for males and females per local authority in the Liverpool City Region is lower than the England average.

The highest rates for both males and females are in Sefton as you can see with a graphic in front of you at 79 and 82.

8 respectively.

And the lowest in Liverpool for men at 76.

5 and Knowsley for women at 80.

3.

This is due in part to health inequalities in the city region.

At a smaller scale, people in the most deprived areas of Liverpool local authority are affected by major illnesses, on average 10 to 15 years sooner than those in the least deprived areas.

Several cancer rates are higher than the national average.

For example, lung cancer is 59% higher than the national average recorded rates.

For children, infant mortality is above the national average.

One in two children have dental decay before the age of five, which is the second highest nationally.

In 2019, 25% of year six children were classified as obese, and the national average is 21%.

Uptake of childhood vaccines is also below the national average.

So people living in more deprived areas are more likely to have poor access to healthcare.

They will engage in behavioural risks to their health, for example, smoking, and also live in poorer quality housing.

So another learning check, and it says: "Who is correct?" Now what you need to do is pause the video here whilst you read through those three statements by Laura, Aisha, and Jun and decide who you think is correct.

And the correct answer was Aisha.

Aisha said: "The average life expectancy "across the Liverpool City Region "is below the national average for males and females," which is absolutely correct.

So really well done if you also selected Aisha's statement.

In terms of employment inequality.

Well, unemployment rates across the Liverpool City Region vary.

National average rates of unemployment in the 2021 census with 3.

4%.

Two local authorities in the city region exceeded this: Liverpool at 4.

8% and Knowsley at 3.

5%.

People living in deprived areas were more likely to be out of work.

This has a direct link to income which relates to education, housing quality and health.

Furthermore, those living in more deprived areas are more likely to face employment inequality in the type of work available and are often forced into insecure work such as zero-hour and temporary roles.

Insecure work disproportionately affects ethnic minority groups, women, disabled people, and younger workers.

If we try now to focus on the Liverpool local authority more closely, as we can see in this map in front of you, well, it shows the inequality within just this local authority.

Toxteth Park had an unemployment rate of 8% in the 2021 census, and Calderstones was at 2.

4%.

So time now for a learning check and it says: "What was the national average unemployment rate in 2021?" You have three options in front of you.

What you need to do is pause the video here whilst you try to recall that piece of information and select the answer.

And the correct answer was B: 3.

4%.

Our next learning check says, "Which two local authorities in the Liverpool City Region "exceeded the 2021 national average for unemployment?" So pause the video here whilst you select those two answers.

And the two correct answers were Knowsley and Liverpool.

Our final learning check says: "Who is correct?" And we have a statement from Sam and a statement from Sofia.

What you need to do is pause the video here whilst you read through those two statements and select who you think is correct.

And the correct statement was by Sam.

Sam said that: "Unemployment rates in the local authority "of Liverpool vary, with some areas as high as 8% "and other areas as low as 2.

4%." So really, really well done if you were also able to select Sam as the correct answer.

So on now to our three final practise questions for this final learning cycle.

And the first one says: "Identify which area of Liverpool local authority "is more deprived." And the second says to: "Use data to justify your answer." So in front of you then, you have all the data from Mossley Hill and Kirkdale to be able to answer those two practise questions.

The third practise question says: "Explain why average life expectancy in deprived areas "tends to be lower than in areas "with lower levels of deprivation." So what you need to do then now is pause the video whilst you attempt these three practise questions.

Best of luck.

And in terms of feedback then.

So the first question, the answer was that: "Kirkdale is more deprived than Mossley Hill." Now you needed to provide data to back up that answer.

Well, in terms of the answer, your answer may have included something like this.

The fact that the: "Rates of an unemployment are 1.

4% higher "and the percentage of people aged 16 plus "without qualifications is over double.

"35.

2% compared with 14.

27%.

"Far fewer people own their own home in Kirkdale "and the average life expectancy is over 10 years lower "in Kirkdale than in Mossley Hill." In terms of the feedback for the third and final question, your answer may have included something like this.

And it says that: "People living in more deprived areas "are likely to have poorer access to healthcare, "engage in behavioural risks to health such as smoking, "and also live in poorer quality housing." So really, really well done if you're able to include anything like that in your own answers.

Time now for our learning summary, and you need to know from this lesson that: "There are six local authorities "in the Liverpool City Region.

"On the Index of Multiple Deprivation "they all fall within the top 60 most deprived in England.

"Knowsley ranks in second place and Liverpool in third." There is an uneven spread of deprivation across the city, which leads to inequality.

It can be inequality in terms of education, health, services and employment.

"High deprivation often leads to low educational attainment, "poor health, poor quality of housing, "and fewer employment opportunities." So really, really well done during today's lesson, it was a pleasure teaching you, and I will see you again on the next lesson.

Goodbye.