Hello and welcome.

My name is Ms. Harrison.

I'm so excited to be learning with you today.

Today's lesson is called International Aid in Indonesia.

Grab everything you might need for today's lesson and let's begin our learning.

By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to describe different types of international aid, and assess their impacts on Indonesia.

Before we can begin this learning, we need to find the keywords that we'll be using throughout today's lesson.

The keywords are aid, bilateral aid, multilateral aid, and NGO.

Aid, this is helped given by one country or organisation to another, often to support development or recovery.

It can be money, resources, or expertise.

Bilateral aid, this is aid given directly from one country to another for specific projects.

Multilateral aid, this is aid from multiple countries or international organisations, like the UN or World Bank, for development.

NGO, a non-governmental organisation is a group that provides aid, focusing on health, education, or disaster relief in low-income countries and newly emerging ones.

Now that we've defined these keywords, we can begin our learning.

The first question we're going to explore in today's lesson is what types of international aid are there? International aid comes in many forms, depending on who gives it, how it's delivered, and what it's meant to achieve.

Bilateral aid is aid given directly from one country to another, for example, the UK giving aid to Indonesia.

It can support a range of projects from infrastructure to health or education.

Multilateral aid is provided through international organisations like the World Bank or the United Nations.

Several countries contribute to a central fund, which is then distributed to countries in need.

This type of aid is often used for large scale, long-term development projects.

Short-term aid, also known as emergency aid, is given directly after disasters such as earthquakes, floods, or conflicts.

It helps meet basic needs like food, water, medical care, and temporary shelter.

Long-term aid.

This is also called development aid.

It supports lasting improvements in a country's economy and wellbeing, such as building hospitals, improving schools, or developing clean water systems. Tied aid is aid that comes with conditions, for example, the receiving country may have to spend money on goods or services from the donor country.

Bilateral aid is often tied aid.

Voluntary aid.

This is provided by non-governmental organisations, such as Oxfam or the Red Cross.

This aid can either be short-term, like emergency response teams after a disaster, or long-term, like projects to improve sanitation or education in rural areas.

These categories often overlap.

For example, bilateral aid can also be tied.

Multilateral aid can be used for long-term development, and NGOs can provide both emergency and development aid.

Understanding the different types of aid helps explain how countries and organisations work together to respond to both criseses and long-term challenges.

Which of the following is most likely to represent short term aid? Is it A, a US$500 million loan from the Asian Development Bank to develop clean energy in Indonesia, B, a deal supplying Indonesia with rice, with the condition that is purchased from US suppliers, or C, food and water provided by Save the Children, following the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami? Pause video here whilst you decide, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is C.

Well done if you managed to identify that correctly.

Which of the following is most likely to represent multilateral aid? Is it A, a $500 million loan from the Asian Development Bank to develop clean energy in Indonesia, B, a deal supplying Indonesia with rice, with the condition that it is purchased from US suppliers, or C, an Australian aid programme that supports improving education access in Indonesia? Pause a video here once you decide, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent, the answer is A.

Well done on this task.

Each type of aid has both advantages and disadvantages, depending on how it's given and received.

Bilateral aid, which is from one country to another, can help build strong relationships between governments.

This can lead to long-term partnerships and cooperation.

However, it often comes with conditions that is known as tied aid, where the receiving country may be required to spend the money on goods or services from the donor country, which may not always suit their needs best.

Multilateral aid.

This is given through international organisations, like the World Bank or the UN, and it's usually based on careful assessment of what a country actually needs.

Because decisions are made collectively, it can be more balanced and fair.

The downside is it can be slowed down by bureaucracy, meaning that it might take longer for aid to reach people who need it.

Voluntary aid, given by charities and NGOs.

It has the benefit of often working directly with local communities.

This makes it more personal and targeted.

However, it relies heavily on donations, which means the amount of aid available can vary a lot, and may not always be enough to meet demand.

Just like with the previous types, short-term and long-term aid, as well as tied aid, also have their own pros and cons.

Short-term aid, also called emergency aid, is vital in a crisis.

It saves lives quickly by providing essentials like food, water, and medical help right after disasters.

However, it's not designed to fix long-term problems that cause the crisis in the first place, so once the emergency passes, challenges like poverty or poor infrastructure remain.

Long-term aid, or development aid, support sustainable development by helping countries improve healthcare, education, and the economy.

This kind of aid can make a big difference over time.

The downside is that it often takes years to show real results, and progress might not be immediately visible.

Tied aid.

This is given with conditions, and this often benefits the donor country, such as by requiring the money to be spent on its own companies.

While this may help the country giving the aid, it might not provide the most suitable or cost effective solutions for the country receiving it.

I would now like you to draw lines to connect the correct advantage and disadvantage to these three types of aid.

Pause video here whilst you attempt this task, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

For bilateral aid, the advantages, develops relationships between two countries, and the disadvantages often comes with conditions, tied aid.

Short-term aid saves lives quickly, and the disadvantage, it doesn't solve long-term problems. And multilateral aid is likely to be based on what a country really needs, however, often comes with a lot of bureaucracy.

Well done if you identified those correctly.

Aid plays a vital role in helping countries overcome key obstacles to development by addressing some of its most serious challenges they face.

One major obstacle is poor healthcare and disease.

Aid can fund hospitals, provide essential medicines and vaccines, and improve access to clean water, all of which can drastically improve health and increase life expectancy.

Another challenge is poor education or lack of educational opportunities.

Aid helps by building schools, training teachers, and improving textbooks and other learning materials.

This supports long-term development by giving people the skills they need to improve their own lives and contribute to the economy.

Lack of infrastructure, such as poor roads or unreliable electricity, also holds back development.

Aid can fund major construction projects like roads, railways, bridges, and power or water systems, which are essential for transport trade in everyday life.

In many places, poverty and unemployment, and low farming productivity, are ongoing problems. Aid can help by creating jobs, supplying farming equipment, and offering small loans, called micro loans, to help start businesses and increase their income.

Finally, environmental damage is becoming a bigger issue.

Aid can fund solutions like reforestation, renewable energies projects, and disaster risk reduction measures, for example, developing crops that are resistant to disease or drought.

These kind of support can help build stronger, more self-reliant communities, and promote sustainable development over time.

Which of the following would be a bilateral aid project focusing on improving infrastructure? Is it A, loans and expertise from China to help Indonesia build its first high-speed railway line, B, a World Bank project to supply better healthcare equipment to medical clinics in Indonesia, or C, small loans and financial advice provided by Opportunity International Australia, an NGO? Pause here whilst you decide, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is A, well done.

True or false? Multilateral aid is always more useful to a country than bilateral aid, because it is not tied to conditions.

Pause the video here whilst you decide if this statement is true or false, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

This statement is false.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause here, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The reason why this statement is false is because while bilateral aid may come with conditions that benefit the donor country, that does not always mean it is less useful.

Multilateral aid can sometimes come with conditions too, for example, to raise taxes or open markets.

Bilateral aid may also be quicker to arrive and more focused on immediate needs.

For example, building a hospital, rather than improving healthcare generally.

Well done if you managed to explain that correctly.

I would now like you to complete this task.

For one or more of these three aid programmes, I would like you to suggest what type, or types, of aid is involved, what obstacle to development that aid is focused on, and one possible advantage and one possible disadvantage of the programme.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's check our answers.

For the first one, the World Bank is an international organisation, so this is multilateral aid.

It is a development project, so it is long-term aid, also.

The obstacle to development is poor education or lack of education, and an advantage could be that aid is likely to be based on what a country really needs, but the disadvantage is that there could be a lot of bureaucracy involved in multilateral aid.

Well done if you explained that correctly.

For the second one, Opportunity International Australia is an NGO, so this is a voluntary aid.

It is a development project, so it is long-term aid.

The obstacle to development is probably poverty or unemployment.

An advantage could be that the aid will directly involve local communities.

A disadvantage could be that what the NGO can do to help will be limited by how much money it receives in donations.

Well done if you explain that one correctly.

And finally, aid to Indonesia from one other country, China, is bilateral aid.

A big railway project is also likely to be a long-term aid.

A high-speed railway would be to improve infrastructure in Indonesia, which didn't previously have any high-speed railways.

An advantage is that bilateral aid will strengthen the China-Indonesian relationship.

A disadvantage could be that the aid comes with conditions.

Well done on this task.

You've done brilliantly, and I hope you managed to include some of those points in your answer.

We're now going to explore a second question of today's lesson.

What aid does Indonesia receive? This graph shows the amount of international aid received by Indonesia over time.

It includes aid from all sources, bilateral aid from individual countries, multilateral aid from organisations like the World Bank, and voluntary aid from NGOs and charities.

Looking at the trends in the graph can tell us a lot about Indonesia's development, and the global response to events like natural disasters, economic challenges, or development goals.

For example, you might notice a spike in aid following a major event, such as the 2004 tsunami, or see changes that reflect shifting global priorities, or Indonesia's own progress in becoming less reliant on external support.

As we can see, aid increased until the 2000s and then began to fall.

The line is smoother until the 1990s, and then it becomes jagged, so it fluctuates.

Understanding this data helps to show how international aid is not just a one-off response, but often part of a wider ongoing effort to support a country's development.

This graph shows how international aid to Indonesia has changed over time, and it highlights how historical events and economic conditions have influenced the flow of aid.

During the Cold War, the United States was concerned about the spread of communism in Southeast Asia.

From 1967 to 1998, Indonesia's president was strongly an ally of the US.

As a result, large amounts of US bilateral aid was sent to Indonesia, helping to support development and strengthen ties.

Moving into the 1990s, there is a noticeable drop in aid, which may be linked to corruption scandals in the Indonesian government.

Donors are often reluctant to send aid if there are concerns about how it'll be used.

In 1997, the Asian financial crisis hit Indonesia hard, and aid increased again to support economic recovery.

A few years later in 2004, the Indian Ocean tsunami struck, leading to a massive spike in emergency aid to respond to the disaster.

You can also see a period of minus aid, which shows Indonesia paying previous loans.

This means more money was leaving the country than coming in during those years.

And in recent years, aid has reduced, as Indonesia's economy has begun to grow, and the country's become more self-sufficient.

This graph shows how aid can be influenced by politics, economics, natural disasters, and development progress over time.

Which of the following best describes the trend in international aid to Indonesia shown in the graph? Is it A, from the 1990s, the amount of aid has often changed abruptly, B, from the 1990s, the amount of aid has increased overall, or C, from the 1990s, the amount of aid has decreased overall? Pause the video here whilst you decide, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is A, from the 1990s, the amount of aid is often changed abruptly, and C, from the 1990s, the amount of aid has decreased overall.

Well done on this task.

This chart shows where international aid to Indonesia comes from, and it's divided into three main types, bilateral, multilateral, and voluntary aid.

Bilateral aid is aid that comes from one country directly to another.

For Indonesia, some of the main bilateral donors include China, Japan, Australia, and the United States.

These countries often give aid to support development projects, build relationships, or pursue political or economic interests.

Multilateral aid comes from international organisations that collect funds from many countries and then distribute them.

For Indonesia, key multilateral sources include the Asian Development Bank and the European Union.

This kind of aid is usually based on development needs, and involves larger, and often long-term projects.

Voluntary aid, this comes from charities and NGOs.

These organisations raise money from public donations and provide support on the ground.

Their work can include both short-term emergency relief and long-term development efforts, especially in areas like health, education, and disaster response.

Together, these sources show how Indonesia receives support from a wide range of international partners, each contributing in different ways to its development.

True or false? One reason why donor country gives bilateral aid is to strengthen economic links between the donor country and the recipient country.

Pause here whilst you decide, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

This statement is true.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause the video here, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The reason why this is true is because bilateral aid does generally aim to help the donor country as well as the recipient country, and that will often be by making economic links between the donor and the recipient country stronger.

For example, if aid helps Indonesians earn higher incomes, then they can buy more products from China.

Well done if you managed to explain that correctly.

True or false? Only wealthy high-income countries like the USA give aid to low-income countries and newly emerging ones.

Pause the video here whilst you decide, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

This statement is false.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause here, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The reason why this is false is because newly emerging economies, such as China and India, also give aid to other countries, especially within their regions.

In fact, Indonesia is also a donor country for international aid, as well as a receiving country.

In 2024, it donated short-term aid of US$4 million to Yemen, Sudan, Palestine, and Vietnam.

Well done if you managed to explain that correctly.

Different aid donors often focus on specific areas of development in Indonesia, depending on their priorities and expertise.

China focuses heavily on infrastructure projects.

This includes building nickel smelting facilities, which support Indonesia's mining and export industries, and investing in hydroelectric power, helping to boost renewable energy and electricity supply.

Australia has prioritised aid in areas like education, governance, and healthcare.

This includes training teachers, improving school systems, supporting government reforms, and helping to strengthen health services.

The European Union puts a strong emphasis on climate action, including environmental sustainability and renewable energy, while also supporting education and governance reforms. The Asian Development Bank has funded major infrastructure and energy projects, such as geothermal power plants, a clean energy source, and the Trans-Java Toll Road, which improves transport and trade links across the island of Java.

These targeted investments show how aid is not just about money, but about supporting long-term development goals tailored to Indonesia's specific needs.

I wonder, can you identify which aid might be multilateral, bilateral, or voluntary? Pause the video here whilst you decide, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

China is bilateral, Australia is bilateral, and the Asian Development Bank and the EU are both multilateral aid.

Well done if you identified those correctly.

This graph shows that short-term aid, also called emergency aid, has often made up significant portion of the international aid Indonesia receives, especially in response to major disasters.

One of the biggest spikes in aid happened in 2004, following the Indian Ocean tsunami, which caused massive devastation in parts of Indonesia, especially in the Aceh province.

Emergency aid poured in from around the world to help rescue, recover, and rebuild.

Another increase occurred in 2009 after a series of earthquakes struck Sumatra, leading to more international support to help with emergency response and reconstruction.

In 2018, the Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami triggered another rise in aid as countries and NGOs responded quickly to the disaster.

More recently, international aid increased again in 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which created both health crisis and economic disruption.

Aid helped with medical supplies, vaccines, and support for vulnerable communities.

These examples show how international aid plays a vital role in responding quickly to emergencies, saving lives, and helping communities recover from disasters.

The largest amount of aid received by Indonesia in a single year was in response to which event of 2004? A, the expansion of the European Union, B, the first South Atlanta hurricane ever recorded, C, terrorist attacks in the Red Sea resort of Taba, or D, the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

Pause the video here whilst you decide, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is C, the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

An estimated 167,000 people died in Indonesia as a result of the Indian Ocean tsunami, which followed a 9.

1 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Sumatra.

So a lot of aid had to be brought as there were lots of casualties, and a lot of rescue missions had to take place.

I would now like you to describe the types of international aid received by Indonesia.

A really good answer to this question would include the use of key vocabulary, bilateral aid, multilateral aid, short-term aid.

Be specific to Indonesia, and give relevant examples to back up your points.

Pause the video Here whilst you attempt this task, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's check our answers.

Your answer might have included some of the following points.

Indonesia receives bilateral aid from countries such as China, Japan, Australia, and the USA.

Donors focused on different sectors, so China has focused on developing Indonesia's nickel smelting and hydroelectric power, Australia has funded improvements in education in Indonesia.

Indonesia receives multilateral aid from the EU and Asian Development Bank.

The Asian Development Bank has provided aid for upgraded infrastructure in Indonesia, including the Trans-Java Toll Road.

In recent years, the amount of aid Indonesia receives has reduced, probably because there's now a newly emerging economy and less in need of international aid.

However, voluntary aid and short-term aid has been high in years following disasters.

For example, in 2005, following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, Indonesia received US$2.

5 billion in aid.

Well done on this task.

I hope you manage to include some of those points in your answer.

We're now going to explore our final question of today's lesson.

What impact has aid had on Indonesia? International aid can bring a range of positive and negative impacts, depending on how it's delivered and managed.

On the positive side, short-term aid is crucial after disasters.

It helps countries recover quickly, providing emergency supplies like food, shelter, and medical care.

This can save lives and help communities build faster.

Long-term aid can have major benefits too.

It boosts economic development by funding infrastructure, creating jobs, and supporting industries.

It also helps social development, for example, by improving access to healthcare and education, which improves the quality of life and reduces inequality.

However, there are also negative impacts to consider.

One concern is that too much aid over a long period of time can lead to dependence, which might hold back economic growth if the country's stop investing in their own development.

Another risk is that aid money can sometimes encourage corruption, especially if there's poor oversight.

In these cases, aid might not reach the people who need it the most.

And lastly, countries that rely heavily on aid can become vulnerable if the aid is reduced or withdrawn.

This can leave potent services underfunded and lead to setbacks in development progress.

Overall, while aid can play a powerful role in helping countries develop, it needs to be well managed, targeted, and balanced with local efforts for long-term success.

This graph shows how Indonesia has benefited from short-term aid, especially in response to natural disasters.

These spikes represent moments when international aid increased sharply to support emergency relief and recovery.

One of the largest increases came from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which caused widespread devastation in Northern Indonesia, particularly Aceh, aid to helped provide immediate relief and supported long-term rebuilding.

In 2009, international aid rose again following the earthquake in Sumatra, helping communities to recover from damage to homes, infrastructure, and services.

In 2018, another major spike occurred after the Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami, which led to thousands of deaths and significant destruction.

Short-term aid provided urgent medical care, food, and shelter.

And the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 also triggered a rise in aid, as Indonesia received support for healthcare, vaccines, and economic relief.

Additionally, though less prominent on the graph, international aid also responded to the West Java earthquake in 2022, helping with the emergency supplies and rebuilding affected areas.

These events show how short-term aid is a vital lifeline during times of crisis, helping Indonesia respond to both sudden disasters and wider emergencies.

Jacob makes a point that countries hit by disasters, like Indonesia in 2004, deserve international support, especially when wealthy nations can help.

Sophia agrees, but highlights a common concern that emergency aid doesn't always reach those who need it due to issues like corruption.

Both views reflect the benefits and risks of international aid.

In 2004, Indonesia received US$1 billion in emergency aid following the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami.

The majority of this aid was directed to Aceh, the worst-affected province in North Sumatra.

One of the biggest achievements was the construction of around 140,000 new homes, mostly funded and built by NGOs.

This was a major part of the recovery effort, and it helped many families who had lost everything.

However, the aid response also faced some challenges.

In some cases, construction took a long time, which meant that many people were left waiting temporary shelters.

There was also criticism about the quality of some of the new housing.

Some buildings were reported to be poorly constructed and didn't meet safety or comfort standards.

Another issue was location.

Some of the new homes were built in areas that people didn't want to live in, either because they were too far from livelihoods, or because residents felt unsafe or disconnected from their communities.

This example shows how even large-scale aid with good intentions can face problems if it's not well planned, managed, or aligned with local needs.

Many NGOs now focus on giving aid in ways that empower local people.

Instead of doing everything for them, they provide money, training, and tools so communities can rebuild after disasters themselves.

This approach also ensures that the recovery projects match local needs, and people gain skills and independence for the future.

I would now like you to complete the missing text with the same two words.

Pause here whilst you attempt this, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The same two words are economic development.

So we have long-term aid boosts economic development, and dependence on aid could harm economic development.

Well done if you identified that correctly.

This is a major example of bilateral aid in Indonesia.

China helped build the Jakarta-Bandung, a high speed railway known as Whoosh.

It's 142 kilometres long, and its trains reached speeds of up to 350 kilometres per hour.

There've been several benefits from the project.

It reduced travel times between Jakarta and Bandung, making commuting quicker and more convenient.

It also created 51,000 jobs, and trained 45,000 Indonesians, boosting local employment and skills.

Support that the project hope will encourage further investment in industry along the railway route.

But there have also been challenges and concerns.

The project cost around US$6 billion, which Indonesian now needs to repay to China.

Raising worries about increased economic dependence.

The railway was also built using Chinese materials, and designed by Chinese engineers, which meant fewer opportunities for Indonesian companies to be involved in the core development.

So far, passenger numbers have been lower than expected, which raises questions about how quickly an investment will pay off, and whether the railway will be financially sustainable in the long term.

This case highlights how large-scale bilateral aid projects can offer major development opportunities, but also come with financial and political risks.

Which of these facts are correct for the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway? Is it A built with bilateral aid and loans from the USA, B, built with bilateral aid and loans from China, C, built using Indonesian materials and designs, D, built at a cost of over US$6 billion? Pause the video here whilst you attempt this, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is B, built with bilateral aid and loans from China, D, built at a cost of over US$6 billion.

Well done if you identified those correctly, I would now like you to complete the missing words in the bottom two boxes.

Pause here whilst you attempt this, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

In the box on the positive impact side, long-term aid helps social development, for example, health and education.

On the negative impact side, countries can be vulnerable to aid being withdrawn.

Well done if you identified those correctly.

Long-term aid often on improving social development, particularly in areas like health and education.

In Indonesia, several international programmes have made significant impact.

For example, Australia's INOVASI programme, which has worked to improve primary education, helping to raise teaching standards and student outcomes in rural areas.

The World Bank has invested in US$4 billion project to upgrade medical equipment, particularly in Indonesia's rural healthcare facilities.

This aims to reduce inequality in access of quality of care.

In 2022, the United States has contributed around US$800 million to help tackle major diseases like HIV and tuberculosis, funding treatment and prevention efforts.

However, there are also challenges with long-term aid.

Some foreign education programmes do not fully support local languages and cultures, which can limit their effectiveness, or even reduce community engagement.

In health, medical equipment provided through aid is often imported, and may require technical support from abroad, making countries like Indonesia dependent on foreign expertise to maintain and operate it.

And in 2025, the US government froze aid funding to Indonesia, alongside many other low-income and newly emerging countries, highlighting the risk that aid can be unpredictable and influenced by political decision in donor countries.

This slide shows how long-term aid can drive major improvements, but also why sustainable locally driven solutions are important for long-term success.

True or false? Once a country becomes a newly emerging economy, it no longer needs international aid.

Pause the video here whilst you decide, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is false.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause the video here, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The reason why it's false is because while the amount of international aid may reduce once a country's economic development means it no longer is classed as a low -income country, it'll often still need aid, perhaps for recovering from a natural disaster, or to help with social development.

Other countries may also want to improve their own economies by organising bilateral aid along with the new emerging economy.

Well done if you managed to explain that correctly.

I would now like you to come up with a counter argument to Jacob's statement.

Try to use an example to back up your point.

Jacob said, "The best way to help people in Indonesia after a disaster is to use short-term international aid to build new houses for people who have become homeless." Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

Before we check our answers, I would like you to do one more task.

I would now like you to come up with a counter argument to Sofia's statement.

Sofia said, "Bilateral aid has been very good for Indonesia because it has improved infrastructure, and that creates opportunities for economic development." Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's do one more task before we check our answer.

I would now like you to come up with a counter argument to Aisha statement.

Aisha said, "Long-term aid for social development makes recipient countries like Indonesia more vulnerable.

Sometimes donor countries just decide to stop sending any more money." Pause here whilst you attempt this task, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's now check our answers.

Your counter argument could include, "After the 2004 tsunami, NGOs built 140,000 new houses in Indonesia, but some took a long time to build, and they weren't always well-constructed and were in the wrong place.

It would be better, more sustainable, to give local people money and training to build the homes they wanted for themselves." Well done if you included those points.

Your counter argument against Sofia's statement might include, "Bilateral aid may also increase Indonesia's dependence on other countries.

For example, Indonesia has to pay US$6 billion to China for the Jakarta-Bandung high speed railway.

The tracks for their high speed railway also came from China, which benefited Chinese manufacturers instead of Indonesian manufacturers." And for Aisha's counter argument you could have included, "It is true that a few donor countries may change their minds about long-term aid for social development, but this aid also does do valuable things, like improve education and skills for Indonesian's primary school children, or purchase 4 billion in medical equipment." Well done if you managed to include any of those points in your answer.

You've done brilliantly.

We've now come to the end of our lesson on international aid in Indonesia, and you've done fantastically.

Before we end this lesson, let's summarise everything that we've learned today.

Different types of international aid include bilateral aid, multilateral aid, and voluntary aid, which is often provided by NGOs, non-governmental organisations.

The amounts of international aid received by Indonesia has reduced over the last 20 years, with increases usually linked to short-term aid following criseses or disasters.

International aid has had significant economic and social impacts for development in Indonesia, though these impacts can have disadvantages as well as advantages for newly emerging economies.

Well done in this lesson.

You've done brilliantly, and I look forward to learning with you again very soon.