Lesson video

Hello and welcome, my name is Ms. Harrison.

I'm so excited to be learning with you today.

Today's lesson is called "Effective Economic Development on People in Indonesia." Grab everything you might need for today's lesson and let's begin our learning.

By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to explain how rapid economic change has positive and negative impacts on people in Indonesia.

Before we can begin this learning, we need to define the keywords that we'll be using throughout today's lesson.

The keywords are fertility rate, death rate, and inequality.

Fertility rate, this is the average number of children per woman in a population.

Death rate, this is the number of deaths per 1000 people per year.

Inequality, this is unequal access to resources, wealth, or opportunities.

Now that we've defined these keywords, we can begin our learning.

The first question we're going to explore in today's lesson is how has growth changed Indonesia's population? As countries develop, their population structures shift.

What factors do you think drive these changes? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Some factors that drive these changes are healthcare, education, urbanisation, jobs, and laws.

A population pyramid is a type of graph that shows a country's population structured by age and gender.

The left side shows males and the right side shows females.

Each horizontal bar represents an age group, from young children at the bottom to older people at the top.

The shape of the pyramid can tell us a lot about a country, like whether the population is young or ageing, how fast it's growing, and what kind of challenges or opportunities the country might face in the future.

What differences and similarities can you identify between 1960 and 2024? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent, let's check our answers.

Some similarities are that there are more young people aged between 0 and 59 than older people, which is 60+, and that's in both pyramids, and more older females aged 60+ than there are males.

Some differences are that there are more working age adults between 20 and 59 in 2024.

There are fewer children being born in 2024, and there's an increase in 60+ males and females in 2024.

From the population pyramid in 2024, we're able to see that Indonesia's population is starting to age.

There are fewer babies being born and people are starting to live longer.

I would like you to identify which graph shows an ageing population in Indonesia.

Pause the video here whilst you take a closer look, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic, the answer is B.

Well done if you managed to identify that correctly.

The fertility rate is the average number of children a woman has in their lifetime.

It's an important measure that tells us how fast a population is likely to grow or shrink.

In 1970, Indonesia had a fertility rate of six births per woman, meaning larger families were common, and the population was growing rapidly.

By 2022, that number had dropped to just 2.

15 births per woman.

This big change reflects improvements in education, healthcare, access to family planning and changing lifestyles.

Lower fertility rates means that slower population growth, which can reduce pressures on services like schools and hospitals, but it can also lead to an ageing population in the future.

I wonder, can you think what factors influence fertility rates? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue Excellent, let's check our answers.

There are several factors that contribute to the sharp decline in Indonesia's fertility rate over the past few decades.

Fewer babies are dying so families don't feel the need to have as many children.

The KB programme launched in the 1970s encouraged smaller families by offering incentives and promoting family planning.

Access to contraception has improved even in rural areas, giving more people control over when and how many children they have.

Better education for women means more women are marrying later and choosing to have fewer children, and are also deciding to choose their careers over having a family.

As more people move to cities, the cost of raising children has increased, which discourages larger families.

Rising incomes means families can focus on giving better opportunities to fewer children, such as quality education and healthcare.

Together, these changes have helped to reshape family life in Indonesia and support long-term development.

The death rate is a number of deaths per 1000 people in the population each year.

It helps us to understand overall health, life expectancy, and the age structure of a country.

In 1960, Indonesia had a high death rate of 19.

4 deaths per 1000 people.

Since then, it has dropped significantly.

By 2024, the rate is around 6.

8 deaths per 1000 people.

The decline is mostly due to better healthcare, cleaner water, vaccination programmes, and improved living conditions.

However, as the population ages, the death rate can rise again.

Older people are more likely to die from age-related illnesses, so countries with ageing populations often see their death rate increase over time even if the healthcare is good.

What is the percentage decrease in the death rate in Indonesia from 1960 to 2024? Is it a, 25%, b, 45%, c, 55%, d, 65%? To work out the percentage decrease, you need to subtract the new value from the original value and divide that by the original value and times by 100.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this and press play when you're ready to check your answer.

Fantastic, the answer is d, 65%.

Well done if you managed to identify that correctly.

Indonesia's death rate has dropped sharply over the past few decades and several important factors have helped make this possible.

More hospitals are now available with modern medical equipment and trained staff to treat illnesses more effectively.

A strong national vaccine programme has reduced the spread of deadly diseases, especially among children.

The introduction of the national health insurance JKN has made healthcare more affordable and accessible for millions of Indonesians.

Posyandu community healthcare workers play a vital role in rural areas providing basic healthcare, advice, and monitoring to families who might otherwise struggle to access services.

Healthcare education has improved, helping people learn how to prevent illnesses and live healthier lives.

Better sanitation and cleaner water supplies have reduced infections and diseases linked to poor hygiene.

Together, these improvements have helped people live longer and healthier lives and lowered the death rate across the country.

Which of the following best explains a falling death rate? Is it a, high unemployment, b, high percentage employed in agriculture, c, better healthcare and vaccines, and d, fewer babies born? Pause here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent, the answer is C, better healthcare and vaccines.

Well done if you identified that correctly.

Which programme provides free rural healthcare in Indonesia? Is it a, JKN, b, Posyandu, c, Jakarta Clinic Plan, or d, Fertility Focus? Pause here and decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent, the answer is b.

Well done if you managed to identify that correctly.

I would now like you to match each cause with its correct effect.

Pause the video here whilst you take a closer look and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic, let's check our answers.

You should have matched your answers up correctly like this.

For access to family planning, the effect was smaller family sizes, Posyandu rural healthcare centres, the effect was improved childcare health and lower death rates.

JKN National Health Insurance meant more people had access to hospitals and medicines.

More women in education and work meant fertility rates fall as careers come first.

Better vaccine access means fewer deaths from preventable diseases.

Well done if you managed to complete that task correctly.

You've done brilliantly.

We're now going to explore our second question of today's lesson.

How has growth changed where people live? Indonesia has seen a huge shift in where people live over the last few decades.

In 1960, about 84% of the population lived in rural areas, with only 16% living in cities.

By 2025, this would expect it to completely reverse.

Around 65% of the rural population live in urban areas and only 35% will remain in rural regions.

This rapid urbanisation is driven by people moving to cities for jobs, education, and better services.

Cities like Jakarta and Bandung have grown quickly as a result.

Urban growth brings opportunities for development but also creates challenges like traffic, pollution, housing shortages, and pressure on infrastructure.

I would like you to add the missing percentages to the diagram.

Pause the video here to attempt this, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

For the urban population in 2025, it rose to 65%, and for the rural population in 2025, it declined to 35%.

Well done if you identified that correctly.

GIS can be used to investigate population density.

If we take a closer look at this map, we can identify three major cities: Jakarta, Surabaya, and Makassar.

Rural to urban migration is when people move from rural areas, the countryside, to urban areas, towns and cities.

This has been a major factor in Indonesia's rapid urban growth.

People often move because of a mix of push and pull factors.

Push factors are things that drive people away from rural areas such as low wages, lack of job opportunities, crop failure, and limited access to services like healthcare or education.

Pull factors are things that attract people to cities, such as high wages and more job opportunities, better access to schools and universities and hospitals and public services, a modern lifestyle and more opportunities for young people.

These push and pull factors are shaping Indonesia's changing population and creating new challenges and opportunities in both rural and urban areas.

Why might people in Indonesia want to move from rural areas to urban areas? Pause here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

People in Indonesia might want to move from rural areas to urban areas for several reasons.

Cities often offer better job opportunities with high wages, especially in industries like manufacturing, retail, and services.

There is usually better access to education including high schools and universities and more healthcare facilities like hospitals and clinics.

In rural areas, jobs can be limited, especially if farming is affected by poor weather, low crop prices, or a lack of modern equipment.

Some rural areas may also have fewer services and less investment in infrastructure.

Moving to a city can give people a chance for a higher standard of living, more opportunities for their children and a more modern lifestyle.

Aisha and Alex are having a discussion.

Who is correct? Aisha said, "Push factors are the things that attract people to cities, like better jobs and schools.

Pull factors are what key people in the countryside." Alex said, "Push factors are problems that make people want to leave an area, while pull factors are things that attract them to a new place." Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent, Alex is correct.

Well done if you identified that correctly.

Access to healthcare is an important reason why many people move from rural areas to cities in Indonesia.

In rural areas like Papua, many communities live far from clinics or hospitals.

If someone becomes seriously ill, it can be difficult or even impossible to get the treatment they may need in time.

In some cases, there may be no trained doctors or only limited medical supplies available.

In contrast, urban areas like Jakarta have modern hospitals, specialist care, emergency services, and more trained medical professionals.

For families, moving to a city can mean better access to healthcare and a greater chance of staying healthy.

This difference in healthcare access is a major pull factor that encourages rural to urban migration in Indonesia.

One of the biggest reasons people move from rural areas to cities in Indonesia is the availability of better paid jobs and more stable jobs.

In many rural areas, people rely on farming, which often provides low wages and seasonal income.

Life becomes even more difficult when crop failure happens due to droughts, floods, or other natural disasters.

In contrast, urban areas offer more reliable work in factories, construction, transport, and service industries.

These jobs usually pay more and are available all year round, giving families a chance to earn steady incomes, save money, and plan for the future.

For many young people, the chance to earn more, gain new skills, and build a better life is a powerful reason to leave rural communities and head to the city.

Access to education is another key reason why families move from rural areas to cities in Indonesia.

In remote areas, there are often few schools and some may have overcrowded classrooms, a lack of teachers or limited resources.

In many cases, there's no access to higher education or specialised training after secondary school.

Urban areas on the other hand offer better schools, more qualified teachers, and access to universities and technical training centres.

These opportunities give children and young adults the chance to gain higher qualifications and aim for better paying jobs in the future.

For many families, moving to the city is an investment in their children's education and future success.

Access to basic infrastructure and services is a major reason why people move from rural areas to urban centres In Indonesia.

In some villages, there are still limited access to essentials like clean water, electricity, paved roads, or internet.

These gaps can make daily life more difficult and limit opportunities for work, education and health.

Urban areas offer more reliable services, such as running water, stable electricity, public transport, and high-speed internet.

These improvements make life more comfortable and can open up new opportunities in work, education and communication.

For many families, moving to the city means a chance at better living conditions and greater access to modern services.

Which of the following are push factors from rural areas in Indonesia? Is it a, poor access to hospitals, b, job shortages, c, good wages in cities, d, flooding and crop failure? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Poor access to hospitals, job shortages, flooding and crop failure are all push factors from rural areas in Indonesia.

Well done if you identified those correctly.

Rural to urban migration has led to uneven population growth across Indonesian cities.

Jakarta continues to grow rapidly as a capital city.

It offers wide range of job opportunities, better services, and is a sense of businesses and government.

These factors attract many rural migrants, keeping population growth consistently high.

In contrast, places like Badung in Bali have seen lower population growth.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many people in the tourism-related industry lost their work.

Some moved away in such a more stable employment or cheaper places to live.

This shows how economic conditions, job availability, and living costs can all influence where people choose to live, leading to uneven growth between different urban areas.

As investment and development focus heavily on urban areas, inequality between cities and rural regions in Indonesia has increased.

Rural areas face growing challenges.

They have a lack of jobs, especially for young people, limited access to quality healthcare and education, and ageing population and higher death rates, land disputes and even social unrest as people feel left behind In urban areas, foreign direct investment and government funding have led to the creation of high-paying jobs, modern infrastructure, and good access to healthcare and education.

Cities also tend to have a younger population drawn in by the opportunities.

This imbalance can show how rapid development can leave some areas struggling, while others thrive, highlighting the need for more balanced investment across the country.

What issues are caused by regional inequality? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

One major issue caused by regional inequality in Indonesia is the increased migration to the island of Java.

Because Java, especially cities like Jakarta, offer more jobs, better education and healthcare, many people from poor regions are moving in there in search of opportunity.

This has led to rapid population growth in urban centres and put enormous pressure on resources.

As more people arrive in cities like Jakarta, overcrowding becomes a serious problem.

Public transport becomes congested, housing becomes more expensive and harder to find, and essential services, especially healthcare, struggle to meet the growing demand.

Hospitals and clinics become stretched and people may face long waiting times or poor quality treatment as a result.

At the same time, rural areas are being left behind.

With fewer jobs and limited access to education, many communities are unable to keep up with the development seen in cities.

Schools in rural areas may lack teachers materials or proper facilities, making it harder for children to get a good education and forcing families to consider moving elsewhere.

This growing divide can also lead to unrest and social conflict.

In regions like Papua, where poverty levels are higher and investment is lower, people may feel neglected by the central government.

This has led to growing frustration and in some cases movements demanding greater independence or political change.

As young people continue to leave rural areas in search of better opportunities, they leave behind an ageing population with fewer working age adults to support the economy and fewer resources going to rural development.

These areas face a decline in services and economic activity.

Poor transport links between regions make it even harder for rural communities to access the benefits of development or connect with the rest of the country.

Together, these issues show how regional inequality is not just an economic challenge, it also affects social stability, population balance, and access to basic services across Indonesia.

Indonesia's regional inequality is clearly seen when comparing to Jakarta, the capital city, with Papua, one of the country's most remote provinces, Jakarta has some of the highest wages in the country with an average income of around $14,000 per capita.

The city is a major hub for technology, finance, and business, attracting both national and international investment.

It also benefits from well-developed infrastructure including reliable public transport, paved roads, and widespread access to clean water.

People living in Jakarta have better access to education and healthcare with a wide range of schools, universities, and modern hospitals available.

In contrast, Papua has much lower wages, averaging just $3,000 per capita.

The local economy relies mostly on farming and mining, which offer limited and often unstable income.

The region suffers from poor infrastructure and many areas of unpaved roads, making transport difficult, especially in remote villages.

Access to clean water is a challenge for many communities and healthcare facilities are limited, often with few doctors and basic equipment.

This comparison shows a stark difference in opportunities, services, and quality of life between more developed regions like Jakarta and less developed areas like Papua.

These gaps contribute to continued migration, social tension, and urgent need for more balanced development across the country.

True or false, regional inequality describes differences within cities like Jakarta where some city regions are more populated than others.

Pause the video here whilst you decide if this statement is true or false and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent, this statement is false.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The reason why the statement is false is because regional inequality means some regions within a country like Java within Indonesia have better jobs and services, while other regions like Papua have fewer services, limited job opportunities and poor living conditions.

Well done if you managed to explain that correctly.

You've done brilliantly.

I would now like you to tick the correct box to show whether each statement is a push factor or a pull factor for migration between each region.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent, let's check our answers.

For poor access to healthcare and hospitals, this is a push factor, for higher paying jobs and tech services in factories, this is pull, natural disasters like floods or droughts is a push, expanded transport links reducing traffic is a pull, and support from the government for lower income families to attend school is a pull.

Well done if you manage to get those correct, you've done brilliantly.

I would now like you to read through Izzy's statement and give her some feedback on how she can improve the accuracy of each of her sentences.

Izzy has said, "There is no regional inequality in Indonesia because people from rural areas can move to cities whenever they want.

Once they arrive, they have the same access to jobs and healthcare as people who live there.

Migration fixes the problem of unequal development because cities help everyone equally." Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic, let's check our answers.

Here are some possible answers.

Izzy said, "There is no regional inequality in Indonesia." You might have said, inequality exists.

Java is highly developed as it receives a lot of investment, but many rural areas are left behind.

Izzy said, "People can move to cities whenever they want." Not everyone can afford or manage to migrate.

Many older people struggle to access the job market as they do not have the skills needed for the tech industry.

"Same access to jobs in healthcare." You might have said, migrants often face competition, overcrowding and pressure on services.

And "cities help everyone equally." Growth mostly benefits young, educated urban people.

Women may struggle to access opportunities as there are limited childcare opportunities.

Well done if you managed to identify those and correct them.

You've done brilliant in this task.

We're now going to explore our final question of today's lesson.

Who benefits from economic growth? Economic growth impacts people in different ways.

How might economic growth impact people differently in these two areas? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent, let's check our answers.

Izzy said, "If Jakarta keeps growing, more high-paying office jobs will be available for young people, but older workers used to farming might struggle as they do not have the skills for those jobs." Alex said, "In the rural areas, lots of young people move to the city for jobs, so villages might end up with mostly older people being left behind." Well done if you came up with those ideas, you've done fantastically.

Even though Indonesian economy has grown rapidly in recent decades, not everyone has benefited equally.

Economic growth can create jobs and raise incomes, but it can also widen the gap between the rich and the poor if the benefits are not shared fairly.

One way to measure this inequality is through the Gini coefficient.

It's a number between zero and one, where zero means perfect equality, everyone's the same, and one means maximum inequality, one person has all the income.

In 2023, the UK's Gini coefficient was 0.

3, showing a moderate level of income inequality.

In comparison, India's Gini coefficient was 0.

4, indicating a high level of inequality.

This means that wealth and income in Indonesia are more unevenly distributed with some groups gaining far more than others from economic progress.

This highlights a key challenge for Indonesia, not just growing the economy but making sure growth is inclusive and reaches all people in all regions and income levels.

Can age affect who benefits from growth in Indonesia? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

While economic growth has brought new opportunities to Indonesia, the benefits are not shared equally across age groups.

Young people have gained the most with more investment in education and training, they're better prepared for jobs in modern industries like technology, finance, and digital services.

These sectors often offer higher salaries and long-term career growth.

As Indonesia's economy becomes more digital and globalised, the younger generation is more likely to have the skills needed to succeed.

In contrast, many older Indonesians face challenges.

They may not have the technology skills required for new jobs, making it harder for them to find work in the changing economy.

Many do not have access to a formal pension scheme, so they must continue working into old age, often in low-paying informal jobs.

At the same time, healthcare for the elderly, especially in rural areas, can be limited or poor, making their later years more difficult.

This divide shows economic growth, while positive overall can leave some groups behind, especially if they lack the support or resources to adapt to a changing economy.

A demographic dividend is when younger population boost the economy, but in a way in which older people tend not to benefit from it.

As we can see here, there is a demographic dividend within Indonesia.

What is a demographic dividend? Is it a, extra money for children to attend secondary schools, b, a benefit from having a large working age population, c, a tax break for couples with three or more children, or d, a benefit from having more elderly people? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent, the answer is a benefit from having a large working age population.

Well done.

Do men and women benefit equally from development? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

Economic growth in Indonesia has created new opportunities, but men and women have not benefited equally.

Men tend to have higher job participation rates, meaning they're more likely to be part of the formal workforce.

They're also more likely to be promoted into leadership roles and work in sectors that offer higher salaries.

This gives men a greater share of benefits from Indonesians' expanding economy.

In comparison, many women face barriers that limit their participation in the workforce, and major issue is the lack of affordable childcare, which makes it difficult for many women, especially mothers, to work full-time or pursue careers.

As a result, fewer women reach leadership levels, and those who do often work on lower wages than their male counterparts even in similar roles.

The gender gap shows that while the economy may be growing, access to opportunity remains unequal, and more need to be done to support women in full-time participation in work.

There is a 30% gap between men and women participating in the labour force within Indonesia, and this is a stark difference.

True or false, there is a 30% gap between men and women participating in the labour force in Indonesia.

Pause the video here whilst you decide if this statement is true or false, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent, this statement is true.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic, the reason why this statement is true is because there is a larger gender gap in labour force participation.

Far fewer women are in paid work, compared to men.

Many huge barriers like lack of access to childcare and unequal opportunities.

Well done on this task, you've done brilliantly.

Different stories help us to understand how development affects different people.

We are going to look at Rizky, who's 25, Sarima, who's 32, Pak Agus, who's 82, Ibu Dewi, who's 71.

Pak is similar to Mr. and Ibu is similar to Mrs., and these are titles used to show respect for older people within Indonesia.

Rizky, he's 25 and from Jakarta, he works in the digital marketing in Jakarta and earns a good salary.

He has a university degree, and benefits from living in a modern city.

Sarima, she's 32 and she's from Surabaya.

Sarima trained as a teacher, but had to leave her job due to the lack of affordable childcare.

She wants to work, but there's little support for working mothers pack.

Pak Agus, 82, is from Kalimantan.

Pak Agus is a retired miner with no pension.

He struggles to afford medicine.

and Ibu Dewi is 71 and she's from Papua.

Ibu Dewi lives in a remote village and has worked on the family farm all her life.

She has poor access to healthcare and relies on family to support her.

Aisha and Alex are having a discussion, who is correct? Aisha said, "Rizky has clearly benefited from economic growth.

He lives in Jakarta and works in the tech sector and earns good income." Alex said, "But he's probably struggling to afford city life.

I expect most young people in Indonesian villages wouldn't want to live in Jakarta." Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent, Aisha is correct.

We know that many young people live in rural areas, but they do move to cities like Jakarta if they possibly can because they would like to seek opportunities to pursue their education and gain better job opportunities as well.

Well done on this task.

Which of these people are most likely to have been missed out most from economic growth in Indonesia? Is it a, Rizky and Sarima, b, Sarima and Pak Agus, c, Pak Agus and Ibu Dewi, or d, Rizky and Ibu Dewi? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent, the answer is C, Pak Agus and Ibu Dewi.

Well done on this task, you've done brilliantly.

I would now like you to read the statement, everyone is impacted by economic growth equally in Indonesia.

I would like you to place a cross in the line representing your opinion, and then justify your opinion, and use evidence from this lesson to support your answer.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic, let's check our answers.

Here is the possible place you may have placed your x.

You might have said that you disagree completely and everyone is impacted by economic growth equally in Indonesia.

Your answer for your justification may have included something like this.

I disagree that everyone is impacted equally by economic growth in Indonesia.

People living in urban areas, especially in the island of Java, benefit more than those in rural areas, like Papua.

Cities like Jakarta have better jobs, healthcare, transport and education.

Economic growth and foreign investment are focused in these areas so people living there have more opportunities.

On the other hand, rural areas often have fewer schools, hospitals, job choices, and many people in remote regions still struggle with poor to services and lower incomes.

There are also differences based on age and gender.

Younger people are more likely to benefit from Indonesia's rapid economic growth 'cause they can find jobs in the new tech industries.

Older people may not have the skills needed for this, and there is no national pension system to support them.

Indonesian women face barriers too, like a lack of childcare and no female participation in the workforce, which means there is a 30% gap between men and women accessing employment.

On top of this inequality and workplace participation, men are more likely to earn higher wages and get promoted.

This shows that while some groups benefit from economic development, others are being left behind due to where they live, their age, or gender.

Well done on this task, you've done brilliantly, and I hope you managed to include some of those points in your answer.

We've now come to the end of our learning and the effects of economic development on people in Indonesia.

Before we end this lesson, let's summarise everything we've learned today.

Indonesia's economic growth has led to changes in its population.

Fertility rates and death rates have fallen because of better healthcare and education, especially in cities.

Many people are moving from rural areas to cities like Jakarta for jobs and services, but most development is focused on Java, which creates inequality.

Rural areas often have fewer opportunities.

Young, educated people in cities benefit the most, while older people, women and rural communities are less likely to benefit from Indonesia's rapid economic growth.

Well done on today's lesson, you've done fantastically, and I look forward to learning with you again very soon.