Lesson video

Hello and welcome.

My name is Miss Harrison.

I'm so excited to be learning with you today.

Today's lesson is called Globalisation in Indonesia.

Grab everything you might need for today's lesson and let's begin our learning.

By the end of today's lesson, you will explain the role of globalisation and government policy in Indonesia's development.

Before we can begin this learning, we need to define the keywords that we'll be using throughout today's lesson.

The keywords in today's lesson are: foreign direct investment, outsourcing, transnational corporations and aid.

Foreign direct investment: FDI is money invested by a company or country into businesses or infrastructure in another country.

Outsourcing is when a company hires another business, often in a different country to carry out work, such as manufacturing or customer service.

Transnational corporations: TNCs are large companies that operate in several countries.

They often have headquarters in one country and factories or offices in others.

Aid: this is help given by one country or organisation to another, often to support development or recovery.

It can be money, resources, or expertise.

Now that we've defined these words, we can begin our learning.

The first question we are going to explore is how has globalisation helped development? What do these images suggest to you about Indonesia's economy? I want you to think about the types of industries shown, levels of development and what this might tell us about jobs, trade and investment.

Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's hear some answers.

Aisha said, "I think these images show that Indonesia's economy is developing.

The factories mean that they make and export stuff, and the skyline shows the cities are modern and growing." Jacob said, "It looks like Indonesia has a mix of industries, like cars and clothes.

The big city skyline shows there's probably a lot of business and investment happening too." And they're both correct, they do.

Indonesia's economy is growing but not evenly across the country.

Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of countries through trade, investment, technology, and culture.

The graph on your screen shows internet usage.

More people in Indonesia are going online than ever before.

The graph shows a sharp rise in internet use, reflecting a shift in how people connect, work, and do business.

With faster communication, Indonesian companies can link up with international markets, sell products online and attract foreign investment.

Social media and e-commerce platforms and digital services are becoming part of everyday life, linking local communities for the global economy.

This digital transformation is helping to reshape industries, create new jobs, and bring in global influences from technology to culture.

How has internet helped you connect with people, ideas, or products from other countries? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The internet has helped me to connect with people from other countries through social media and online gaming, where I've chatted with people from all over the world.

I've also learned about different cultures and global events by watching videos or reading articles from international websites.

Shopping online has made it easier to buy products from other countries that aren't available in local stores, like clothes, gadgets, or books.

It also helps me to access ideas from different places through online learning platforms and tutorials.

Why is globalisation important for Indonesia? Pause here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Indonesia's growing role in the global economy is shaped by faster communication and better transport links.

Goods, people and ideas move more quickly than ever before.

This means businesses in Indonesia can trade with international partners and foreign companies are investing more in factories, infrastructure and services.

Global brands are outsourcing work to Indonesia, taking advantage of its large workforce and strategic location.

New opportunities are opening up, from manufacturing and tourism to tech startups, bringing in money, jobs, and connections with the rest of the world.

Which of the following best describes the role of improved communication, technology and globalisation? Is it A: it reduces trade opportunities, B: it increases trade and foreign investment, C: it isolates countries from international markets, D: it slows down economic growth? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is B.

It increases trade in foreign investments.

Well done.

Communications: The rapid growth of the internet in Indonesia has transformed how people do business.

Online platforms have made it easier to start and grow companies, reaching customers across the country and even the world.

This rise in digital businesses has caught the attention of foreign investors who see Indonesia as a fast-growing online market.

Mobile banking has also played an important role.

Even in rural areas, small businesses can now access loans, make payments, and manage money just using a phone, helping local entrepreneurs grow and join the global economy.

The graph on your screen is of internet usage in Indonesia.

As you can see, each year, the amount of people using the internet is increasing.

GoTo Group is a powerful example of how technology and globalisation are reshaping Indonesia's economy.

It began with two startups.

Tokopedia in 2009, offering an online shopping platform and Gojek in 2010, a ride-hailing app that quickly expanded into food delivery, payments and more.

In 2021, these two tech giants merged to form GoTo Group.

The impact has been huge.

Over 3 million jobs were created for drivers, support for 11 million online businesses and major investments from global companies like Google, Facebook, and Alibaba.

GoTo reflects how Indonesian is going global, connecting people, creating jobs, and attracting the world's attention.

Transport: Indonesia has made major investments in its transportation infrastructure, expanding both ports and airports to support its growing economy.

These improvements are key to handling the rising flow of goods and people, both within the country and across international borders.

Foreign companies have invested heavily in Indonesia's ports, recognising its strategic location between global shipping routes.

This has helped turn Indonesia into an important gateway for trade across Asia and beyond.

Air travel is also booming.

Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, located near Jakarta, is now the busiest in the country, serving over 54.

8 million passengers each year.

With new terminals, better runways, and more international flights, Indonesia is strengthening its links to its global economy, making it easier for tourists, investors, and business travellers to visit and trade.

Upgraded transport systems are not only improving connections, they're creating jobs, boosting tourism, and helping Indonesian products reach global markets faster and more efficiently.

One of the most significant transport developments in Indonesia is the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway, a $7.

3 billion project backed by China's Belt and Road initiative.

This high-speed link connects Jakarta, the capital, with Bandung, a major city in west Java.

It's the first of its kind in Southeast Asia, and it's designed to cut travel time from three hours to just around 40 minutes.

Funded by the Chinese investment, the railway highlights how international partnerships are transforming Indonesia's infrastructure.

It's not just about faster travel.

Projects like this bring in foreign investment expertise, create construction and engineering jobs, and help modernise national transport systems. As part of the Belt and Road Initiative, this railway places Indonesia within a wider network of trading connectivity, boosting its role in regional and global economies.

How might a high-speed railway impact Indonesia's economy? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

It is helped by: being Southeast Asia's first high-speed train, cutting travel time from Jakarta to Bandung from three hours to 40 minutes, expected to carry 44,000 passengers daily and connects Jakarta with Bandung, a really important industrial hub.

Andeep and Sofia are having a discussion about the impact the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway has on Indonesia.

Who is correct? Sofia said "The high speed railway has helped Indonesia by cutting travel time between Jakarta and Bandung, improving transport and encouraging investment in the region." Andeep said, "The railway had no real impact on Indonesia because people still prefer to travel by road and it didn't create any jobs or economic growth." Pause the video here whilst you decide who is correct and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Sofia is correct.

Well done if you identified that correctly.

Transnational corporations: Indonesia has become a popular location for transnational corporations looking to expand their operations.

With its large population, low labour costs and strong export links, the country offers an attractive environment for global businesses.

In return, TNCs bring major benefits to Indonesia.

They create jobs, introduce new technology and skills, and invest in infrastructure.

This helps to grow the economy and improve living standards in many regions.

One example is the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway, which is part funded and built by Chinese TNCs.

Their involvement brought in billions of dollars of investment, helped upgrade transport infrastructure and boosted local development along the route.

TNCs play a key role in connecting Indonesia to the global economy through trade, transport and long-term partnerships that continue to shape the country's future.

Which of the following is a reason why TNCs set up operations in Indonesia? Is it A: Indonesia has a very high minimum wage, B: Indonesia's infrastructure is undeveloped, C: Indonesia offers low labour costs and a skilled workforce, or D: Indonesia does not have enough raw materials for production? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is C.

Indonesia offers low labour costs and a skilled workforce.

Well done.

Outsourcing: Indonesia is a key destination for outsourcing, especially for global companies looking to cut costs while maintaining quality.

Low wages, a skilled and growing workforce and a large number of English speakers make it an attractive choice.

The country's expanding digital economy and strong manufacturing sector have made it a hub for producing goods for well-known international brands.

One standout example is Nike.

Indonesia is one of Nike's main manufacturing bases responsible for around 22% of its global footwear production.

Factories here provide thousands of jobs and link Indonesia directly to global supply chains.

Outsourcing doesn't just benefit the companies.

It also brings investment, supports local industries and contributes to Indonesia's economic growth in a competitive global market.

One major reason why Nike outsources its shoe production to Indonesia is the low labour costs.

Producing goods here is far cheaper than in many Western countries, allowing Nike to remain competitive in global markets.

Nike works with around 38 contract factories in Indonesia, most of them based on the island of Java.

These factories employ approximately 115,000 workers, many of whom are involved in stitching, assembling, and finishing footwear for global sale.

This large-scale operation shows how outsourcing supports big brand supply chains while also providing jobs and incomes for thousands of Indonesian workers.

It also highlights how global companies rely on countries like Indonesia for affordable, skilled labour and efficient production.

How much does Indonesia contribute to Nike's global footwear production? Is it A: 12%, B: 17%, C: 22% and D 36%? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is C, 22%.

Well done.

Companies like Microsoft and Citibank outsource customer support to Indonesia.

Many Indonesians speak fluent English.

There are more skilled jobs in it and finance available, but wages remain low compared to western countries.

Sofia has said "This shows how Indonesia is becoming more connected to the global economy, not just through factories, but also through digital and service jobs." And Sofia is correct.

True or false: Outsourcing by companies like Microsoft and Citibank has led to high-paying IT and finance jobs in Indonesia with wages similar to Western countries? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

This statement is false.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause here and press play to continue.

Fantastic.

The reason why the statement is false is because companies like Microsoft and Citibank outsource customer support to Indonesia.

This has meant more skilled jobs are available, but wages remain lower than in Western countries.

Lower wages is one reason why Indonesia is attractive for outsourcing.

Well done if you managed to explain that correctly.

I would now like you to complete the word fill using the words below.

The text is about How has globalisation helped development? Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play to continue.

Fantastic.

Let's check our answers.

Your text should read like this: "Globalisation has helped Indonesia grow by opening up business opportunities and encouraging foreign investment.

It allows a country to connect with international banks, markets and boost trade.

Advancements in technology have made it easier to share ideas, improve industries.

Better transport systems, like shipping and air travel, help Indonesia export more goods and attract tourism.

Globalisation also brings in foreign direct investment and new skills which help the country compete in the global economy." Well done.

I hope you managed to get that correct.

We are now going to explore our second question of today's lesson: What role does the government play? The Indonesian government has played a key role in driving economic growth and attracting global interest.

Through supportive policies and strategic investment, it's helped position Indonesia as a rising economic power.

Pro-foreign direct investment policies have made it easier for international businesses to set up operations, boosting trade jobs and infrastructure development.

The government has actively encouraged partnerships with global companies, helping to bring in both funding and expertise.

Alongside this, major investments in education are building a more skilled workforce, ready to take on jobs in technology services and industries.

Infrastructure projects like roads, airports, and ports and high-speed railways are helping to connect the country, making it more efficient and to attract investors.

These efforts have shown how the government action is helping Indonesia compete on the global scale, shaping its future and its economy.

I would like you to add the missing label to the diagram.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this and press play to continue.

Excellent.

The missing label is "investment in education." Well done.

Pro-FDI government policies: The Indonesian government has introduced a number of pro-FDI policies to attract international businesses, boost the economy and create jobs.

One key policy was a Foreign Investment Law in 1967, which opened the door for foreign companies to invest in key sectors like manufacturing.

This was an early move to bring capital, technology and global partnerships.

More recently, the Omnibus Law of 2021 aimed to simplify business regulations.

It reformed employment and environmental rules to make it easier for companies to set up and expand.

By cutting red tape, the government hopes to attract more investment, especially in infrastructure, industry and technology.

These policies show how Indonesia is actively shaping a business-friendly environment, supporting long-term economic growth and strengthening its place in the global economy.

The graph on your screen is about the value of foreign direct investment in trade in Indonesia from 2014 to 2023.

FDI peaked in 2017 at $1,294 million, reflecting strong international confidence in Indonesia's economy at the time.

However, from 2018 to 2020, investment dropped sharply.

This decline likely reflects global economic uncertainty, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which slowed down international business activity worldwide.

In the years following, FDI has started to recover and grow again.

This recent increase may be linked to pro-FDI policies, such as the Omnibus Law introduced in 2021, which made it easier for businesses to invest and operate in Indonesia.

The overall trend highlights how global events and domestic policies both play a major role in shaping investment flows into the country.

I would like you to identify one reason why foreign direct investment in trade has increased in recent years in Indonesia.

Is it A: COVID-19, B: introduction of the Omnibus Law, or C: market crash due to conflict? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent, the answer is B, the introduction of the Omnibus Law.

Well done.

After the Omnibus Law was passed in 2021, Indonesia saw a boost in investment and business activity.

One major example of this is the rapid development of the Batang Industrial Estate in Central Java.

The site has quickly become a hub for global manufacturing.

So far, 27 companies have started operating there, supported by over 900 million pounds in foreign investment.

The impact on the global community has been significant.

More than 7,000 jobs have been created for local people, helping boost income, skills and opportunities in the region.

The success of the Batang Estate shows how government policy can directly shape economic growth, attract global interest, and deliver real benefits to Indonesian communities.

Andeep and Sofia are having a discussion about the impact of pro-FDI policies have on Indonesia.

Who is correct? Sofia said, "FDI Policies help bring investment to places like Batang Industrial Park, creating jobs and improving infrastructure." Andeep said, "FDI Policies stopped foreign companies from investing to protect Indonesian businesses." Pause here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is Sofia.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The reason why Sofia was correct is because pro-FDI policies made it easier for foreign companies to invest, like the Omnibus Law, leading to job creation and better infrastructure.

Well done if you managed to explain that correctly.

Investment in education: Investing in education has played a key role in Indonesia's long-term economic strategy.

By improving access to quality education and training, the country is helping its young population gain the skills needed for fast-changing global economy.

Recently, new policies have allowed international universities to invest in Indonesia's education sector.

This opens a door to global expertise, partnerships, and innovation, raising the standard of education across the country.

The new capital city, Nusantara is also set to become a centre for the advanced industries like artificial intelligence, green technology, and e-commerce.

By focusing on education in these areas, Indonesia is attracting foreign investment and preparing a workforce ready to lead in high-tech sustainable industries.

This link between education and innovation and investment shows how Indonesia is building for the future from the classroom to the global market.

Indonesia's Education Endowment Fund is one of the country's most important investments in its future workforce.

It has awarded over 40,000 scholarships, giving students a chance to study at top universities around the world.

Many recipients focus on fields like science, technology, and engineering, areas that are crucial for Indonesia's economic growth and innovation.

One key feature of the programme is that students are required to return to Indonesia after completing their studies.

The fund is a powerful example of how education can connect with globalisation, bringing international expertise into the heart of Indonesia's future economy.

Why do you think the government requires students return to Indonesia? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The government likely requires students to return to Indonesia so that the country benefits from the knowledge, skills and experience they gain while studying abroad.

By coming back, these students can help develop important sectors like science, technology, and engineering.

It also ensures that the investment made through scholarships supports Indonesia's own economy rather than helping other countries.

This way, the country builds a more skilled workforce, encouraging innovation and reduces reliance on foreign expertise.

True or false: The Endowment Fund for Education has had little impact as only a small number of Indonesian students have received scholarships? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

This statement is false.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The reason why the statement was false was because over 40,000 students have received scholarships to study subjects like engineering and science abroad at top universities.

They have to return to Indonesia after they have studied, which ensures that their new skills contribute towards Indonesia's development.

Well done if you explained that correctly.

Infrastructure projects: The Indonesian government has made major investments in infrastructure, including roads, ports, railways, and airports.

These projects are essential for supporting economic growth by creating jobs, boosting trade, and making it easy for people and goods to move around the country.

One important example is a Trans-Java Toll, which connects Jakarta to Bandung and other major cities across the island.

The project was part funded by China, showing how international partnerships support national development.

Better infrastructure means faster travel, lower transport costs, and stronger links between cities and rural areas.

It helps local businesses reach new markets and encourages both domestic and foreign investment, making infrastructure a key part of Indonesia's globalisation journey.

True or false: Nusantara will focus mainly on agriculture and traditional industries to grow its economy? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

This statement is false.

I would like you to explain why.

Pause here and press play to continue.

Fantastic.

The reason why this statement is false is because Nusantara will focus on modern industries like AI, green tech and e-commerce, creating skilled jobs and new education opportunities for Indonesia's young population.

Well done if you explained that correctly.

I would now like you to complete the table below on how government policies and investments have helped Indonesia to develop.

I want you to focus on pro-FDI policies, investment in education and infrastructure projects.

I want you to say what the government did and how it helped development.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play to continue.

Excellent.

Let's check our answers.

For pro-FDI policies, what the government did: They passed laws like the Omnibus Law and the Foreign Investment Law.

How it helped: It attracted foreign businesses and investment.

For example, the Batang Industrial Park, and created jobs and boosted the economy.

Investment in education: They funded the Endowment Fund for Education to offer scholarships.

How it helped: Helped over 40,000 students study abroad in key subjects at top universities and return with skills to improve the country.

Infrastructure projects: They built roads, ports and transport systems like the Trans-Java Toll Road.

How it helped: Improved transport links, boosted trade, created jobs and supported regional economies.

Well done on this task.

I hope you managed to include some of those points in your answers.

We're now going to explore our final question of today's lesson, How does aid support Indonesia's growth? Aid is support given by one country or organisation to help another improve its economy, infrastructure or people's wellbeing.

It plays an important role in supporting development and recovery, especially in lower income countries.

There are different types of aid.

There's bilateral aid which is given directly from one country to another, usually for specific projects like building schools, roads, or hospitals.

Multilateral aid comes from many countries or organisations working together, such as the United Nations or World Bank to support larger global development goals.

Charities or NGO aid is provided by non-government organisations.

This is often focused on areas like healthcare, education and disaster relief, especially during emergencies.

Each type of aid helps in different ways, depending on what the country needs most, whether it's rebuilding after a natural disaster or investing in long-term development.

I would like you to add the missing key terms for the definitions below.

Pause the video here and press play to continue.

Excellent.

The missing labels are: bilateral aid for aid given directly from one country to another for specific projects.

Multilateral aid for aid from multiple countries or organisations like the UN or World Bank, for Global Development, and charity: aid from NGOs for healthcare, education or disaster relief.

Well done.

Indonesia receives aid from a range of countries and international organisations to support its development and respond to emergencies.

Bilateral aid comes from countries like Australia, Japan, and the United States, often targeting areas such as education, infrastructure, disaster response, and healthcare.

Multilateral aid is provided by organisations like the World Bank, the United Nations, and Asian Development Bank.

This type of support helps fund large scale development projects and long-term plans for reducing poverty and improving living conditions.

Charities and NGOs also play a big role, offering aid during natural disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis and supporting projects in rural health, education and clean water access.

This international support work, alongside government efforts to improve life across Indonesia and build a stronger, more resilient economy.

Why might China and Japan give a lot of aid to Indonesia? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's hear some answers.

Lucas said, "Indonesia still has poverty in some areas and aid can help with development, like schools and healthcare." And Izzy said, "China and Japan want to build strong ties and influence in the region." Well done.

They are both correct.

I hope you came up with answers like that too.

Why might it be important that Indonesia does not rely solely on one aid donor? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play to continue.

Excellent.

It's important that Indonesia doesn't rely on just one aid donor because depending too much on a single source can be risky.

If that country or organisation changes its priorities, reduces funding or attaches strict conditions to the aid, it could affect Indonesia's development plans.

Having multiple donors means more stability, a wider range of support and access to different types of expertise and funding.

It also allows Indonesia to have more control over how aid is used and reduces the risk of becoming too politically or economically dependent on one country.

A balanced mixed of aid sources helps ensure long-term development that's more independent and sustainable.

I would like you to identify the percentage difference in aid to Indonesia, between Japan and the EU.

Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is D: 25%.

Well done.

Different aid donors focus on specific sectors in Indonesia depending on their priorities and areas of expertise.

China supports large infrastructure and industrial projects including nickel smelting, hydroelectric power, and the development of tourism.

The Asian Development Bank has funded key infrastructure like geothermal power plants and major transport links such as the Trans-Java Toll Road.

Australia focused on education, health, and governance, helping to improve public services and build capacity within its government; and the European Union supports areas such as climate action, education, and good governance, aiming to strengthen institutions and promote sustainable development.

These different contributions help Indonesia to grow in a balanced way, supporting both economic progress and improvement in quality of life.

Can you identify which aid might be multilateral, bilateral or charity? Pause the video here whilst you attempt this and press play to continue.

Excellent.

China provides bilateral aid, Australia, bilateral aid.

The Asian Development Bank is multilateral aid, and EU is multilateral aid as well.

Well done on this.

Aid has played a major role in developing Indonesia grow and develop more rapidly, especially in key sectors like infrastructure, energy, and education.

The Trans-Java Toll Road, funded by the Asian Development Bank, connects major cities across Java.

It boosts trade, reduces travel time, and helps move goods more efficiently, strengthening Indonesia's economy.

The Mentarang hydropower project, backed by China, provides clean, renewable energy.

It supports Indonesia's shift away from fossil fuels and contributes to its climate goals.

Australia's aid focused on education, especially in poor and rural areas.

It supports literacy programmes and teacher training, helping improve learning outcomes and opportunities for young Indonesians.

These examples show how targeted aid can make a lasting difference by improving infrastructure, supporting sustainability, and investing in people.

True or false: Australia's aid to Indonesia is mainly focused on military and defence support? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

This statement is false.

I would like you to explain why.

Pause here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The reason why the statement is false is because Australia's aid to Indonesia focuses on improving literacy and teacher training in Indonesia.

The programme focuses on rural areas to reduce inequality and increase access to opportunities.

Well done if you managed to explain that correctly.

Excellent.

The reason why the statement is false is because Australia's aid to Indonesia focuses on improving literacy and teacher training in Indonesia.

The programme focuses on rural areas to reduce inequality and increase access to opportunities.

Well done if you explained that correctly.

How does international aid help Indonesia develop and take part in globalisation? In your answer, I would like you to include one example of aid from a country or organisation, what kind of project this aid supports and how this helps Indonesia grow and connect to other countries.

Andeep said that he's "going to talk about China and link it to sustainable development.

Is that right?" Yes.

He'd be correct.

Well done.

I would now like you to attempt this task.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

Let's check our answers.

Your answer could have included some of the following points: China has supported Indonesia through bilateral aid by helping the Mentarang Hydroelectric Project.

This project provides clean energy and reduces the country's use of fossil fuels.

It helps Indonesia grow in a more sustainable way and supports industries like nickel smelting.

The energy from the project also helps power factories and businesses, which boosts the economy.

This kind of aid connects Indonesia to global trade and investment, showing how globalisation is helping the country develop.

Well done.

I hope you managed to include some of those points in your answers.

We've now comes the end of our learning in globalisation in Indonesia, and you've done brilliantly.

Before we end this lesson, let's summarise everything we've learned today.

Indonesia's economic growth has been powered by globalisation.

Advances in technology, digital connectivity have attracted foreign investment, expanded trade, and connected Indonesia more closely with the global economy.

TNCs have played a big role, creating jobs, improving infrastructure and strengthening key industries like manufacturing, services and retail.

The Indonesian government has supported this growth through pro investment policies, improved transport links, and investment in education and innovation.

At the same time, foreign aid from countries like China, Australia, and organisations like Asian Development Bank has helped improve infrastructure, expand access to education, and support more sustainable development.

Together, these forces show how global connections continue to shape Indonesia's economy and its future.

Well done on today's lesson, you've done brilliantly and I look forward to learning with you again soon.