Lesson video

Hello and welcome.

My name's Ms. Harrison, and I'm so excited to be learning with you today.

Today's lesson is called "Trends and Causes of Population Growth in Jakarta." Grab everything you might need for today's lesson and let's begin our learning.

By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to explain factors that have contributed to Jakarta's population growth.

Before we can begin this learning, we need to define the keywords that we'll be using throughout today's lesson.

The keywords in today's lesson are megacity, migration, and natural increase.

Megacity.

This is a city with a population of over 10 million people.

Migration.

This is the movement of people from one place to another, either within a country or between countries, often for economic, social, political, or environmental reasons.

Natural increase.

This is the difference between the birth rate and death rate of a population.

This occurs when the birth rate is higher than the death rate.

Now that we've defined these keywords, we can begin our learning.

The first question we're going to explore in today's lesson is, how has Jakarta's population changed? In 1950, Jakarta had a population of over one million people.

Since then, the city has grown rapidly.

Today, it is a bustling megacity with a population of over 11.

6 million in the city itself and over 30 million in the wider metropolitan area.

This dramatic growth has transformed Jakarta from a small urban centre into one of the largest and most important cities in Southeast Asia.

What factors do you think drive these changes? Pause the video here whilst do you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Some of the factors that have driven these changes are healthcare, education, urbanisation, jobs, and laws.

Well done if you identified those as well.

Jakarta's population has climbed steadily since the mid 20th century, especially after Indonesia's independence in 1945.

In 1950, the population grew to around 1.

4 million.

And by the 1970s, it had grown to over six million.

And by 2024, Jakarta officially became a megacity with the population surpassing 10 million.

Much of this growth has been driven by rapid rural to urban migration as people move to the city and search for work, education, and better services.

Today, the population continues to rise, And by 2025, it is expected to reach over 11.

6 million within the city limits, with far more in the greater Jakarta area.

Which of these made the biggest change in Jakarta's population growth? Was it A, rural to urban migration? B, independence in 1945? C, COVID-19? Or D, suburbanization? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is A, rural to urban migration.

Well done if you identified that correctly.

When did Jakarta become a megacity? A, in 1945? B, 1996? C, 2001? or D, 2004? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is D, 2004.

Well done if you identified that correctly, Population pyramids help us understand patterns in birth rates, death rates, life expectancy, and population growth.

They can also show how population is changing over time, whether it's young and growing or ageing and declining.

What's different or similar between 1960 and 2024 for Jakarta's population pyramid? Pause the video here whilst you take a closer look at them and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's take a closer look.

These two population pyramids show Jakarta's population structure has changed between 1960 and 2024.

We're going to focus on the similarities.

In both years, there are more people aged zero to 59 than people aged 60 and over.

This shows that Jakarta still has a relatively young population.

We can also see that there are more older females age 60 plus than older males, and this reflects a longer life expectancy for women.

Now let's look at the differences.

There are clear differences between Jakarta's population in 1960 and 2024.

In 2024, we can see there are more working age adults between 20 and 59 compared to 1960.

This shows that Jakarta now has a much larger and more active workforce supporting economic growth.

The number of children being born has decreased, shown by the narrower base of the pyramid in 2024.

This reflects a decline in birth rates over time.

There is also a noticeable increase in the number of older people age 60 and over in 2024.

This includes more old women than men due to higher female life expectancy.

Overall, the 2024 pyramid shows a more balanced ageing population compared to 1960's youthful, fast growing population.

I would like you to identify which graph shows an ageing population structure in Jakarta.

Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is B.

Well done if you identified that correctly.

I would now like you to identify which graph shows a reduction in birth rates in Jakarta.

Pause the video here whilst you take a closer look and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is B again.

Well done if you identified that.

I would now like you to describe the population change in Jakarta from 1950 to 2025 using the graph on your screen.

In your answer, I would like you to describe the trend, identify any anomalies, this is something that does not fit the trend that you've described, and use evidence to support your points.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's check our answers.

Your answer might include this.

Between 1950 and 2025, the population of Jakarta increased significantly.

In 1950, the population was around 1.

4 million.

It rose steadily through each decade, reaching 6.

5 million by 1980 and 8.

2 million by 1990.

By 2004, the population hit 10 million, meaning Jakarta became a megacity.

Although growth slowed slightly between 2004 and 2015, the overall trend has been upward.

By 2025, the population is projected to reach 11.

6 million.

This shows continuous growth over 75 years.

Well done if you managed to include some of those points in your answer.

We're now going to explore our second question of today's lesson.

How does migration add to Jakarta's population? Jakarta's population has grown over time due to two main factors: natural increase and migration.

Natural increase happens when the number of births is higher than the number of deaths.

Jakarta has a youthful population with a large share of young adults.

This age group is most likely to have children, which has contributed to population growth in the past.

However, natural increase now plays a smaller role in Jakarta's growth.

The birth rate, the number of births per 1,000 people per year, is falling as families choose to have fewer children and access to education and healthcare improves.

As a result, migration has become the main driver of Jakarta's population growth today.

The graph on your screen is showing birth rates versus death rates in Jakarta from 1960 to 2025.

And as we can see, there's a clear decline.

What do you think is causing birth rates and death rates to fall in Jakarta? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Andeep says, "Is it linked to better access to healthcare and jobs? This means life expectancy is increasing, right?" Andeep is correct.

Birth rates in Jakarta are falling and there are several reasons why.

As access to education improves, especially for women, people are choosing to delay starting having families.

More women are focusing on their careers, which often leads to smaller family sizes.

There's also better access to contraception, giving people more control over when and how many children they have.

And in crowded expensive cities like Jakarta, the cost of raising children is high, so many families choose to have fewer children.

At the same time, death rates are falling too.

This is because of better healthcare with more hospitals, vaccinations, and access to medicine.

People also benefit from cleaner water, improved sanitation, and higher living standards, all of which help people live longer and healthier lives.

These changes are signs of Jakarta's growing level of development and urbanisation.

What does natural increase mean? Is it A, the total number of people immigrating into a country? B, the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a population? C, the overall growth of a population including migration? Or D, the rate at which the economy of a country grows naturally? Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is B.

The difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a population.

Well done if you identified that correctly.

Based on the graph, what is the approximate percentage decrease in the birth rate from 1960 to 2025? When we're looking at percentage decreases, this is how we work it out.

We subtract the new value from the original value and divide that by the original value and times by 100.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is C, 59.

Well done on this.

Many Indonesians are leaving their rural villages to move to Jakarta in search for better lives.

This is known as rural to urban migration.

There are several push factors that drive people away from the countryside.

These include crop failure which affect farming families, a lack of job opportunities, and poor access to education and healthcare in rural areas.

At the same time, Jakarta offers a range of pull factors that attract people to the city.

These include more jobs, better schools and hospitals, and the appeal of a more modern lifestyle.

Together, these push and pull factors help explain why so many people move to Jakarta, adding to the city's rapid population growth.

Many people move from rural areas like Papua to urban centres like Jakarta because of the clear differences in opportunities in living conditions.

In Jakarta, people can earn higher wages, with a GDP per capital of around 14,000 US dollars.

The city offers jobs in industry, technology, and finance, along with good infrastructure, clean water, and better access to education and healthcare.

In contrast, Papua has a much lower GDP per capita, around 3,000 US dollars.

Most people work in farming and mining and wages are lower.

The region also struggles with poor roads, limited access to clean water, and fewer healthcare and education services.

These differences act as strong push and pull factors, encouraging people to migrate from rural areas to cities in search of a better quality of life.

True or false? Access to education and healthcare can be both a push and a pull factor depending on the location.

Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

This statement is true.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent, the reason why the statement is true is because in rural areas, poor or limited access to schools and medical services can push people to leave.

In contrast, cities like Jakarta often offer better education and healthcare, which pull people in.

It is important therefore to say what kind of access to education or healthcare you're talking about, good or bad.

Well done if you managed to explain that correctly.

You've done brilliantly.

Jakarta doesn't just attract people from within Indonesia.

It also draws in foreign professionals from around the world.

The graph shows that many migrants in Indonesia come from countries like China, South Korea, Japan, the USA, and the UK.

Why do foreign professionals come to Jakarta? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The reason why foreign professionals come to Jakarta is because most of these people settle in Jakarta where they find higher-skilled job opportunities.

Many transnational corporations have their headquarters in Jakarta, creating demand for international workers in areas like finance, engineering, and technology.

As well as jobs, Jakarta offers an exciting and dynamic lifestyle with modern facilities, business networks, and a mixture of cultures, making it an appealing city for skilled migrants.

Which country has the second highest number of migrants living in Indonesia according to the graph? Is it A, Japan? B, South Korea? C, US/UK/EU? Or D, Singapore? Pause the video here whilst you attempt this question and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is B, South Korea.

Well done if you identified that correctly.

Each migrant brings a personal story of risk, hope, and change.

Daniel is 29 and he says he moved to Jakarta three years ago to take a regional role with a tech firm.

Singapore is home, but the opportunities here are huge.

Indonesia's digital market is growing fast.

Arini who's 24 says, "I came to Jakarta when I was 18.

Back home in East Java, my parents farmed rice, but there wasn't enough work.

A cousin told me about a job in a garment factory in North Jakarta." Aisha and Alex are discussing the different reasons Daniel and Arini had for migrating to Jakarta? Who is correct? Pause the video here whilst you read each answer carefully and press play when you're ready to check your answer.

Excellent.

The statement that's correct is Aisha's.

Well done.

I would now like you to tick the correct box to show whether each statement is a push factor or a pull factor for migration between regions.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

Let's check our answers.

For poor access to healthcare and hospitals is a push factor.

Higher paying jobs in tech, services, and factories is a pull.

Natural disasters is a push.

Expanded transport links reducing traffic is a pull.

And support from the government for lower-income families to attend school is a pull.

I hope you managed to identify those correctly.

I would now like you to read through Izzy's statement and give her some feedback on how she could improve the accuracy of each of her sentences.

Izzy said, "Jakarta's population has only grown because of international migration.

People from villages do not really move there anymore, and natural increase is not important because most people there are already old.

This is why only foreigners working for big companies are making the city bigger." Pause the video here whilst you identify the inaccuracies and correct them.

Press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

Let's check our answers.

Izzy said, "Jakarta's population has only grown because of international migration." You might have said, "While international migration plays a role, the majority of population growth is due to rural to urban migration and international migration." Izzy said, "People from villages don't really move there anymore." You might have said, "Rural to urban migration is still a major factor, especially among young people seeking work or education." Izzy said, "Natural increase isn't important because most people there are already old." You might have said, "Jakarta has a relatively young population and natural increase continues to contribute to population growth, although the birth rate is falling." Izzy said, "Only foreigners working for big companies are making the city bigger." You might have said, "International migrants make up a small portion of the overall population increase compared to internal migration." Well done on this task, and I hope you managed to come up with some of those points as well.

We're now going to explore our final question of today's lesson.

How does the economy affect Jakarta's population? Jakarta's economy has grown rapidly in recent decades, making it the economic centre of Indonesia.

The city is a major hub for finance, retail, manufacturing, and technology, offering a wide range of jobs from different sectors.

Jakarta also has a large informal sector with many people working in street markets, transport, and small-scale services.

These jobs may not always be officially recorded, but they play a big role in the city's daily life and economy.

As the country's capital and biggest city, Jakarta continues to attract workers and businesses, driving growth, innovation, and investment.

Major international companies see Jakarta as a gateway to the wider Southeastern Asian market.

Global firms like Samsung, Shell, and HSBC have set up offices and headquarters in the city.

These transnational corporations bring in foreign investment, improve infrastructure, and create high-skilled jobs linked to the global economy.

As more jobs are created, more people move to Jakarta, from rural areas, other Indonesian cities, and even other countries.

This process is called the multiplier effect.

Economic growth in one area leads to further growth as demand for housing, services, and transport increases.

The result is more skilled migration, ongoing urban expansion, and Jakarta's continued rise as a major economic hub in the region.

What does the term multiplier effect mean in the context of Jakarta's growth? Is it A, when people leave Jakarta because of rising costs? B, when investment and jobs from global companies lead to more migration and city growth? C, when international companies replace local businesses? D, when only foreign workers are allowed to work in Jakarta? Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is B, when investment and jobs from global companies lead to more migration and city growth.

Well done if you identified that correctly.

Jakarta is creating more jobs, but many people still struggle to find work, especially those without the skills needed in today's economy.

From 2017 to 2019, unemployment remains stable just above 5%, showing a relatively healthy job market.

In 2020, there was a sharp rise to 7.

07% caused by the economic impact of COVID-19, which disrupted industries and led to job losses across the city.

By 2022, the unemployment rate dropped to 5.

83%, the lowest since the pandemic, showing signs for economic recovery.

However, in 2023 and 2024, unemployment has slightly increased again, especially as more people move to the city in search of work.

Jakarta's growing economy brings opportunities, but not everyone benefits equally, particularly those in the informal sector or without access to training and education.

Between which two consecutive years did Jakarta experience the largest decrease in unemployment rate? Was it A, 2017 to 2018? B, 2019 to 2020? C, 2020 to 2021? Or D, 2021 to 2022? Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is D, 2021 to 2022.

Well done if you identified that correctly.

Jakarta's rapid economic growth has brought many opportunities, but not everyone benefits equally.

As the city expands, the gap between the rich and the poor has widened.

Wealthier residents enjoy better housing, education, and healthcare, while many low-income families, especially recent migrants, face daily challenges.

The rising cost of living puts pressure on those with low or unstable incomes.

Many migrants and informal workers have limited job security with no contracts or legal protections.

This has led to the growth of squatter settlements where housing is often overcrowded and lacks basic services like clean water and sanitation.

As the population grows, there is an increasing pressure on schools, hospitals, transport, and housing, making it harder for the city to meet everyone's needs.

While Jakarta is developing fast, inequality remains a major challenge.

True or false? Rapid urban growth in Jakarta has improved living conditions for everyone, reducing inequality between rich and poor.

Pause the video here whilst you decide and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is false.

I would now like you to explain why.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The reason why the answer is false is because rapid urban growth in Jakarta has not improved life for everyone.

While some benefit from new jobs and development, many poor migrants face rising living costs, limited job security, and end up in squatter settlements.

As a result, the gap between rich and poor has grown wider.

Well done if you managed to explain that correctly.

You've done brilliantly.

I would now like you to describe how economic growth has caused population change in Jakarta.

Aisha has said, TNCs are transnational corporations and they bring investment to Jakarta, is that right?" Yes, she's correct.

They bring investment, and they help to improve infrastructure.

And Alex said, "Jakarta's population has increased over time because people are migrating there." Yes, they are migrating there and mainly through rural to urban migration.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

Let's check our answers.

Your answer could include, economic growth in Jakarta has caused population change because it attracts investment from both Indonesian and international companies.

These businesses like Samsung and Shell invest money to build offices, factories, and infrastructure.

This investment creates jobs for both skilled and unskilled workers.

As more jobs become available, people move to Jakarta from other parts of Indonesia and from abroad, which increases the city's population.

Well done in this task.

I hope you managed to include some of those points in your answer.

We've now come to the end of our learning on trends and causes of population growth in Jakarta and you've done brilliantly.

Before we end the lesson, let's summarise everything we've learned today.

Jakarta has grown into one of the world's largest cities with a population of 11.

6 million in the city itself and over 30 million in the greater Jakarta area.

This rapid growth has been driven by three main factors: natural increase, migration, and economic growth.

The first factor is natural increase, and this happens when there are more births than deaths in a population.

Jakarta has a youthful population, meaning a large share of people are in the age group most likely to have children.

As a result, the population has grown steadily.

However, it's important to know that birth rates are now falling as families choose to have fewer children and access to education and healthcare improves.

The second major factor is migration.

Many people move from rural areas of Indonesia such as Papua and Sulawesi in such a better jobs, education, and healthcare.

This is known as rural to urban migration.

In addition, international migration also contributes to growth.

Skilled workers and professionals from countries like China, South Korea, Japan, and the USA come to Jakarta for business opportunities, especially in growing industries like technology and finance.

The third factor is economic growth.

Jakarta is the economic centre of Indonesia and a key player in the Southeast Asian region.

Many transnational corporations, such as Samsung, Shell, and HSBC, have invested in the city.

Their presence creates jobs, builds infrastructure, and attract even more works and businesses.

This leads to the multiplier effect where economic activity keeps generating further growth.

Together, these three forces, natural increase, migration, and investment, have helped transform Jakarta into a megacity with both great opportunities and major challenges.

Well done on today's lesson, you've done brilliantly, and I look forward to learning with you again very soon.