Hello and welcome.

My name is Ms. Harrison.

I'm so excited to be learning with you today.

Today's lesson is called Perspectives on Inequality and Development.

Grab everything you might need for today's lesson and let's begin our learning.

By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to explain different perspectives on inequality and development.

Before we can begin this learning, we need to find the keywords that we'll be using throughout today's lesson.

The keywords are inequality, development, and sustainable.

Inequality, this is the uneven distribution of resources, opportunities, and living conditions.

Development, this is the improvements in people's quality of life within a country or region.

Sustainable, this is meeting the needs of today without damaging the needs of future generations.

Now that we've defined these keywords, we can begin our learning.

The first question is, what is inequality? Images can be a powerful tool in geography to spark questions and discussions about the difference in places around the world.

By looking at an image, people can explore how different environments, societies, and cultures vary across different regions.

There are two images here.

I would like you to have a think, are these two places equal? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

To answer the question, are these two places equal, we need to define what we mean by the key words.

Here's how it could be broken down.

How people live.

Are the living conditions in these two places similar? This might include things like access to basic services, water sanitation, and healthcare, and the type of housing and overall comfort and security.

Are the people in these two places equally wealthy? This could refer to the average income, employment opportunities and economic development in each area.

Environment.

Are the environment of these places similar in terms of cleanliness, infrastructure and access to green spaces? For example, one place might have clean streets, parks, and proper waste disposal while another may suffer from pollution and overcrowding.

In this case, we would need to define these factors clearly to determine whether the two places are equal in terms of living conditions, wealth or the environment.

Inequality refers to the uneven distribution of resources, opportunities, and living conditions among different groups of people.

It can manifest in different ways affecting different aspects of life, such as wealth, access to education, and quality of education.

We can break inequality down by looking at economic, social, political, environmental, and technological.

These categories of inequality often overlap and influence each other, creating complex situations where individuals or groups may experience multiple forms of disadvantage at same time.

Addressing inequality requires looking at these factors together to understand how they contribute to broader social, economic, and environmental challenges.

What is the missing category? Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The missing category is political.

Well done.

Let's define what we mean by these words.

Economic refers to the uneven distribution of wealth and income across different individuals or groups? Economic inequality can be seen in the difference in wages, job opportunities, and wealth accumulated by families or communities.

In societies with high economic inequality, a small portion of the population may control most of the wealth while others struggle to meet basic needs.

Social inequality is about the unequal access to social resources and opportunities such as education, healthcare, and housing.

It often ties into factors like social class, ethnicity, or gender.

For example, certain social groups may face barriers in accessing quality education or healthcare leading to long-term disparities in health and life chances.

Political inequality, this happens when certain groups or individuals have more influence, power, or control over decision making processes than others.

This can occur when there are imbalances in voting rights, political participation or representation in government.

Political inequality can also mean unequal access to justice or the ability to challenge decisions that impact one's life.

Environmental inequality.

This category refers to the unequal distribution of environmental benefits and burdens.

For example, wealthier areas may have cleaner air, access to green spaces and safer living conditions while poorer communities may live in areas with higher pollution, hazardous waste or vulnerability to climate change.

Environmental inequality often exacerbates health problems and limits opportunities for affected communities.

Technological inequality refers to the gap in access to technology and the internet.

This can impact education, employment, and social interaction as those without access to modern technologies are at a disadvantage.

Technological inequalities is often referred to as a digital divide, where individuals in rural or low income areas may not have access to the same technology resources as those in urban or wealthier areas.

Which of these statements refers to social inequality? Is A, the difference in access to education between regions, B, the difference between internet connectivity between regions or C, the difference in access to healthcare between regions.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The answers are A, the difference in access to education between regions, and C, the difference in access to healthcare between regions.

How would you describe inequality between these people? We have Nathan.

He's 13 and he's from Cardiff.

He lives with his dad and sister in a rented house.

He has broadband and a school laptop, but shares devices.

His area has green spaces, but traffic pollution affects air quality.

Priya is 29 and from Manchester.

She works in a warehouse on low wage and has excellent internet at home and relies on it for work, banking and staying connected.

She lives near a busy road with high air pollution.

Thomas, he's 17.

He's from Cornwall.

He's a retired doctor with a good pension and home near the coast.

He has slow rural broadband, which makes video calls difficult, but he benefits from fresh sea air with little air pollution.

The inequality between Nathan, Priya and Thomas can be described in various ways, including economic, environmental, and access to resources.

Let's break it down.

Economic inequality.

Nathan is a young person living in a rented house with limited access to technology as he shares devices with his family.

His family likely has a modest income and they live in an area affected by traffic pollution.

Priya, while working in a low wage job, has reliable internet access, which is important for both her work and personal life.

Her economic situation is likely less comfortable than Thomas's as she works in a warehouse and lives in an area with high air pollution.

She might have fewer opportunities to build wealth or enjoy a comfortable lifestyle.

Thomas is a retired doctor with a good pension, which gives him financial security.

He likely has a higher standard of living, including ownership of a home near the coast and benefits from relatively clean air.

However, his rural location slow broadband might limit some modern conveniences.

Their access to resources and opportunities.

Nathan has an access to a school laptop, but the sharing of devices could limit his ability to fully engage with online learning and other resources.

His family broadband is likely adequate, but not necessarily high speed, which could impact his experience with the internet.

Priya has excellent internet access at home, which enables her to work and stay connected.

This shows that despite her low paying job, she benefits from access to a crucial resource that supports her daily life and employment.

Thomas with a stable pension and healthcare background likely has access to resources that contribute to a comfortable life.

However, slow rural broadband makes it difficult for him to access some modern technologies such as video calls or online services, which may limit his connection with others or access to information.

Environmental inequality.

Nathan lives in an area with green spaces, but also experiences air pollution due to traffic.

This presents an environmental contrast as he has some access to nature, but also faces the negative health effects of pollution.

Priya lives in an area with high air pollution, which can negatively affect her health and quality of life.

Her job in a warehouse combined with our living environment, places her at a disadvantage compared to others with access to cleaner environments.

Thomas benefits from fresh air in a rural area with little pollution.

His environmental situation supports a healthier lifestyle compared to Nathan and Priya, but the rural broadband issue is a limitation.

Let's look at this on a scale.

For wealth, we place Priya, Thomas, and Nathan here, for access to internet, we place them here and for air quality, we place them here.

True or false? Inequality is the uneven distribution of wealth.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The answer is false.

I would like you to explain why.

Pause here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The reason why this statement is false is because inequality is about more than wealth.

It is the uneven distribution of resources, opportunities, and living conditions.

It includes different categories such as economic, political, social, environmental, and digital.

Well done if you managed to explain that correctly.

Geographers often analyse patterns inequality by examining how these patterns vary over geographical space and across different groups of people.

Geographers look at how inequality is distributed across different areas, whether it's between cities, countries, or even within different regions of a country.

For example, in a city, wealthy neighbourhoods might have access to better schools, healthcare and clean air, while poorer neighbourhoods may have lower access to these resources.

On a global scale, there are noticeable inequalities between countries.

Developed countries tend to have higher average incomes, better healthcare systems, and more access to technology while developing countries may face challenges like poverty, inadequate healthcare, and lower education levels.

Inequality can also be examined by looking out different groups of people experiencing varying levels of wealth, opportunity and living conditions.

These groups can be based on factors like social class.

Higher income groups often have better access to education, healthcare, and housing.

While lower income groups may face barriers to these resources.

Ethnicity and race, some ethnical racial groups may face discrimination or have historically been denied equal access leading to persistent inequalities.

Gender.

Gender inequality exists in many parts of the world with women often having less access to education, employment opportunities and healthcare compared to men.

Age.

Young people or the elderly might experience different levels of access to resources with young people struggling to find good jobs and elderly facing challenges with pensions or healthcare.

By analysing these patterns, geographies can have a better understanding how and why inequality occurs and the impact it has on people's lives helping to develop policies that address these disparities.

Inequality occurs across geographical space, and the one way to understand this is by looking at the average length of time peoples attend school in different countries.

In this world map, the light colours represent countries where students spend fewer years in school.

While the dark colours show countries where students typically spend more years in education.

This pattern highlights how inequality and access to education can vary significantly across the world.

Some countries have strong education systems and greater access to schooling, meaning children are able to attend school for a longer period of time.

On the other hand, in some regions, children may not have access to quality education or may face barriers that prevent them from attending school for as long, such as poverty, political instability, or lack of resources.

By examining this map, we can see how inequality in education is not just about individual family circumstances, but also broader factors like national policies, economic development and cultural attitudes towards education.

These differences and educational opportunities can have long time impacts on people's lives.

Inequality also occurs across different groups of people, and one example of this is the gender pay gap.

On a global scale, there are still 20% pay gap between men and women, meaning that women on average and 20% less than men for doing the same work or equivalent jobs.

Although the gender pay gap is closing in many parts of the world, no country has yet reached full gender equality and pay.

This means that while some countries are making progress towards closing the gap, women still face challenges in earning the same wages as men.

However, some countries have made more significant progress than others.

For example, Iceland has been a leader in reducing the gender pay gap and Iceland's gender pay gap is now below 10%.

This means that Iceland is closer to achieving equal pay for men and women compared to many other nations.

But even there, gender equality and pay has not yet been fully realised.

The gender pay gap highlights the ongoing inequality that exists between men and women, and efforts to close the gap are essential for achieving gender equality in all aspects of society.

Inequality occurs between different ethnicities.

This graphic shows the median hourly wage of different ethnic groups within the UK, and this is based off the census data in 2011.

On one end of the spectrum, we have 10 pound per hour, and on the other 20 pound per hour.

Let's look at where these ethnicities would place.

Bangladeshi is towards the 10 pound per hour, then Pakistani, Caribbean, white British, Indian, and then Chinese.

Tick the correct statements.

A, there is a global gender pay gap, but it is narrowing, B, there is a global gender pay gap and it is widening, C, there is global inequality in the length of time children attend school or D, there is a wage equality between different ethnic groups in the UK.

Pause video here while you decide which statements are correct and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The correct answers are, A, there is a global gender pay gap but it is narrowing and C, there is global inequality in the length of time children attend school.

Well done if you identified those correctly.

I would like you to match up the description with the correct type of inequality.

Pause video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

Before we go through the answers, I want you to complete one more task.

What is wrong with Jacob's statement and can you improve it? Inequality is the uneven distribution of wealth.

It is about the differences between rich and poor countries.

Paul's video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

Let's check our answers.

I asked you to match up the correct description with a type of inequality, for economic, it's inequality and income and wealth, social, inequality and access to healthcare, political, inequality and voting rights, environmental, inequality and air quality, technological, inequality in access to internet technology.

Well done if you've got those correct.

I then asked if you could explain what was wrong with Jacob's statement.

Your answer may include the following points.

Jacob's answer just focused on wealth rather than referring to social, technological, environmental, and political inequality.

He also doesn't mention that inequality can be between different groups and across different geographical scales.

Well done if you explained that correctly.

We're now going to explore our second question of today's lesson.

What different perspectives on development exist? Development refers to the improvement in people's quality of life within a country or region.

It involves changes that help to enhance the wellbeing of individuals, including better living standards, access to education, healthcare and economic opportunities.

How development can mean different things to different people depending on the area they choose to focus on.

Andeep said, "I think development is about increases in people's wealth and income." Sophia said, "I think development is about improvements in how happy people are." There are four different perspectives on development.

We have economic growth focus, environmental sustainability focus, human and social development, and grassroots focus.

I would like you to identify what perspective on development is missing.

Pause video here and press play when you're to continue.

Fantastic.

The missing statement is environmental sustainability focus.

Well done.

Different perspectives on development may focus on different aspects of inequality.

A simplification would be, economic growth, focus on economic and digital, human and social development is social and political, environmental sustainability focus is environmental and social and economic, and grassroots focus is social, political and environmental Economic growth focus.

Juan says, "Development is about how much the wealth and incomes of regions grow over time.

And he's right, but there's strengths and weaknesses to this.

Economic growth is often quantified using indicators such as gross domestic product, making it relatively easy to track and compare over time.

This clear metric allows policy makers and governments to assess progress quickly.

As countries economies grows, it often needs to increase income, better job opportunities and improved infrastructure, and this can result in better living standards, healthcare, education and access to essential services, benefiting people's overall wellbeing.

A growing economy leads to high tax revenues, which can be used to fund public services like healthcare, education and infrastructure, and this can help reduce poverty and provide social benefits for citizens.

However, there are weaknesses.

Economic growth doesn't always benefit everyone equally.

Wealth gains are often unevenly distributed leading to income inequality.

While some people may see significant improvements in their lives, others might not experience the same level of benefit leaving behind disadvantaged groups.

In some cases, the drive for economic growth can lead to the prioritisation of profits over people's wellbeing and the environment.

Industries may exploit natural resources, harm ecosystems, and neglect workers' rights to maximise profits, and this can result in environmental degradation and poor working conditions For some individuals.

A weakness of this economic perspective on development is, A, it is easy to measure, B, practising money often helps the environment, and C, wealth gains can be uneven.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The answer is C, wealth gains can be uneven.

Well done.

Human and social development perspective.

Aisha says, "Development is about whether people's quality of life improves.

It would include that access to healthcare and education." And she's right, but there are strengths and weakness to this.

Human and social development can be assessed through various indicators that reflect people's quality of life.

These include access to education, healthcare, clean water, and housing.

It allows for a broader understanding of development, not just based on economic data.

Unlike economic growth, which primarily looks at money and GDP, human and social development emphasises improving people's wellbeing.

This perspective looks at how development affects all sorts of things like education, health, and equality.

This perspective also aims to address inequalities and promotes social justice.

It emphasises creating opportunities for people to live healthier, more fulfilling lives, and especially in areas of greater gender equality, poverty reduction, and social inclusion.

However, there are weaknesses.

Improvements in quality of life such as better healthcare, education and living standards can take a long time to show tangible results.

Structural changes that improve social outcomes are often gradual and may take generations to fully materialise.

Human and social development often focuses on social factors like health, education, and economic opportunities, which can sometimes ignore environmental sustainability.

For instance, improving living conditions might lead to an increased consumption of natural resources, which harm the environment in the long run.

if sustainability is not considered.

Unlike economic indicators such as GDP, measuring social development is more complex.

It involves assessing factors such as mental health, education quality, and social equity, which are harder to quantify and this can make it challenging for governments and organisations to track progress consistently and make data-driven decisions.

Environmental sustainability perspective.

Laura says, "Developmental is about improving people's lives whilst also improving the environment by protecting natural resources." She's correct, but again, there's strengths and weaknesses.

This perspective focuses on development that protects natural resources and ensures that the environment remains healthy and viable for future generations.

By prioritising the health of ecosystems, this approach seeks to ensure that forests, water supplies, and biodiversity are conserved for the long term, helping future generations enjoy the same resources we do today.

By focusing on sustainable practises in agriculture, energy, and industry, this approach reduces pollution, deforestation, and climate change, making it possible for communities to continue to thrive without depleting or damaging the environment.

It encourages eco-friendly alternatives to traditional methods that may be harmful to the planet.

A sustainable environment often means clean air, safe water, and healthier ecosystems. By focusing on environmental sustainability, it can lead to improvements in public health as fewer people suffer from pollution related illnesses and access to cleaner, safer resources becomes more widespread.

However, transitioning to environmentally sustainable practises can be costly in the short term.

Investing in renewable energy, sustainable infrastructure, and green technology requires initial financial commitment, which can be a barrier for developing countries or communities with limited resources.

Some forms of environmental sustainability, especially those that limit the use of certain natural resources, may restrict immediate economic growth.

For example, reducing the reliance on fossil fuels or limiting deforestation could have short term impact on industries that depend on these resources.

This may cause economic slowdown or job losses in certain sectors, potentially creating challenges for governments to balance environmental goals with economic needs.

Striving for sustainability could result in restrictions in how communities access natural resources.

For instance, areas that rely heavily on mining or oil instruction for income may struggle as environments regulations limit these practises.

While this is beneficial for the environment, it may lead to economic difficulties for communities who depend on these resources for their livelihoods.

Who is right, Andeep or Sofia? Andeep said, "Environmental sustainability perspective is just about protecting the environment." Sophia says, "No.

It's about protecting the environment at the same time as improving people's lives." Pause the video here once you decide who's right and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Excellent.

The person who's correct is Sophia.

Well done on this task.

Grassroots perspective, often called post-colonial perspective.

Lucas said, "Development should be led by local communities rather than by rich countries and outsiders." And he's correct, but again, there strengths and weaknesses to this.

The grassroots perspective prioritises the local's communities needs and participation in development process.

Local people are directly involved in decision making and action, ensuring that the solutions are tailored to their specific challenges and desires.

This can lead to more relevant and contextual development that directly addresses local issues like education, healthcare, or infrastructure.

Because grassroots development is often driven by the community, it tends to be more sustainable.

The community's active involvement ensures that projects are well supported and can be maintained over time.

When people feel a sense of ownership and responsibility for development efforts, they're more likely to sustain them and ensure that they continue to grow and evolve.

However, grassroots development initiatives often struggle to secure sufficient funding as they're typically small scale and may not attract large investments.

Additionally, local governments may not always prioritise grassroots initiatives, particularly if they conflict with larger national level of development plans or policies.

Without the backing of major organisations or government support, these projects can face significant resource limitations.

Due to limited resources and local focus, grassroots projects are often smaller scale compared to large national or international development efforts.

While they may be highly impactful at the local level, they may lack the capacity to address large scale problems like national poverty, economic inequality, or climate change.

The scope of their impact is generally limited to a specific region, and it may take considerable time before these projects can be scaled up or spread to other areas.

A strength of grassroots perspective on development is, A, it's easy to measure, B, it focuses on the environment, or C, it focuses on the need of the local community.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answer is C, it focuses on the needs of the local community.

Well done.

I would like you to add the letters on the grid to show which perspective best fits each statement.

These are the following statements.

Pause the video here whilst to attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Before we go through our answers, I would like you to complete one more task.

I would like you to explain which perspective on development you most agree with and justify your answer.

There is no right answer for this question, however, you should include a word like, because, in order to explain your thinking.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Let's check our answers.

I asked you to match up the statements.

For economic growth focus, we placed money makes the world go round.

Building businesses and creating jobs helps countries grow richer.

B, which was grassroots focus was big changes start small.

Helping local communities grow stronger creates lasting change.

C, a good life isn't just about money, it's about education, healthcare, and equal opportunities for everyone.

And for environmental sustainability focus was, D, we only have one planet.

Protecting nature and using resources wisely helps the future.

Well done if you answered those correctly.

I then ask you to explain which perspective on development you most agreed with.

Your answer might have included some of the following points.

I mostly agree with environmental perspective on development because by looking after the world's natural resources, we can make sure that development can continue in the future.

Well done if you manage to explain your perspective on development that you most agreed with clearly.

You've done brilliantly.

We've now come to the end of our learning on perspectives on inequality and development.

You've done fantastically.

But before we end this lesson, let's summarise what we've learned.

Inequality is uneven distribution of resources, opportunities, and living conditions.

It can be broken up into overlapping categories like economic, social, political, environmental, and technological.

Inequality can vary over geographical spaces and between different groups.

Development refers to improvement in people's quality of life within a country or region.

And there are a variety of different perspectives on development.

Well done.

You've done fantastically, and I look forward to learning with you again very soon.