Hello, my name is Mr. Marsh, and I'm here today to teach you all about climate change in Nigeria.

So grab everything that you need for today's lesson and let's get going.

So, by the end of today's lesson, you will be able to describe climate change impacts in Nigeria, list some ways in which the country is adapting, and explain what climate justice means.

There are four key terms for today's lesson.

Those are climate change, subsistence farming, desertification, and finally, greenhouse gases.

Climate change refers to large-scale and long-term change in the planet's climate, including weather patterns and average temperatures.

Subsistence farming refers to farming that provides enough food for the farmer and their family to live on rather than for them to sell.

And desertification refers to the process by which semi-arid land becomes drier and turns into desert.

And finally, greenhouse gases refers to gases in Earth's atmosphere that trap heat.

There are two learning cycles for today's lesson.

We're gonna start with learning cycle one, which is all about climate change impacts.

Increased greenhouse emissions caused by human activities are affecting Earth's climate systems. That is without doubt, and this is causing things such as rising sea levels, more extreme weather, warmer oceans, warmer land and air, changes in the water cycle, and finally, melting ice.

These changes to the climate are having many different impacts.

Even small changes can actually have really big consequences.

Everyone is impacted by climate change, but some people and places are actually more affected than others.

Aisha says, "Nigeria is more vulnerable to climate change than many other countries." Izzy says, "Different parts of Nigeria are affected by climate change in different ways." And as Sam says, "And not everyone in Nigeria is impacted by climate change equally." These three statements are absolutely correct and we're gonna try to understand how they're correct during today's lesson.

So, different factors make Nigeria more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, and these factors can be broken down into physical and human factors.

Let's start by looking at the physical factors, those natural factors.

So the fact is that Nigeria has large, low-lying coastal areas and it also has regions with a hot desert and semi-arid climate.

Now, the fact that it has low-lying coastal areas means that it's going to be much more vulnerable to rising sea levels.

And secondly, the fact that it has regions with a hot desert and semi-arid climate means that it's much more vulnerable to increases in temperature and perhaps also desertification.

Let's have a look at the human factors as well.

Nigeria has low income to adapt to climate change impacts, it has poor infrastructure and services, it has high population density, and also high dependency on subsistence farming.

So, any changes perhaps in the climate or weather patterns may seriously affect agriculture in Nigeria.

And the fact that so many people rely on subsistence farming for their food means that any of these changes may really impact the lives of those different people.

Can you think of any other possible factors which may lead to Nigeria becoming more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change? You may like to pause the video here whilst you consider your own answer to that question or perhaps even have a discussion with someone near you.

Time now for a learning check, and it says which of the following increases Nigeria's vulnerability to the impacts of climate change? You need to select two answers.

So, on the screen then, you can see you've got four different options.

What you need to do then is pause the video here whilst you read through those options and then select the two answers that you think are correct.

And the two correct answers were B, high dependency on subsistence farming, and C, large, low-lying coastal areas.

So, really well done if you were able to select B and C as the correct answers, What do you think then might be the impacts of climate change in Nigeria? Let's have a look at these right now.

So, some of the impacts will include increased drought and desertification.

Now, drought refers to an extended period of time where there is no or limited rainfall, which may lead to desertification, which is the turning of semi-arid areas into desert areas.

There may also be more frequent and intense flooding as well as low crop yields as a result of these climate changes.

Let's start by looking at more frequent and intense flooding because most of Nigeria actually has a tropical climate, and flooding is already common, particularly during the monsoon season or the wet season.

Climate change means that flooding is becoming much more severe and happening much more often.

Now, my question to you is, what might the consequences of that flooding be? Once again, you may like to pause the video here whilst you consider your answer to that question, or perhaps even better, have a discussion with someone near you.

Now furthermore, rising sea levels is also increasing the risk of flooding in low-lying coastal regions in Nigeria.

Nigeria has a really long coastline, as the map in front of you shows.

This long coastline stretches along the south, where it borders the Atlantic Ocean.

Millions of people live on or near that coastline.

Lagos, Nigeria's largest city, is one of the places that is impacted by rising sea levels.

The high population density in cities such as Lagos makes it more difficult to manage and respond to climate change impacts such as flooding.

Poor infrastructure and limited access to services is also a significant challenge and difficulties with waste management as the image on the screen does a great job in actually showing means that waste can build up and block drainage channels.

This, of course, is gonna have huge social as well as environmental consequences for the people and wildlife in those regions.

Now, not everyone in Nigeria is going to be impacted by climate change in the same way.

Have a look at the two images on the screen.

Which of these homes in Lagos do you think would be more resistant to flooding and why? Now, you may like to pause the video here whilst you really study those two images on the screen and you may also like to have a discussion with someone near you.

With regards to increased drought and desertification, changing rainfall patterns and higher temperatures are increasing the likelihood and severity of droughts.

This is particularly an issue in the north of Nigeria, which has a desert and a semi-arid climate.

So it's already really dry there and it's becoming warmer and drier as a result of climate change and these are in the northern parts of Nigeria.

Now, my question to you is, what might the consequences of a drought be? You may like to pause the video here whilst you consider your answer to that question or perhaps even have a discussion with someone near you.

Climate change is also contributing to a process called desertification in Nigeria.

The northern part of Nigeria is located within a band, which you can see on the map in front of you, which stretches across from western to eastern Africa.

We call this region the Sahel, and it's a semi-arid region of west and north central Africa.

Now, land across the Sahel is turning slowly into desert, and this is one of the sort of problems which is affecting northern parts of Nigeria as a result of climate change time.

Time now for a learning check, and it says that Izzy and Sam are having a discussion, and you need to decide who you think is correct.

So, what you need to do right now then is pause the video here whilst you consider and then select who you think is correct.

And the correct answer was Izzy.

Izzy says that some people in Nigeria are impacted by climate change more than others, and she's absolutely correct.

Many different overlapping factors make some people more vulnerable to climate change impacts than others.

For example, we looked at the south of Nigeria, which is going to be perhaps more impacted by things such as flooding and rising sea levels whilst the north of Nigeria is going to be impacted by desertification as a result of increased temperatures and changes in rainfall pattern.

Then, of course, there's the difference in impact as a result of wealth.

Someone who is poorer and living in a worse situation, in a worse house may be impacted more by flooding than someone who's living in a high-rise apartment, for example.

So really well done if you were able to select Izzy as the correct answer.

With regards to low crop yields then, while rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns are making it difficult for farmers to grow crops, agriculture is actually the main industry in rural, by which I mean countryside, parts of Nigeria.

Many people in Nigeria rely on subsistence farming, which is where farmers grow enough crops to feed themselves and their family.

And growing crops and keeping animals on small pieces of land, this is a big part of Nigerian life.

Subsistence farming makes up a huge proportion of the people of Nigeria.

What might the consequences of those low crop yields actually be? You may like to pause the video here once again whilst you consider your answer to that question or perhaps, as I say, have a discussion with someone near you.

Relying on subsistence farming often means that people are dependent on rain to water their crops and they don't have savings or other sources of income to rely on if their crops fail for that season.

There's also a lack of support and resources to actually adapt to the impacts of climate change.

Globally, women are often more dependent on subsistence farming than men.

Now, this dependence is a real complex issue rooted in several factors, including limited access to resources, gender-based discrimination, and traditional gender roles.

Time once again for another learning check and it says that Jacob, Aisha, and Jun are describing some of the impacts of climate change in Nigeria.

What you need to do then is find and correct each person's mistake.

So please then, pause the video here whilst you read through their statements and try your best to find and correct each person's mistake.

Best of luck.

And the correct answers we were looking for: so in terms of Jacob's answer wasn't predictable rainfall, it's actually unpredictable rainfall is making it more difficult for farmers to grow their crops.

Aisha says that it is not falling sea levels but rather rising sea levels increase the risk of flooding in coastal regions.

And finally, Jun says that increased drought and desertification is particularly an issue in the north of Nigeria, which has a hot desert and semi-arid climate.

So, really well done if you were able to identify and correct those three mistakes.

Now, then, we can also use a consequence wheel to think through possible impacts of an event or issue.

For example, on the left-hand side, we can see that if I get up late in the morning, I may miss the bus and the consequence of that would be that I am late for school.

What I would like you to do then is use this consequence wheel to think through possible impacts of an event or an issue.

So please then pause the video here whilst you attempt this learning check.

Now, understanding how to use that consequence wheel is really important for these practise tasks, which we're now going to begin.

It says to use the consequence wheel on the next slide to think through some of the possible impacts of climate change in Nigeria.

The first step is to write any direct impacts in the inner ring of circles, one impact per circle.

The second step, then, is to consider what the consequences of these impacts might be.

Write these consequences in the outer rings of circles, one per circle.

Now, these impacts may be positive or negative.

So here we are.

On the inner circle, remember, you need to write the immediate impact and then on the outer circles, you need to write the consequences as a result of those impacts.

Now, these consequences can be both positive or negative.

So please then pause the video here whilst you attempt this practise task.

Best of luck.

Now for some feedback.

Now, your consequence wheel may have included this.

I'm just gonna look at low crop yields, but I'm sure you came up with different answers as well.

So, let's have a look at low crop yields.

I've said that one possible consequence is that farmers won't be able to grow crops to feed their families, which means that people have less food to eat.

Another consequence of low crop yield, though, is that farmers won't be able to grow crops to sell.

This means that farmers make less money and also, food prices go up because of the shortage of food and the increased demand for that limited supply of food.

So, really well done if you were able to include anything like that in your own answer, but as I said, I'm sure you came up with other answers as well.

So, really, really well done.

We're on now to our second and final learning cycle, and this is all about adapting to climate change.

Nigeria is taking action in different ways to adapt to the climate change impacts it faces.

These are actions that help people and places adjust to climate change rather than just trying to stop it.

What action could be taken to adapt to these climate change impacts? So, we've looked at three different impacts of climate change in Nigeria.

These were increased drought and desertification, more frequent and intense flooding, and the final one was low crop yields.

Now my question to you is what action could be taken to adapt to these climate change impacts? You may like to pause the video here whilst you consider your own answer to that question.

So, what did you come up with? Well, let's start by looking at more frequent and intense flooding.

Different adaptations could include the following: constructing flood barriers to prevent flood water from reaching settlements, building and maintaining stormwater drainage channels, once again, to move flood water away from settlements, improving infrastructure such as waste management systems, and finally, making homes and buildings more flood resilient.

As Jacob says, "There is also an app in Nigeria that people can use to actually monitor daily flood risks." So it's about using technology to really try to protect people from flooding events.

The Great Wall of Lagos is a coastal defence barrier to help protect the city from storm surges and flooding.

Storm surge is basically where there is a rise in the sea level due to atmospheric changes out at sea, for example, of the storm.

And Great Wall of Lagos is built of rock and concrete, and the planned wall will be eight and a half kilometres long once complete.

Groynes have also been constructed along the Lagos coastline.

Groynes help reduce coastal erosion by trapping sand on the beach and stopping it being washed into the ocean.

Yes, by maintaining a wide sandy beach, it actually means that the waves have less power to erode once they reach the coastline.

So it's really important to stop coastal erosion because it protects settlements.

And a key part of that is ensuring that there's a big wide sandy beach.

And groynes really help to ensure that this occurs.

With regards to increased drought and desertification, Nigeria is working with other African countries to combat desertification by creating a Great Green Wall across the continent from east to west.

Nigeria has so far restored 5 million hectares of land, and that's more than twice the area of Wales.

So what happens here is that Nigeria and other African countries along this Great Green Wall are trying to plant as many different trees to really try to ensure that there's biodiversity in that area.

It also holds the soil together and actually combats desertification because desertification occurs in areas where vegetation is removed and then strips the soil of nutrients and the soil itself and turns it into desert.

By planting trees, it can really try to reverse this process.

So, how are farmers in Nigeria adapting to climate change to ensure that their crop yields remain high? They're growing drought-resistant crops, they're improving access to weather forecasts and warning systems, they're also storing and using water much more efficiently to make full use of the perhaps limited rainfall that they receive, and finally, they're using better soil management practises to ensure that the soil that they have is remaining fertile.

So, time once again for a learning check, and it says true or false? Nigeria isn't taking any action to adapt to the impacts of climate change.

What you need to do then is pause the video here whilst you consider and then select your answer.

And the correct answer was false.

Now, once again, I'd like you to pause the video whilst you consider as to why or how this statement then is false.

And the reason it's false is that Nigeria is adapting to the impacts of climate change in many, many different ways, such as constructing flood barriers, helping to create a Great Green Wall across Africa, and growing drought-resistant crops.

So, really, really well done if you were able to get those two answers correct.

Climate justice is about understanding that not everyone is going to be impacted by climate change equally, and often, the people who are most affected by climate change have actually contributed the least to causing it.

As Lucas says, "Physical and human factors mean that Nigeria has a higher risk from climate change impacts." And as Aisha also says, "Nigeria has also contributed less to the greenhouse gas emissions that are actually causing climate change." Let's try and explore that now in a little bit more detail.

So, there is a real variability in the amount of greenhouse gases produced by people between and within countries.

And the map in front of you does a great job in illustrating that.

This world map then is showing the average amount of greenhouse gases produced per person.

Now, what we can see clearly when we look at this map is that regions or countries within perhaps North America, parts of Asia, parts of Europe, and Australasia seem to be producing far more greenhouse gases than countries in Africa, for example.

Nigeria actually has lower per-person emissions than many, many other countries, and yet it's going to be perhaps more affected than many, many other countries by climate change.

Climate justice is about making sure that climate change is tackled in a fair way so that those who are in the most vulnerable positions are not unfairly affected.

So, a question for you to think about is, how might action be taken for climate justice? Now, you may like to pause the video here whilst you consider your answer to that question, or better still, perhaps even have a discussion with someone near you.

So, what did you come up with? Well, one way to work towards climate justice is for higher income countries, those richer countries to give money to lower-income countries such as Nigeria, so poorer countries, to help them prepare for and adapt to the impacts of climate change.

Fairer funding can also help lower-income countries to recover from the effects of climate change that they've already experienced, perhaps floods that have happened in the past, or perhaps desertification and drought events, too, as well as also reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, which, of course, is a key driver of climate change itself.

So, a quick learning check.

It says select the two correct endings to the sentence, "Climate justice is an understanding that.

." So, what you need to do right now is pause the video, read through those four options, and select the two correct endings to that sentence.

Best of luck.

And the two correct answers were C, some people and countries are impacted by climate change more than others, and D, some people in countries contribute more to greenhouse gas emissions than others.

So, really well done if you were able to select C and D as the correct answers.

We're on now to our two practise tasks for our final learning cycle.

And the first one says to complete the table to describe how Nigeria is adapting to climate change.

And you need to give one example for each row.

So, on the left-hand side, you can see the different climate change impact, for example, more frequent and intense flooding, increased drought and desertification, and finding low crop yields.

On the right-hand side then, you need to describe or show how Nigeria is adapting to each of those different impacts.

The second question says Sam has written an explanation of climate justice.

What you need to do is find and correct her five mistakes.

So please then pause the video here whilst you attempt these two practise questions.

Best of luck.

And the feedback for the first question, your answer may have looked something like this.

So, how is Nigeria adapting to more frequent and intense flooding? Well, it's providing better warning systems. How is Nigeria adapting to increased drought and desertification? It's helping to create the Great Green Wall across Africa to combat land degradation.

And finally, how is Nigeria adapting to low crop yields? Well, farmers there are trying now to grow drought-resistant crops.

And now the second question, and here is a corrected version of Sam's explanation.

So your answer should have read as climate justice is about understanding that not everyone is impacted by climate change equally and that often, the people most affected by climate change are those who are least responsible for causing it.

One method of climate justice is for higher-income countries to give money to lower-income countries to help them recover from and adapt to the impacts of climate change.

Fairer funding can also help lower-income countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.

So, really well done if you were able to identify and correct those five mistakes.

We're on now to our learning summary, and what do you need to know from today's lesson? Well, we need to know that Lagos is threatened by flooding and sea level rise.

We need to know that the north of Nigeria faces desertification due to drought.

Farmers in Nigeria face changing rainfall patterns and lower crop yields.

Climate justice is about understanding that some people and countries are impacted by climate change more than others.

And finally, climate justice advocates for global action to support countries, such as Nigeria, to adapt to climate change impacts.

So, really, really well done during today's lesson.

It was a pleasure teaching you, and I will see you again on the next lesson.

Goodbye.