Lesson video

Hello, my name is Mr. Marsh and I'm here today to teach you all about Nigeria's future in a changing world.

So grab everything that you need for today's lesson and let's get going.

So, by the end of today's lesson, you will be able to identify Nigeria's global connections and describe some ways in which the country is changing.

There are four key terms for today's lesson, and those are globalization, diaspora, foreign investment, and finally, foreign aid.

Globalization means the links and interdependencies between countries all around the world.

Diaspora is a group of people who have scattered across the world, but maintain cultural connections from their place of origin.

Foreign investment is when an individual or company buys an asset in another country.

And finally, foreign aid is any form of assistance donated by one country to another.

There are two learning cycles for today's lesson.

We're gonna start with learning cycle one, which is all about Nigeria's global connections.

Now, globalization, which is one of our key words for today's lesson, is the process of the world becoming more and more interconnected.

Now, my question to you is how are we connected to people, places, or things around the world?

You may like to pause the video here at this point to perhaps consider your answer to that question or better still have a discussion with someone near you.

So, what did you come up with?

Well, these four students have also been considering and debating that question that you were just thinking of on the previous slide.

So we have Andeep, Sam, Izzy, and Alex, and they've all given statements about how we are interconnected to different places and people around the world.

Let's have a look at what they've said.

So Andeep says, "A lot of the food we eat, the clothes we wear and all the other things we use come from other parts of the world.

" Alex says, "I have family and friends in Poland.

We visit them once a year and chat regularly on the phone.

" Sam says, "There are companies in the UK that also have bases in other countries.

" And finally, Izzy says that "More than 40 languages are spoken at my school.

" And these are very, very interesting and excellent examples of how we are all connected or interconnected around the world.

And as I said, this process is known as globalization.

It affects the food that we eat.

It affects the clothes that we wear.

If you look in the label, perhaps at the clothes that you are wearing, you are probably notice it was manufactured in a country far, far away from the United Kingdom, for example.

Meanwhile, we've had a great import of many, many different people from around the world, which have brought their culture, their food, their language, all to this country.

And finally, also, we have many multinational corporations or multinational companies have set up and do business within the UK.

Once again, perhaps look at the clothes that you wear or the clothes that you have at home.

Companies such as Nike, Adidas, Apple, these are all examples of multinational corporations, as in these are companies that were founded in other countries and their products are also manufactured in other countries, and they sell those products in this country right here, in the United Kingdom.

So this is all examples of how we are part of this globalization process.

Now, just like the United Kingdom, Nigeria is also connected to the rest of the world in many, many different ways.

Once again, my question to you is what do you think Nigeria's global connections actually are?

And once again, you may like to pause the video here whilst you consider your answer to that question, or once again, perhaps even have a discussion with someone near you.

So a quick learning check, it says, "What is globalization?

" And you have three options on the screen in front of you.

What you need to do then is pause the video here whilst you consider those different statements and select what you think is the correct answer.

And the correct answer was A, so globalization is the world becoming more interconnected.

Really well done if you were able to select A as the correct answer.

So, on now to our practice tasks for the first learning cycle and it all centers around this question, which is, "How is Nigeria connected to the rest of the world?

" And the first step says to read through the different statements.

Now, the statements I will show you on the following screens after the screen that we're on currently.

So, you're gonna read through the different statements and you may want to cut the statements out and sort them into different groups to actually help your thinking.

Perhaps you can come up with some sort of categorization to really support your thinking within this.

And you may decide that some statements are actually more useful than others.

The second step then is to use this information to come up with your own answer to the question of how is Nigeria connected to the rest of the world?

And the third and final step then is to share your ideas with someone else.

So let's now have a look at those different statements.

Now I'm obviously not going to read through all of them, but you can see that you have many, many different statements, which once again, you may like to cut up and sort or categorize into categories that you perhaps can consider yourself.

Here are the next set of statements, and here are the next set of statements too.

And these are the final statements.

So what I'd like you to do then right now is pause the video here whilst you attempt this practice task.

Best of luck In terms of feedback then, here are some possible ideas you may have had yourself.

So Lucas has said that, "Nigeria is well connected by air and sea with the rest of the world.

" Aisha said that, "Nigeria is connected to many other countries by trade.

It imports and exports a wide range of goods.

" Sam, she says that, "Nigeria is a member of global organizations such as the United Nations, as well as important African bodies, such as the African Union.

It continues.

As Jun says, "The Nigerian diaspora is large and global and many Nigerians have migrated to and settled in the UK.

" Izzy says that.

"Nigeria is connected to the UK through its history as a former British colony.

" And finally Alex says that.

"Nigeria has a rich cultural heritage.

It has global influence through its art, music, film, and literature.

" So really well done if you were able to get anything like that in your own answer.

We're now to our second and final learning cycle.

And this is all about Nigeria, a changing country.

Nigeria is undoubtedly a changing country.

I would like you to reflect on what you've learned about Nigeria and consider also in what ways is the country actually changing?

And finally, I'd like you to share your ideas with someone else.

So, please then pause the video here whilst you really consider those different questions that you can see on the screen in front of you.

So, let's now have a look at those different changes, and actually they can be sorted into different groups beginning with population, politics, economy, living conditions, and finally environment.

And we're gonna spend the next part of this lesson really trying to understand those different changes within the country of Nigeria.

So let's start with population.

And the graph in front of you does a great job in illustrating how Nigeria's population's really increased since 1950.

So, it has a really high birth rate and a falling death rate.

And both of these factors combined have contributed to Nigeria's rapid population growth.

Look at that.

Back in 1950, the total population in Nigeria was less than 50 million.

Fast forward to today, and its between 200 and 250 million, roughly 225 million people now living in the country of Nigeria.

This fast population growth is predicted to continue into the future as well.

Rapid urbanization means that an increasing share of Nigeria's population, which as we know is growing, also living in the towns and cities, those urban areas.

The country has several large and fast growing cities with high population densities.

As Sam says, "Urbanization has led to housing shortages and the growth of informal settlements," or sometimes known as slums, "in Nigeria's cities.

" So, this growing population, as well as the growing population in its urban centers is leading to a housing crisis where there aren't enough houses for its people.

And this is leading to slum settlements or informal settlements being constructed around these different cities.

Lagos in Nigeria is actually its largest city and is pictured on the screen in front of you.

What about political changes?

Nigeria has undoubtedly had a really eventful history.

Over time, different aspects such as the borders of the country, its name even, its rulers and the type of country have all changed in its history.

Nigeria was actually once part of a British colony.

It was part of the British empire.

It became an independent country, though, in 1960.

And there has been political instability in Nigeria since independence with several changes in government and ongoing tensions between the different groups and ethnic groups and cultural groups of people which inhabit Nigeria.

Economically, Nigeria has changed drastically as well as the graph in front of you does a great job in actually showing.

We should first of all start by mentioning that Nigeria actually has one of the largest economies anywhere in the continent of Africa.

Now let's turn our attention to that graph in front of you.

And we can see how Nigeria's economic output, its GDP has really grown over the years, beginning back in 1960 or even before up to present day.

And we can see that huge increase in terms of wealth.

It is also worth mentioning that changes in global oil prices of which Nigeria is very dependent in terms of its revenue stream as well as its political instability and other factors have all affected Nigeria's economic growth over the years as perhaps the graph in front of you does a great job in actually illustrating with its ups and downs at certain points in its history, Nigeria's economy is currently growing rapidly as, once again, the graph does a great job in illustrating.

Time now for a learning check and Andeep, Sam and Alex are all talking about Nigeria.

What you need to do then is fill in the missing words from their different statements.

So, please then pause the video here whilst you attempt this learning check.

And let's get some answers then.

So, let's start with Andeep.

Andeep says that, "Nigeria's population is growing rapidly because of high birth rates and falling death rates.

" The next one says, well, Alex says that, "There has been political instability in Nigeria since it gained independence in 1960.

" And finally, Sam says that, "Nigeria's economy is one of the largest in Africa.

" So really well done if you were able to get those answers too.

As I said previously, Nigeria's economy relies heavily on the oil and gas industry.

It is a major exporter of oil and gas, and this makes the country really vulnerable to changes in global oil prices.

Efforts though are being made to actually try to diversify or vary Nigeria's economy by investing in other sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, and technology, and thereby limit the influence or reliance on the oil and gas industry.

As Alex says, "The technology sector in Nigeria is increasing in importance," and within a 21st century economy, developing your technology sector is without doubt a worthwhile effort.

Nigeria's growing economy also attracts foreign investment.

It attracts investment from other countries, but also multinational corporations.

Foreign investment is when businesses and individuals from other countries invest money or resources in a country, and this can really help to develop industries, as well as create jobs for those people.

Nigeria receives foreign investment from a range of different countries, including the UK, China, Netherlands, as well as South Africa.

Levels of foreign investment are increasing as they see an opportunity within the country of Nigeria.

As Yun says, "Many large transnational companies or corporations have bases in Nigeria.

" Perhaps you recognize some of these names and these are companies such as Shell Oil, Unilever, GSK, and even Nestle.

They all have bases in Nigeria, which once again points to the profitability of basing their companies in this country.

There have also been great changes in living conditions for the people of Nigeria.

There have been great improvements in infrastructure such as the road and communication network and access to other services such as education, healthcare and sanitation.

Look at this graphic right here in front of you.

In 1990, only 27% of Nigeria's population actually had access to electricity, something that perhaps we take for granted in the United Kingdom, but by 2023, this had increased to 61%, which is a 34% increase, a staggering improvement, which really goes to show just how much Nigeria is changing within a relatively short period of time.

Yet whilst the improvements are absolutely and undoubtedly staggering, many people still face challenges.

As Aisha says, "Around four in 10 people in Nigeria are estimated to still live in extreme poverty.

" And as Izzy says, "Millions of people in the country struggle to meet their daily living needs.

" So, there's this growing divide between the people of Nigeria where people are perhaps gaining in wealth, but also there are a huge amount of people who are still living in extreme poverty.

Time now for a learning check.

It says, "Approximately what percentage of Nigeria's population are estimated to live in extreme poverty?

" So you can see you've got four different options on the screen there.

What you need to do then is pause a video once again and consider and then select what you think is the correct answer.

And the correct answer was C, 40%.

Really well done if you were able to get that answer correct.

The World Bank and international financial organizations sorts countries into groups depending on their income, so depending on their wealth - low, lower-middle, upper-middle or high.

Nigeria is a lower-middle income country.

And as a result, Nigeria receives foreign aid to actually try to help develop infrastructure and services such as education as well as healthcare.

And what about the environment?

How has Nigeria's environment changed over the years?

Nigeria covers a really large area and has a really varied landscape, which includes biomes such as deserts, as well as rain forests, but also different landscapes such as coastlines, mountains as well as the biome savanna.

It is home for many plant and animal species.

Some of these aren't found anywhere else on earth except in Nigeria.

So, human activities though are changing Nigeria's natural environment.

But what are those different human activities?

Well, they can be things such as air and water pollution, perhaps as a result of Nigeria's industrialization.

Deforestation, so cutting down perhaps its rain forest areas.

Land degradation, particularly in the north of Nigeria where there's a substantial amount of agriculture where the climate is also changing to become much more dry and hot, and it's leading to this land degradation, which you can see on the screen in front of you.

Climate change is also affecting Nigeria's natural environment.

And finally, perhaps as a result of climate change and other human activities that we've just mentioned, it's leading to biodiversity loss.

It's really putting a strain on animal and plant species living in Nigeria.

Nigeria is though taking action in different ways to respond to the environmental challenges it faces.

So it's aware of the environmental challenges and it's trying to solve at least some of these different problems.

So a quick learning check, it says, "True or false, Nigeria isn't taking any action to protect its environment for current and future generations.

" What you need to do then is pause video here whilst you consider and then select your answer.

And the correct answer was false.

Now, once again, I'd like you to pause the video whilst you consider as to why or how that statement is false.

And the reason it's false is that actually yes, Nigeria is taking action in different ways to respond to the environmental challenges it faces, whether it's through a forestation program, so by planting trees in different parts of Nigeria to try and really encourage biodiversity, or perhaps prevent soil degradation.

So, really well done if you were able to get those two answers correct.

On now to our two practice tasks for our final learning site.

And the first one says to complete the table by describing some of the ways in which Nigeria is changing.

Now, you can see on the table then on the left-hand side you've got aspect.

So you've got population, politics, economy, living conditions and environment.

What you need to do on the right-hand side then is actually describe those changes and complete that table.

The second question says to think about how Nigeria might change in the future and write down or even discuss your ideas with someone else.

So, please then, what I'd like you to do then is pause the video here whilst you attempt these two practice tasks.

Best of luck.

In terms of feedback then for the first question, here is an example of a completed table.

So, let's start by looking at population.

So, how has that changed?

Nigeria's population is growing rapidly.

A high birth rate and a falling death rate are contributing to this increase.

What about politics?

Well, Nigeria's borders, even its name, the rulers and the government have all changed over time.

There has been political instability and several changes in governments since the country gained independence in 1960.

In terms of its economy, well, Nigeria has a large and growing economy, Its economy relies heavily, though, on oil.

But other sectors, such as technology and manufacturing are growing in importance.

Let's continue.

So, the living conditions, how have they changed?

There have been improvements in infrastructure and access to services such as education and healthcare.

However, millions of people in Nigeria still live in extreme poverty.

And finally, environment.

Human activities are changing Nigeria's natural environment.

Environmental problems include air and water pollution, climate change and deforestation.

Nigeria is taking action in different ways to respond to these challenges.

So, really, really well done if you were able to get anything like that in your own answer.

And now for the second question.

Let's now have a look at these three different students' opinions about that question about how Nigerian might change in the future.

So Lucas, he says that, "I think that Nigeria's population will continue to rise.

It might become the world's most populous country one day.

" Aisha says that, "I think that Nigeria's economy will continue to grow and that the country will have an increasing influence on global affairs.

" And finally, Sam, she says that, "I think that there will be further improvements to infrastructure and access to services such as education and healthcare.

" Now, really well done if you were able to include anything like that in your own answer or within your discussions.

So, on now to our learning summary and what we need to know from today's lesson.

We need to know that Nigeria exports and imports a wide range of goods.

The Nigerian diaspora is large and global.

Nigeria is a member of the UN and the African Union and plays an important role in African and global affairs.

Nigeria is a lower-middle income country and receives foreign aid for health, education and infrastructure.

And finally, Nigeria is undergoing economic, environmental, political and societal changes.

So, really, really well done during today's lesson.

It was a pleasure teaching you and I will see you again on the next lesson.

Goodbye.