Lesson video

Hello, welcome to history here at Oak National Academy.

My name's Mr. Newton, and I'll be your teacher today guiding you through the entire lesson.

Right.

Let's get started.

So one of the historical questions which may arise during today's lesson is, what should a woman's role be in society? Should women have the freedom to choose their own path or should their purpose be shaped by the needs of the nation? Imagine living in a country where your value is judged, not by your talents, your dreams or your achievements, but by the number of children you have, how you dress, and whether you stay at home.

Imagine being told that motherhood isn't just a personal choice but your patriotic duty.

Today we're going to explore how the Nazis redefined what it meant to be a woman in Germany and how that vision brought comfort to some and oppression to others.

By the end of this lesson, you'll be able to explain how Nazi beliefs about women influence their policies towards them.

Before we begin, there are a few key words that we need to understand.

Racial purity was a Nazi belief in keeping the Aryan race pure by preventing Germans from mixing with other racial groups.

And Aryan refers to belonging to an ancient Indo-European people.

And this was used by the Nazis to mean a racially pure German.

Today's lesson is titled Women in Nazi Germany, and it's going to be divided into two key parts.

First, we'll look at Nazi views on women.

We'll explore how the Nazis thought about gender roles, what they believe made a woman ideal, and why they placed such importance on a woman's role.

Then we'll move on to Nazi policies towards women.

This is where we'll see how those beliefs were turned into action.

Right.

Let's get started with the first section, Nazi views on women.

Traditionally, German society was built on a clear division of gender roles, the man as a strong protector and provider, and the woman as their equally vital wife, mother, and moral centre of the home.

This created a stable environment in which to raise children and pass on moral values.

In this view, strong families formed the bedrock of a cohesive society, one capable of nurturing the next generation and sustaining a strong unified nation.

Take a look at this image.

It shows a traditional German family something that had remained largely unchanged for hundreds of years.

And this image typifies the ideal family unit that many in German society believed in and wanted to preserve.

For generations, the roles were clearly defined.

The man was the provider and authority figure while the woman was the caretaker, the emotional centre of the home.

And this division was seen not only as natural, but as essential to maintaining a stable society.

However, during the 1920s, this structure came under increasing strain as the Weimar Republic introduced sweeping reforms. These reforms expanded women's rights.

Women gained the vote, entered higher education, and pursued professional careers.

As more women entered the workforce and delayed marriage or childbirth, Germany's birth rate dropped sharply and divorce rates rose at the same time.

These changes became a focal point in the cultural tensions between advocates of change and defenders of tradition.

While some welcomed women's newfound freedoms, traditionalists feared that both women and men were abandoning their duties to family in favour of personal pleasure, sexual freedom, and individual ambition.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

What I want you to do here is change one word to make this sentence accurate.

So let's read the sentence.

One major concern among traditionalists about the changes during the Weimar Republic was that women were prioritising their marriage over family.

Pause the video, change one word and then come right back.

Okay, great.

Welcome back.

So the incorrect word that needed changing there was marriage, which we've replaced with the word career.

So the sentence should have read, One major concern among traditionalists about the changes during the Weimar Republic was that women were prioritising their career over family.

Okay, let's continue.

When the Nazis rose to power in 1933, they tapped directly into these deep cultural tensions left by the Weimar years.

The regime rejected the Weimar reforms and placed the women at the heart of its vision for a revitalised nation.

For the Nazis, motherhood was not just a personal choice, it was a patriotic duty.

Women were expected to produce as many racially pure Aryan children as possible, pass on Nazi values and help shape what the Nazis called the future of the German race.

Even traditional Christian morality was quickly reshaped to serve the needs of the Nazi state.

The sacred bond of marriage was no longer about love or religion.

It was reimagined In racial terms. Couples were encouraged to marry not for romance, but to advance the racial aims of the Reich.

The private family home became an extension of state policy.

In other words, the government could interfere directly into the privacy of people's homes.

With Nazi values influencing how people lived and who they married.

Love and personal choice mattered less than doing what was seen as best for the Nazi state.

Let's take a closer look at this propaganda poster from Nazi Germany.

At the top there's a slogan, and in English, this can be translated to the NSDAP secures the people's community.

And this is a bold Nazi claim, positioning the Nazi party as the protector of German society.

The phrase people's community or Volksgemeinschaft was central to Nazi ideology promoting the idea of a unified national family.

Visually, this message is then reinforced through powerful symbols.

At the top of the poster, we can see an eagle with its wings outstretched standing watch over the family.

The eagle had long symbolised imperial and national strength in German history, but under the Nazis, it took on new meaning, representing the power and authority of the regime.

Below the eagle, the father wraps his arms around the family echoing the eagle's protective posture.

This imagery suggests that the father protects the home and the Nazi state protects them all.

Notice how the family is also portrayed blonde haired, healthy, smiling, traditional, and this is the Nazi ideal, an Aryan family.

And then if we translate the bottom line, this invites ordinary citizens.

If you need advice or help, contact your local Nazi party group.

This was a clever recruitment and reassurance strategy.

It mixed the comforting image of family security with a direct call to politically support the Nazi party.

In other words, if you want your family to be safe and secure, you need to support the Nazi party.

So this is no ordinary family portrait.

It's a carefully crafted political message, one that defines not just what a German family should look like, but what a German woman should be.

The Nazi summed up their ideal German woman with the slogan, "Kinder, Kuche, Kirche", Children, Kitchen and Church." In other words, raising children, maintaining the home, and upholding traditional religious morals.

This slogan was not invented by the Nazis.

It had been part of German traditional thinking since the 19th century.

Instead, the Nazis amplified these old values to make their message popular, knowing that many people were already anxious about the changes to women's roles during the Weimar years.

So as we can see, the Nazis tapped into real fears and frustrations using traditional symbols like the eagle and "Kinder, Kuche, Kirche" to present themselves as protectors of order, family and national strength.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

What I want you to do here is working with your partner discussed the following question, how did the Nazis response to the cultural tensions over women's roles that had emerged during the Weimar Republic? And to help you frame your discussions, I want them to include the following, the meaning and importance of the slogan, "Kinder, Kuche, Kirche", and also how the Nazis redefined marriage and motherhood to support their goals.

Pause the video, have a quick discussion and then come right back.

Okay, great.

Welcome back.

So there's many things that you may have discussed, but compare your discussion points with the ones I have here.

So let's first look at the meaning and importance of the slogan "Kinder, Kuche, Kirche".

So you might have talked about how the Nazis disagreed with the changes made during the Weimar Republic and wanted to return women to traditional roles.

So therefore, they're utilising this old traditional slogan to help them to do that.

They promoted the slogan "Kinder, Kuche, Kirche", which means "Children, Kitchen, Church" as the ideal for women.

This meant that women should focus on having children looking after the home and following traditional religious morals.

And the second discussion point was how the Nazis redefined marriage and motherhood to support their goals.

And you could have talked about that motherhood was no longer a personal choice in Nazi Germany, but a patriotic duty to the state.

In other words, you're putting the country, the regime estate first before your own personal choice.

You're doing it for the good of the country and not necessarily for your own family.

Could have also said that women were expected to have as many racially pure Aryan children as possible, and this was to protect and grow the future of the German race.

And that marriage was no longer about love or religion.

Couples were encouraged to marry to help the racial goals of the Nazi state.

And this goes into the fact that the Nazis wanted to have total control over the private family home.

And this is part of the totalitarian nature of dictatorship, that the Nazis want total control over every aspect of life, including in the private family home.

So despite taking conservative ideals to the extreme, many Germans found this return to traditional roles, not only acceptable, but deeply comforting.

And what we have to remember here is that Germany remained a conservative society where working women were seen as neglecting their children or disrupting the social order.

And for many at this time, the rise of female independence came to symbolise the chaos of the Weimar years, a period of instability, moral decline, and economic despair.

Let's take a look at this image.

On the left side, we see a chaotic and unsettling scene labelled, Weimar Chaos.

And the people look anxious and distressed.

And this is because Germany is facing the economic hardships of the 1920s, such as inflation and unemployment.

While the country was facing these issues at the same time, women were gaining freedoms, for example, going out unchaperoned or unaccompanied.

They were going out to work in the workplace and dressing more boldly, partying and smoking.

This was the age of the new woman.

And to many Germans, this looked like some women were pursuing personal pleasure and ambition at a time of national crisis that both women and men were abandoning their duties to family and the nation.

Now compare that to the right side, which is labelled return to order.

And this is what the Nazis promised.

Here, the family is calm, composed, and structured.

The mother holds a baby.

The children are neatly dressed and the father stands proudly beside them.

Everything feels stable, even peaceful.

This is the image of traditional family values being restored.

And this was the image that the Nazis were using to tap into people's fears and to reassure them.

By promising to restore order, the Nazis appeared to offer return to the family responsibilities of the past.

And this message resonated amongst German society.

This was also a message that the churches could support as they believed that marriage and motherhood were sacred duties.

Meanwhile, with millions of men unemployed following the Great Depression, there was growing resentment towards women who held jobs that men could have filled.

And it's in this atmosphere.

Nazi policy seemed to offer a return to stability and moral clarity.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Which three of the following help explain why many Germans accepted Nazi policies that promoted traditional roles for women.

A, churches supported the idea that marriage and motherhood were sacred duties? B, female independence was linked to the chaos of the Weimar Republic? C, Many unemployed men believed women should aside and let men take their jobs? D, Trade unions demanded equal pay for women in the workplace? Pause the video, select your three correct answers, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back, and well done if you knew the correct answers were A, churches supported the idea that marriage and motherhood was sacred duties.

So with the church on side, that enables many Germans to also accept the Nazi policies.

And the second answer B, female independence with link to the chaos of the Weimar Republic.

And finally, C.

Many unemployed men believe women should step aside and let men take their jobs.

Okay, great.

Let's move on to task A.

And what I want you to do here is look at source A.

And this was the Nazi poster of a family with a Nazi eagle wrapping its wings around them.

The caption reads, the NSDAP secures the National Community.

Comrades, if you need advice and help contact the local group.

And the question I want you to answer is, what do you think the source suggests about Nazi ideas towards women and the family? And help you to structure your writing.

Your answers should include the following.

It needs to identify two aspects of the source, and it also needs to explain the historical context each aspect is referring to.

So in other words, pick out an aspect or a feature from within the source.

And then go on to use the knowledge you've gained from today's lesson to explain the background story that the feature or the aspect is referring to.

Okay, pause the video, have a go at the task and then come right back.

Okay, great.

Welcome back.

And well done having a go at that task.

So there's many ways that you could have answered that question, but compare your answers with the one I have here.

So for your first aspect, you could have written one aspect of the poster shows of family with several children.

So we've clearly identified the aspect of the feature in the poster that we're writing about.

So we now need to go on to talk about the background story using our knowledge from today's lesson to explain what that aspect is referring to.

This suggests that the Nazis viewed women's main role as wives and mothers.

This links to the Nazi belief that women's main role was captured in the slogan, "Kinder, Kuche, Kirche" "Children, Kitchen, Church", meaning women were expected to focus on raising children, running the home, and upholding traditional values.

And for your second aspect, you could have said another aspect of the poster shows the family being protected under the symbol of the Nazi eagle.

This suggests that the Nazis wanted to protect the traditional family because they believed families were important for the future of the Nazi state.

This links to the Nazi belief that motherhood was a patriotic duty.

Women were expected to produce as many racially pure Aryan children as possible parcel Nazi values and help shape what the Nazis called the future of the German race.

Great.

Now that we've explored the Nazi ideas about women and the traditional roles they promoted, we're going to move into the second part of the lesson, Nazi policies towards women.

And this is where we'll see how those beliefs were turned into action.

To enforce their vision, the Nazis introduced sweeping policies to encourage large racially valuable families.

The Nazis copied ideas from abroad, including French policies that rewarded large families.

However, while France promoted larger families to rebuild its population after the war, the Nazis twisted those ideas by adding a racial focus, rewarding only those families they considered racially pure.

In 1933, the marriage loan scheme offered Newlywed couples a loan of 1000 Reichsmarks over a half of an average yearly income.

A quarter of the debt was cancelled for each child born for children, and the debt vanished entirely.

It was a financial incentive designed to build the future of the Reich child by child.

Let's take a look at this diagram.

It shows how the marriage loan scheme worked.

At the top, you can see that when a couple got married, the government gave them a loan of 1000 Reichsmarks, and that was a significant amount at that time.

But here's the catch, the loan wasn't just financial help, it was an incentive to have children and only the right kind of children.

Those the Nazis considered racially valuable.

Each time the couple had a child, part of the loan was wiped out.

After the first child, 25% of the loan was erased.

After baby number two, 50% of the loan is erased.

After the third child, 75% of the loan is erased.

And once they had a fourth child, the entire loan was cancelled.

So essentially, if you had four children, you got to keep the money.

By 1936, about a third of all new marriages was supported by this scheme.

And between 1933 and 1939, the birth rate rose from 14.

7 to 20.

4 per 1000 people.

A figure the Nazis hailed as a triumph, but behind the numbers they a more complex truth.

As the economy recovered from the depression, many couples felt more secure about starting families.

At the same time, the regime had made abortion far harder to access.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Which policy did the Nazis claim helped to increase the birth rate in Germany? A, they guaranteed free university education for all mothers children? B, they made divorce easier to promote remarriage and more children? C, they offered marriage loans with debt reduced for each child born? Pause the video, have a think, and then come right back.

Okay.

Welcome back and well done if you knew the correct Nazi policy was C, they offered marriage loans with debt reduced for each child born.

Okay, let's continue.

So the marriage loan scheme wasn't the only policy that was put forward by the Nazis.

Public awards turned motherhood into a national achievements.

Each year on Mother's Day, the second Sunday in May, the regime awarded the mother's cross to women with large families, bronze for four children, silver for six, and gold for eight.

Those who gave birth to 10 or more children received a personal certificate signed by Hitler.

Sometimes he was even named the child's godfather.

Have a look at the photo on the left.

It shows a Nazi governor awarding a mother with a gold mother's cross.

These medals weren't just tokens, they were symbols of honour celebrated in schools, communities, and the press.

Children were taught to treat their mothers like heroes.

And the state echoed that sentiment loudly.

Mothers who wore the cross in public were expected to be saluted, reflecting their honoured status as heroes of the Reich.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

What I want you to do here is complete this sentence with the correct missing term.

So the sentence is to reward women who had large families, the Nazis awarded the blank and honour aimed at creating greater social respect for motherhood.

Pause the video, fill in the blank, and then come right back.

Okay, great.

Welcome back.

So the sentence should have read, to reward women who had large families, the Nazis awarded the mother's cross an honour aimed at creating greater social respect for motherhood.

Although the Nazis rewarded women who adopted a traditional role, these honours came with restrictions.

Once again, the Nazis built on earlier ideas to justify their controls.

During the Great Depression, the Weimar government had already pushed some women out of work to help unemployed men.

The Nazis took this further turning it into a permanent policy tied to their beliefs about women's roles.

Women were discouraged from working, especially in professional or academic roles.

Female doctors, teachers and lawyers were forced out of their jobs.

University admissions for women were capped at 10%, and those who remained were often steered into domestic skills or nursing.

And the image on the left shows women practising domestic skills like cooking and sewing.

Education for girls increasingly focused on preparing them to be homemakers and mothers.

Even a woman's appearance came under state scrutiny.

A model Nazi woman was expected to be modest and natural.

In other words, no high heels, no short skirts, and certainly no heavy makeup.

Bleached hair, red lipstick and painted nails were seen as signs of vanity and corruption.

Magazines provided beauty advice rooted in Aryan expectations.

The image shows that ideal Aryan mother and children, and we can see then that women's hair was to be neatly braided or tied back.

Clothing was supposed to be practical but feminine and a woman's behaviour was expected to be demure.

For example, gentle and respectable.

Beauty was not about self-expression, but about embodying racial purity and health.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Which three of the following describe how women's lives were restricted under Nazi rule? A, girls' education focused on preparing them for homemaking and motherhood? B, women were encouraged to express themselves through fashion and heavy makeup? C, women were expected to look modest, natural, and embody racial purity and health? D, women were pushed outta professional jobs like doctors and lawyers? Pause video, have a think and then come right back.

Okay.

Welcome back and well done if you knew the correct three answers were A, girls education focused on preparing them for homemaking and motherhood.

C, women were expected to look modest, natural and embody racial purity and health.

And D, women were pushed out of professional jobs like doctors and lawyers.

As the 1930s progressed, Germany's economy recovered and Hitler began re-arming the nation.

Rebuilding Germany's military was a key step in dismantling the Treaty of Versailles.

This made the Nazis popular as the Treaty of Versailles was very unpopular in Germany at the time.

Men were increasingly drafted into the military or employed in munitions, factories and other heavy industries creating labour shortages elsewhere.

The Nazis were forced to reconsider their policies on women in the workforce.

By 1936 to '37, women who had taken out marriage loans were allowed to remain in employment and growing numbers return to roles such as nursing, clerical work, assembly line production, and domestic service.

And we can see the type of roles the Nazis allowed women to take on the image on the left.

These were light industrial jobs seen as extensions of women's responsibilities.

In other words, they were roles suited to the traditional responsibilities of women as seen by the Nazis.

True or false? Nazi policies toward women and work changed in the mid 1930s as the Great Depression worsened leading to mass unemployment.

Is that true or false? Pause the video, have a think and then come right back.

Okay.

Welcome back and well done if you knew the correct answer was false.

But why is that false? I want you to justify your answer.

So see if you can gimme a reason for why that's false.

Pause the video, have a think and then come right back.

Okay, great.

Welcome back and well done if you knew the reason why was because Nazi policies toward women and work changed at this time because of labour shortages developed due to increased rearmament roles and military conscription.

As a result, the Nazis were forced to reconsider their policies.

Nazi policies towards women offered a sense of purpose and belonging to some, but for others they meant the loss of freedom, opportunity, and safety.

So the question is, did life improve for women? For many, the Nazi vision was appealing.

In a time of upheaval, being told that your role was vital to the survival of the nation gave life an empowering purpose for some.

Women, like Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, head of the Nazi Women's Bureau proudly declared their loyalty to the cause and their duty to raise children who would uphold the strength from the German nation.

Enthusiasts like League of German girls member Melita Maschmann later described how proud they felt to belong to something greater than themselves.

Many women, particularly those from working class or rural backgrounds, preferred domestic life to the hard physical labour of factories.

They enjoyed the praise and social standing that came with being a wife and mother.

Take a look at this image.

It shows Leni Riefenstahl, a famous German filmmaker who worked under the Nazi regime.

The Nazis admired her talents and used her work to promote their image of propaganda, especially through films like "Triumph of the Will".

Her career shows how the regime could make room for individual women as long as they served their goals of the Nazi state.

Yet not all women accepted these changes.

Some women who had gained freedom and careers in the 1920s resented the return to traditional family roles.

Many were forced out of jobs, denied education or pressured into marriage and motherhood.

Others were punished for stepping out of line.

The women's concentration camp at Moringen and later Ravensbruck housed those who refused to conform, including political dissidents, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Jews.

Nazi policy did not simply offer return to tradition.

It demanded obedience, conformity, and sacrifice.

For some, it brought security and pride, but for others it brought repression and fear.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

What I want you to do here is working with your partner, discuss the following question.

Did Nazi policies improve life for women? And I want your discussions to include why some women felt life improved, but why other women felt life became worse.

Pause the video, have a quick discussion and then come right back.

Okay.

Welcome back.

Let's see what you may have discussed.

So for discussion points regarding how life may have improved for some women, you could have said that some women felt empowered by being told that their role was vital to the survival of the country.

And that Gertrud Scholtz-Klink proudly declared her loyalty and believed women had a duty to raise children who would uphold the strength of the German nation.

And that members of the League of German girls like Melita Maschmann felt proud to belong to a countrywide movement.

And finally, that many working class and rural women actually preferred domestic life rather than the hard physical labour in factories and enjoyed the praise and social respect they received for being wives and mothers.

And for the discussion points for why for some women life became worse could have said that some women who had gained freedom and careers in the 1920s resented being pushed back into traditional family roles.

Now many women were forced out of jobs, denied education opportunities and pressured into marriage and motherhood, and that some women who refused to conform were punished harshly.

For example, political dissidence.

Jehovah's Witnesses and Jewish women were imprisoned in concentration camps like Moringen and Ravensbruck.

And the Nazi policy demanded complete obedience and conformity and life became repressive and fearful for those who did not fit into the Nazi ideal.

Okay, great.

Let's move on to task B.

So what I want you to do here is using the knowledge gained from the lesson so far provides supporting evidence for the following statements.

And I've given you three statements to do that for.

The Nazis introduced policies to encourage women to have more children.

So we need a bit more supporting evidence to explain what's going on there.

The second statement, the Nazis restricted women by limiting their careers, education and controlling their appearance.

And finally, Nazi policies towards women changed written labour shortages developed in the late 1920s.

Pause the video, have a go at the task and then come right back.

Okay, great.

Welcome back.

So there's many ways you could have answered that question, but compare your answers with the ones I have here.

So for the first statement, the Nazis introduced policies to encourage women to have more children.

So we need to use our knowledge to provide some extra supporting evidence to that statement.

And you could have put that the Nazis set up the marriage loan scheme giving newlyweds 1000 Reichsmarks with the debt reduced for each child born.

By 1936 about a third of all new marriages were supported through this scheme.

They also awarded the mother's cross to women who had large families making motherhood as celebrated national achievements.

The second statement, the Nazis restricted women by limiting their careers, education and controlling their appearance.

You could have put that women were forced out of professional jobs like being doctors, teachers, and lawyers.

And university admissions for women were capped at 10%.

Girls' education focused mainly on preparing them for domestic roles.

Women's appearance was also controlled.

They were expected to dress naturally and modestly, avoid heavy makeup and bleached hair, and instead show racial purity and health.

As the final statement, Nazi policies towards women changed when labour shortages developed in the late 1930s.

And you could have put as Germany re-armed, and men were drafted into the military labour shortages grew.

From 1936 to '37, women who had taken out marriage loans were allowed to stay in work.

And more women began taking on jobs in nursing, clerical work, assembly line production, and domestic service roles still seen as suitable to their traditional responsibilities.

Okay, great.

Let's move on to the second and final path of task B.

What I want you to do here is read this woman's recollections of living in Nazi Germany.

They are fictional, but informed by source material from the time.

Men and women have naturally different strengths.

Men are decisive and action focused while women are emotional and strong in spirit.

I wanted to be a perfect housewife and contribute to the national movement to restore stability, not just have an office job.

I felt proud that my duty to my country was rewarded.

So what I want you to do is explain in two paragraphs why some people supported Nazi policies towards women and why some did not.

And hopefully this source can help you to write your answer.

Pause the video, have a go at the task, and then come right back.

Okay, great.

Welcome back.

And well done, having go at that task.

So there's many ways you could have written your paragraphs, but compare your answers with the ones I have here.

So for your first paragraph, you could have put some people supported Nazi policies towards women 'cause they believed traditional roles created stability after the chaos of the Weimar Republic and could help fix the falling birth rates.

The idea of restoring traditional family life gave people pride and a sense of belonging in a national movement to rebuild Germany and women's work as mothers was awarded honours like the mother's cross.

For some women being a wife and mother was preferred over difficult factory jobs.

Many people saw working women as neglecting their children and disrupting the social order.

The churches also supported the message that marriage and motherhood were sacred duties.

Nazi policies seem to offer a way to restore both moral values and economic stability, giving people a renewed sense of pride and national purpose.

And for your second paragraph, you could have put, however, not everyone supported Nazi policies towards women.

During the Weimar Republic, many women had gained new freedoms like voting rights, access to higher education and professional careers.

Some women resented being forced back into traditional roles and losing their jobs as teachers, doctors, or lawyers.

University places for women were also heavily restricted to just 10%.

Also, the Nazis controlled how women should dress and look.

High heels, short skirts and heavy makeup were all discouraged in favour, modesty and racial purity.

Those who wanted independence and careers disagreed with the idea that women should only serve as wives and mothers.

Some women who refuse to conform face harsh punishments, including imprisonment in concentration camps like Moringen and Ravensbruck.

Okay, great.

Let's summarise today's lesson, Women in Nazi Germany.

Nazi ideals focused on women as wives and mothers with a strong emphasis on raising Aryan families.

Motherhood was treated as a patriotic duty and rewarded with loans and the mothers crossed to increase the birth rates.

Women's independence was restricted by limiting their access to professional jobs, capping university admissions, and controlling their appearance to reflect racial purity.

Labour shortages during the armaments forced the Nazis to allow more women backing into employment.

Support for Nazi policies came from those who valued stability or order and national pride.

But many women who had experienced new freedoms under the Weimar Republic opposed the return to traditional roles and faced serious punishments if they resisted.

Well done everyone.

And today we've seen how Nazi Germany shaped women's lives, not just through ideas, but through powerful policies and propaganda.

See you next time.