Hello and welcome to today's lesson.

My name is Ms T, and today we're talking about immunisation, and that's part of our unit on Staying safe and healthy: How can I check my body is healthy? So let's get started.

The outcome for today's lesson is I can explain the benefits of immunisation and evaluate the arguments around them.

Before we get started on today's lesson, it's really important that we think about the ground rules that we follow when we're having discussions in our classrooms. We've got Laura firstly saying, "Listen to others.

It's okay to disagree with each other, but we should listen properly before making assumptions or deciding how to respond." And when we disagree, we challenge the statement, we don't challenge the person.

We've got Jacob saying, "No judgement.

We can explore beliefs and misunderstandings about a topic without fear of being judged." Andeep tell us to respect privacy.

He says, "We can discuss examples but we do not use names or descriptions that could identify anyone, including ourselves." And finally, Izzy reminds us to choose the level of participation that is right for us.

"Everyone has the right to choose not to answer a question or join a discussion.

We never put anyone on the spot." So with those in mind, let's get started with today's lesson.

So we have five keywords through today's lesson.

The first one is immunisation, which is the process of becoming immune or resistant to a disease, usually through a vaccine.

We then have the word vaccination.

Now, this is the process of receiving a vaccine, for example, receiving the injection or taking an oral or nasal dose.

Then we have the word antibodies.

Now, these are disease-fighting proteins, and they play a crucial role in the immune system, because they recognise infectious invaders, such as bacteria and viruses, and help the body destroy them.

We then have the phrase live vaccines.

Now, these contain weakened versions of viruses or bacteria and they give long-term protection.

And then finally, non-live vaccines.

These contain viruses or bacteria that have been destroyed or just parts of them.

Several doses or a booster are needed normally for full protection.

As we go through this lesson, see if you can see where these keywords are used and see if you can use some of them in your answers.

We have two lesson outlines in today's lesson.

Firstly, How does immunisation work? And secondly, What immunizations are available? So let's look at our first learning outline, How does immunisation work? So Laura says, "I have a letter from school saying that we will be having our immunizations next week." And she asks, "What are these for?" And Dr Elsie replies, "Everyone in the UK is offered a series of vaccines throughout their lives.

Receiving these vaccines is called vaccination.

Vaccines help us to develop immunity to diseases through a process called immunisation.

Vaccines enable our immune system to prevent us from contracting serious diseases or passing these on to other people." So the Laura asks a follow-up question, "What is our immune system?" And Dr Elsie says that "everyone has an immune system, because this is the body's defence system that protects us from any bacteria or viruses that can give us harmful diseases.

When a bacterium or virus invades our body, our immune system fights it off using our white blood cells, antibodies, and memory cells." So the immune system defends our bodies against disease.

So when we have a cold, we can rely on our immune system to fight this illness off, because for most people, this is not too serious.

However, for more serious illnesses, we've developed vaccines to help train the body to respond effectively.

So antibodies are disease-fighting proteins made by the immune system.

They attach themselves to viruses or bacteria and then help to destroy them.

Memory cells are a type of white blood cell that remembers a virus or bacteria that the body has met before.

So then if that germ tries to invade again, memory cells help your body to respond faster and more effectively.

So this means that someone may not get sick at all or they will only get a mild version of the illness.

So let's look at the process of vaccination.

A vaccination takes a small amount of the virus or bacteria, called a pathogen, and introduces this to the body.

This pathogen is a dead or weakened form of the disease that won't make someone sick or will only cause mild symptoms. The pathogen then causes a person's white blood cells to create antibodies, and these antibodies stay in the body and help to prevent future infection through immunisation.

So, true or false? Antibodies cause disease.

Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you said that you thought the answer was false, then you'd be correct.

And that's because antibodies are disease-fighting proteins produced by the body's immune system.

They recognise and target disease pathogens, helping to destroy them.

So immunizations are given as vaccines in the form of an injection, sometimes also called a jab, an nasal spray, or an oral dose.

Dr Elsie says that "vaccines are thoroughly tested before being used and do not contain anything harmful, they only have ingredients to make them work." Since vaccines were introduced in the UK, diseases like smallpox, polio, and tetanus that used to kill or disable millions of people are either eradicated or are now very rarely seen.

So Laura says, "What happens if we don't get vaccinated?" And Dr Elsie says, "If people stop having vaccines, it's possible for infectious diseases to quickly spread again.

Getting vaccinated is the most effective way to protect yourself and others against serious illness." So vaccines are important because they train and strengthen the immune system, they prevent illness or they can make illnesses milder, they protect other people through herd immunity.

Now, this is when the majority of people are vaccinated.

Herd immunity makes it harder for diseases to spread and it protects babies, elderly people, and other people who cannot be vaccinated.

And they're also important because they've reduced or completely eradicated many diseases that used to be incurable or fatal.

There are two types of vaccination: live vaccines and non-live vaccines.

A live vaccine contains weakened versions of viruses or bacteria.

These offer long-term immunisation, and only one or two doses may be needed to provide strong protection.

However, live vaccines are not always safe for people who already have weakened immune systems or have allergies to some of the ingredients.

So a non-live vaccine contains viruses or bacteria that have been destroyed or parts of them.

They still teach the body to recognise and fight disease, but they may require regular boosters to keep the protection strong, but they are safer for people with weaker immune systems. So let's look at this check for understanding.

People with weakened immune systems require: A, live vaccines; B, non-live vaccines; or C, regular boosters? Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

So in this check for understanding, you were talking about whether people with weakened immune systems might require A, live vaccines; B, non-live vaccines; or C, regular boosters.

And if you identified the answers were B and C, non-live vaccines and regular boosters, then you'd be correct.

Well done.

So let's take a look at Task A.

Jun's younger cousin is due to have routine injections.

Can you help Jun explain to her A, how vaccines work, B, why vaccinations are important, and in your response, can you include the words immune system, antibodies, herd immunity, and memory cells in your explanation? Pause your screen while you respond to the task.

So your explanations may have included some of the following points.

Antibodies are made by the immune system to help defend our bodies against disease.

When a pathogen enters our body, antibodies attach themselves to the virus or bacteria to help destroy it.

A vaccine can help the body to train memory cells to remember how to fight a pathogen more effectively.

In B, you may have said that vaccines are important because they've helped to eradicate some serious diseases.

They can make illnesses milder, and herd immunity can protect people who can't be vaccinated.

Well done for your work on Task A.

So let's move on to our second lesson outline for today, What immunizations are available? So in the UK, everyone is offered free immunizations through the NHS throughout their lives to help protect against a range of diseases and illnesses.

These include a series of vaccinations: as a baby, when you're under the age of one, as a child between 1 to 15 years old, and then as an adult from the age of 65 and above.

As a baby, child, or young adult, you'll be offered a range of vaccinations.

So between 8 and 16 weeks, you are offered the 6-in-1 vaccine, the rotavirus vaccine, the MenB vaccine, and the pneumococcal vaccine.

At age one, you'll offered the Hib or the MenC vaccine, that's the first dose, and the MMR vaccine, also the first dose.

At three years, you're offered the 4-in-1, pre-school vaccine it's sometimes called.

At 12 to 13, the HPV vaccine.

That's normally done in school.

And at 14, the MenACWY vaccine.

Dr Elsie says that "once you are school aged, these vaccinations can happen in school," but you can also arrange to have these with your GP as well.

So in this check for understanding, can you circle the age at which you are first offered the MMR vaccine? Is it 8 to 16 weeks, one year, three years, 12 to 13 years, or 14 years? Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you said that the age at which you are first offered the MMR vaccine was at age one, then you'd be correct.

Well done.

So immunizations can protect us from a variety of diseases.

The 6-in-1 vaccination that is offered to babies is very important because it offers protection from: diptheria, tetanus, whooping cough, also called pertussis, polio, the haemophilus influenzae type b, Hib, and hepatitis B.

The MMR vaccination that is offered to children from the age of one protects against measles, mumps, and rubella, and you can see that image there of a measles rash.

Dr Elsie says that "measles is a highly contagious viral infection that can cause serious complications.

There are many symptoms of this, but it normally includes a rash that starts on the face and spreads quickly." If you have any of these symptoms, you should seek medical support.

The HPV vaccination is offered to all boys and girls aged 12 to 13 years.

This helps to prevent human papillomavirus from causing: cervical cancer, mouth cancer, anal cancer, penile cancer, vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, genital warts.

And Dr Elsie says that "the HPV vaccine can prevent cancer before it starts and is most effective when given before any exposure to the virus." So vaccines and boosters.

"Some vaccines only need one dose, and that will give you life-long protection.

However, others need more than one dose or boosters to give you full protection.

Lots of vaccines are referred to using a range of letters or acronyms. If you want to learn more about what each vaccine protects us from, all of the information is available on the NHS website." So some of the vaccines that require boosters include those vaccinations that you get between 8 and 16 weeks.

So you have a second and a third dose for the 6-in-1 vaccine, the rotavirus vaccine, and the MenB vaccine at 12 and at 16 weeks.

You also have at one year a booster for the pneumococcal vaccine and the MenB vaccine.

When you get your 4-in-1 pre-school vaccine, you also have the booster for the MMR vaccine.

The flu vaccine is offered every year from 2 to 15 years old.

And you also have a booster for the Td/IPV vaccine, which is the 3-in-1 teenage booster.

Vaccinations and travel.

When you travel, you might be advised to get specific vaccinations to protect you from some diseases that have not been eradicated in other countries.

There may be some countries that you are required to have a vaccination for in order to enter.

For example, many countries in Africa require proof of a yellow fever vaccination.

So in this check for understanding, which vaccine will you be offered a yearly dose of between 2 to 15 years old? Is it HPV, is it yellow fever, or is it flu? Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you identified that the yearly dose of the flu vaccine will be offered between 2 and 15 years old, then you'd be correct.

Well done.

So we have Aisha here, and she says, "Today, Dr Elsie talked to us about the different vaccines we have and why these are important.

I have my MenACWY vaccination coming up.

It protects me from four types of meningococcal bacteria that cause meningitis and sepsis." And Aisha's grandparents reply, and they say, "We also have regular vaccinations.

As you get older, you can become more vulnerable to disease and illnesses.

It's important to be protected." As an adult, you'll be offered vaccinations at 65 years old that include the vaccine for the flu, which is offered every year, pneumococcal vaccine, and the shingles vaccine.

Again between 70 and 79, you're offered the shingles vaccine, between 75 and 79 it's the RSV vaccine, and 75 years and above, you're offered the COVID-19 vaccine.

And Dr.

Elsie says that "vaccines protect elderly people from infections, complications, and even hospitalisation." So in this check for understanding, can you circle the ages at which you are offered the shingles vaccine? Is it 65, 70 to 79, 75 to 79, or 75 and above years? Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you said that the ages at which you are offered the shingles vaccine were 65 and 70 to 79 years, then you'd be correct.

Well done.

So Sofia here says, "I feel nervous about having my vaccines.

I've heard some people say that they are unsafe and can cause further complications." And Dr Elsie reassures her and says, "It's understandable that you might feel nervous, but vaccines are very safe.

Before being approved for use, they are rigorously tested and monitored for any rare side effects.

They do not contain anything harmful, only ingredients to make them work effectively." And Sofia says, "Are there any side effects of having a vaccine?" And Dr Elsie says, "Well, most vaccine side effects are mild and temporary, like a sore arm or a slight fever.

Serious side effects are extremely rare, and the benefits of vaccinations, such as preventing serious illness or avoiding hospitalisation or fatal diseases, far outweigh the risks." So in this check for understanding, can you remember what the HPV vaccine protects you from? Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you said that the HPV vaccine protects you from cancers caused by the human papillomavirus, then you'd be correct.

Well done.

So let's take a look at Task B.

Andeep is creating a poster for an awareness campaign on immunizations.

Can you help him by completing the following activities? Number one, can you complete the timeline on the next slide when people are first offered different vaccinations? And number two, can you explain what vaccinations you are offered at school from the age of 11 to 18 years old? So for task number one, you need to complete the timeline, and number two, to explain the immunizations you're offered between 11 and 18.

Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

So for task one, your completed timeline should look like this.

The first dose of the 6-in-1, rotavirus, MenB, and pneumococcal vaccine are offered at eight weeks old.

The first dose of the MMR vaccine is offered at one year.

The 4-in-1 pre-school vaccine comes at three years.

The HPV vaccine is offered between 12 and 13.

The MenACWY vaccine at 14 years old.

And the shingles vaccine is offered at 65 and then again at 70 to 79 years.

The explanation about the vaccinations you are offered at secondary school may look like this.

The HPV and MenACWY vaccines are given to UK teenagers between the ages of 12 to 14 years.

They are both important vaccinations, as HPV protects against cancers caused by the human papillomavirus, and the MenACWY protects against meningitis and sepsis and from four types of meningococcal bacteria.

So in summary on today's lesson on immunisation.

Vaccinations protect against deadly diseases.

They are thoroughly tested before being used and do not contain anything harmful.

Vaccines have helped to eradicate some deadly diseases, but if people stop having vaccines, it's possible for infectious diseases to return.

Live vaccines and non-live vaccines work by introducing small amounts of a pathogen to the body to help the immune system recognise harmful bacteria and viruses.

This trains our body to respond quicker to infections.

If we get the vaccinations that are offered, we have immunisation against diseases that could be serious or fatal.

If you want more information, you can visit the NHS Live Well site where they offer advice about healthy eating, exercise, quitting smoking, and drinking less alcohol, or the NHS website, where you can get more general advice about health and prevention, including how to access their services.