Hello, I'm Ms. T.

Welcome to today's lesson.

Today we're going to be looking at Basic first aid: unconsciousness, and that's part of our unit on Staying safe and healthy: What do I need to know about basic first aid? So let's get started with today's lesson.

The outcome for today's lesson is I can describe how to help an unconscious casualty, including using the recovery position, CPR and AED use.

This lesson contains information about emergency situations that may involve danger, injury, or distress.

Some students might find this upsetting, so it's advised that you complete this lesson with support from a trusted adult.

Before we get started on today's lesson, it's really important that we think about the ground rules that we follow when we're having discussions in our classrooms. We've got Laura firstly saying, "Listen to others.

It's okay to disagree with each other, but we should listen properly before making assumptions or deciding how to respond.

And when we disagree, we challenge the statement, we don't challenge the person." We've got Jacob saying, "No judgement.

We can explore beliefs and misunderstandings about a topic without fear of being judged." Andeep tells us to respect privacy.

He says, "We can discuss examples, but we do not use names or descriptions that could identify anyone, including ourselves." And finally, Izzy reminds us to choose the level of participation that is right for us.

"Everyone has the right to choose not to answer a question or join a discussion.

We never put anyone on the spot." So with those in mind, let's get started with today's lesson.

So let's take a look at the keywords that will be coming up in today's lesson.

Firstly, we've got cardiac arrest, which is a medical condition where the heart stops beating unexpectedly, requiring immediate medical attention.

We then have recovery position, which is a safe way to lay an unconscious person on their side to keep their airway open.

We then have the word casualty, which is a person who's in need of medical attention due to injury or illness.

We then have CPR, which stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, which is a life-saving technique when someone's breathing or heartbeat is stopped, usually combining chest compressions with artificial ventilation.

And then finally, we have AED, which is an automated external defibrillator, and this is a portable device that checks heart rhythm and can send an electric shock to the heart to restore a normal rhythm.

As we go through today's lesson, let's see where these words are used, and see if you can use them in your own responses.

So let's take a look at our lesson outline for today.

We've got two outlines.

Firstly, how can CPR help an unconscious casualty? And secondly, how can an AED help an unconscious casualty? So let's get started with the first lesson outline, how can CPR help an unconscious casualty? So we start today's lesson with Laura who asks, "What does it mean if someone is unconscious?" And Dr.

Elsie replies by saying, "If someone is unconscious, it means they're not awake and they're not responding to their environment.

You may find that you can't wake them, and it suggests that they are very unwell or they have been injured.

There can be many reasons for someone to become unconscious.

These can include serious injuries or illness, or health conditions such as low blood sugar, dehydration, or heart problems, such as cardiac arrest." Understanding the first aid steps to help someone who's unconscious could save their life.

However, it is important to remember that if there is an adult present, they should be the one to administer these first aid steps.

If someone is unwell and becomes unconscious, you should shout or signal for help.

You should call the emergency services immediately for help.

Check that the area around the injured person is safe and ensure that you are also not in any danger.

And then if possible, make the area safe, so this could include making sure that there are no dangerous objects, preventing traffic, or securing unstable structures nearby.

Once the area is safe and you are not at risk, the casualty should be assessed for the following ABC priorities.

A stands for airways.

If the person is unresponsive, ask them if they're okay in a loud voice and ask if they can open their eyes.

If they do not respond, check their airways by removing anything that may be preventing them from breathing.

This could be food, vomit, blood, or an object.

B, it's for breathing.

To check if a person is still breathing, you should look to see if their chest is rising and falling, as this suggests that they're taking in air.

You can then listen carefully by placing your ear near their nose and mouth to see if you can hear any breathing sounds.

And then you should see if you could feel their breath on your cheek for at least 10 seconds, and while you are doing that, you look down their body to see if the chest is rising and falling.

C then is for circulation.

Once you've established that the casualty is breathing, check for any signs of severe bleeding.

If they are bleeding severely, you'll need to apply pressure to the wound and use a cloth to stem this.

If they are unresponsive and breathing normally, but with no bleeding, put them in the recovery position.

Dr.

Elsie says that if the person is breathing but unconscious, then they can be placed in the recovery position.

This is also called the safe airway position.

That position helps the airways to remain clear and reduces the risks of choking.

The recovery position though is not suitable for all casualty's, including those who are not breathing, those who are gasping for breath or have irregular breathing.

So the recovery position is suitable for someone who is breathing but is unconscious.

So if we have a look at this check for understanding here, what is the person doing to help this casualty? Are they, A, making the area safe? Are they, B, calling 999? Or are they, C, checking for breathing? Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you said that the answer was C, checking for breathing, then you'd be correct.

Well done.

So let's talk about the recovery position.

This is an important position for a casualty who's unconscious but breathing because it helps to maintain a clear airway and improves chances of survival.

In the recovery position, you place somebody on their side, their head is tilted up to keep the airway open, and their leg is used for support and stability.

So putting someone in the recovery position looks like this.

Number one, you sit next to the casualty to help put them in the position.

Number two, you position their arm by moving the arm closest to you into a right angle.

Three, you take their other arm and place the back of their hand against their opposite cheek and you hold it in position, so it would look like that.

So their hand is on their cheek and you hold that in position.

And then you lift the knee that's furthest from you, so that their foot is flat on the ground.

After that, you use the leg that you've raised up, and while keeping the casualty's hand to their cheek, you pull the casualty's leg over their body.

You then roll the casualty towards you using their bent knee, so they are resting on their side with their knee providing stability.

Number seven, you gently tilt their head back by lifting their chin upwards to open the airway.

And then finally, you stay with the casualty until the emergency services arrive.

If you've got time, this is something that you could practise gently with a partner.

So in this check for understanding, the recovery position should position a casualty on their back.

Is that statement true or false? Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you said that you thought that statement was false, then you'd be correct, well done.

And that's because the recovery position places the person on their side.

This helps to keep the airway open and prevent blockages that may stop a casualty from being able to breathe.

So we come to our first task for today.

Jacob has been asked to put someone in the recovery position.

He's been asked to demonstrate this to the class.

Can you create a six step list that helps Jacob explain how to position a casualty in the recovery position correctly? So that's a six step list to show how to put the casualty into the recovery position.

Pause your screen while you put together your demonstration.

Well done.

Your six step list that helps Jacob explain how to position a casualty in the recovery position should look like this.

Number one, position the casualty by firstly moving their arm closest to you into a right angle.

Number two, take their other arm and place the back of their hand against their opposite cheek and hold it in position.

Number three, lift their knee furthest from you so that their foot is flat on the ground.

Number four, pull the casualty's leg over their body.

Number five, roll the casualty towards you.

Use the bent knee, so they're resting on their side with the knee providing stability.

And number six, gently tilt their head back by lifting their chin upwards to open the airway.

So now let's move on to our second lesson outline for today, how can an AED help an unconscious casualty? Andeep says, "What would you do if you saw someone collapse and stop breathing?" And Izzy says, "I would call the emergency services." And Aisha says, "I would get an adult to help, but if there wasn't anyone to help, I would start CPR." Dr.

Elsie says that if someone collapses and isn't breathing, it is very important to call the emergency services immediately.

However, to help improve a casualty's chance of survival, you can perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation, which is called CPR for short.

It is preferable that an adult would do this, but it's useful for everyone to know how to do CPR, as it can save someone's life.

Cardiopulmonary means relating to the heart and lungs, and resuscitation is the process of reviving someone from unconsciousness.

If you've assessed a casualty for A, airways, B, breathing and C, circulation, and they are not breathing normally, then you must start chest compressions immediately.

Agonal breathing is when someone takes sudden, irregular gasps of breath, and this could be a sign of cardiac arrests.

Agonal breathing should not be mistaken for regular breathing, and CPR needs to happen immediately.

If the person isn't breathing, call 999 for an ambulance and then begin CPR.

Nurse Daniel says that CPR should be performed immediately when someone is unresponsive, not breathing normally or has no pulse.

CPR aims to keep blood flowing to vital organs until the emergency services arrive.

If someone takes a first aid course, they often practise CPR on a training dummy, and we can see that in the image here.

Doing this training on a dummy helps to understand how to carry out chest compressions and explains the process step by step.

To carry out CPR on an adult, you need to, number one, kneel next to the person and place the heel of your hand, which is this part here, in the centre of their chest on their breastbone.

You then place the palm of your other hand on top of the hand that's on the casualty's chest and you interlock your fingers.

You can see that like that.

So you can see that the first hand is in the centre of their chest on top of the breastbone, and that the second hand is on top and those fingers have interlocked.

Thirdly, you then position yourself so that your shoulders are directly over your hands, because this helps to add weight when you push down into the chest.

Push down hard and fast.

You'll push in approximately five centimetres and then allow the chest to fully rise.

These compressions should then be repeated at the rate of 100 to 120 per minute.

They should continue until help arrives.

So in this check for understanding, we've got Jacob, Jun and Sofia.

Can you identify who is correct? Jacob says, "You should continue CPR compressions at 80 to 100 per minute." Jun says, "You should continue CPR compressions at 100 to 120 per minute." And Sofia says, "You should continue CPR compressions at 120 to 140 per minute." So this is how many compressions per minute for an adult in CPR compressions.

Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you said that the correct answer was Jun, then you'd be correct.

Well done.

So CPR and rescue breaths.

If you are trained to do so, it can be beneficial to also add in rescue breaths alongside the CPR.

Rescue breaths are when you blow air into a person's mouth to supply them with vital oxygen.

CPR on a baby, a child and an adult are very different.

On a baby, if you are trained to do so, you open the baby's airway by placing one hand on their forehead and tilting the head back and lifting the chin.

Remove any obstructions that you might find inside their mouth.

Your mouth should be placed over their mouth and nose and sealed.

Blow steadily, see if their chest rises, and give five initial rescue breaths.

Compressions are given just two fingers in the middle of the chest and by pushing down about four centimetres.

Give 30 chest compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute and then two rescue breaths.

CPR on a child who is over the age of one.

If you are trained to do so, open the child's airways and use one hand to tilt back the forehead and lift the chin.

Remove any obstructions from the mouth.

It's very similar to how you would with an adult or a baby.

You then pinch the casualty's nose and seal your mouth over their mouth.

Blow steadily and check the chest rises.

Give five initial rescue breaths.

So the difference between the baby and the child is that for the child and the adult, you pinch their nose.

Using the heel, that part of your hand, in the centre of the chest, push down by five centimetres.

Use two hands if you can't achieve this depth.

And then give 30 chest compressions, 100 to 120 per minute, followed by two breaths.

Continue until help arrives.

So then CPR on an adult.

Two rescue breaths can be given in between every 30 chest compressions on an adult.

To do this, you need to tilt the casualty's head back and pinch their nose.

If you're trained to do so, seal your mouth over their mouth and blow steadily and firmly into their mouth for about one second.

Check that their chest rises, as this shows that the air has reached their lungs.

And repeat this twice.

So in this check for understanding, how many rescue breaths should be given in between every 30 chest compressions on an adult? Is it A, two, B, three, or C, four? Pause your screen while you think about your answer.

If you identify that the answer was A, two rescue breaths in between every 30 chest compressions on an adult, then you're correct, well done.

Someone may also lose consciousness if they've suffered a cardiac arrest.

This is when the heartbeat becomes irregular, known as an arrhythmia, or it stops altogether.

If this happens, an automated external defibrillator, also called an AED, can be used to give electrical shock to the heart to restore a normal heartbeat.

AEDs are portable and are now kept in thousands of locations across the country.

Many schools, shops and workplace have these, and there are also some old phone boxes that have been turned into AED stations.

Sometimes an AED is also just called a defibrillator.

There are a number of websites that show the location of all AED devices that are accessible by the public.

It's useful to know where your local AEDs are kept.

AEDs give clear visual and verbal guidance on how to use them.

And if you are on the phone to the emergency services, they will also give you step-by-step support.

Before using an AED, you should always shout "stand clear" before using.

This warns people not to touch the casualty because electricity will be passing through, and that can be dangerous to others.

So a guide to using an AED.

Turn the AED on and follow the instructions.

Remove all clothing from the patient's chest, and anything containing metal should be removed from the area.

That includes necklaces or underwire from a bra, because these can act as a conductor for the electricity.

The AED will give you these instructions as well, but once you start, you correctly place the pads on the casualty's bare chest.

The AED machine will then analyse the heart rhythm and decide what action is needed.

The first pad is placed on the upper right hand side of the chest just below the collarbone, and the second pad is placed on the lower left hand side of the chest, just below the armpit.

Follow the AED advice, because this will give you the correct instructions for the specific casualty and their condition.

After the shock has been administered, CPR should continue.

Continue to take advice from the AED device or from the emergency services.

Dr.

Elsie says, "Understanding first aid and how to respond in emergency situations is important.

However, you should remember that adults and the emergency services are always the first people to contact in an emergency." So in this check for understanding, can you complete the sentence with the correct warning? You should always shout blank blank before using an AED as this warns people to keep their distance while it's transmitting electrical pulses.

Pause your screen while you put in the correct warning.

Well done, if you said that you should always shout "stand clear" before an AED, then you'd be correct.

So in task B, Sam has to present a description of how to help a casualty who's not breathing using CPR.

Can you fill in the blanks to help outline each step? The paragraph reads, "To give CPR, place the heel of your hand on the casualty's.

Then place the of your other hand on top of the hand that's on the casualty's chest and your fingers.

Position yourself so your shoulders are directly, your hands push down and you will push in approximately centimetres, and then allow the chest to fully.

Repeat these compressions at the rate of 100 to per minute.

You can add in breaths if you feel confident.

There should be breaths for every chest compressions." So pause your screen here while you complete the description of how to help a casualty using CPR.

So your completed response should look like this.

"To give CPR, place the heel of your hand on the casualty's breastbone.

Then place the palm of your other hand on top of the hand that's on the casualty's chest and interlock your fingers.

Position yourself so your shoulders are directly over your hands.

Push down hard and fast.

You will push in approximately five centimetres and then allow the chest to fully rise.

Repeat these compressions at the rate of 100 to 120 per minute.

You can add in rescue breaths if you feel confident.

There should be two breaths for every 30 chest compressions." So then part two of task B, can you help Sam to complete the missing step that advise how to use an AED in an emergency? There are seven steps.

Number one, locate your nearest AED.

Number two, you need to complete.

Number three, turn the AED on and follow the instructions.

Number four and number five are missing and need to be completed.

Number six, follow the instructions to deliver the shock.

And number seven, continue with CPR in between shocks.

Pause your screen while you complete the missing steps two, four, and five on how to use an AED in an emergency.

If you said that the missing steps, number two was shout "stand clear," and number four was to remove all clothing from patient's chest, including anything that contains metal.

And number five, correctly place the pads on the casualty's bare chest, then you've correctly completed the missing steps.

Well done.

So in summary, it's helpful to understand basic first aid to help a casualty in an emergency situation.

Assessing an unconscious casualty involves looking for danger, airways, breathing, and circulation.

If the casualty is breathing but unconscious, they can be placed in the recovery position 'cause this can help maintain an open airway.

CPR involves chest compressions and rescue breaths to maintain circulation and breathing.

It should be done at the rate of two rescue breaths to every 30 chest compressions on an adult.

Defibrillators, AEDs can restore normal heart rhythm in cases of cardiac arrest.

AEDs can be found in many places and will provide clear and detailed instructions to follow.

If you want to get more information or support on anything that's come up in today's lesson, you can go on the NHS Live Well site, which gives advice about healthy living, exercise, quitting smoking, and drinking less alcohol.

The NHS website also gives advice about health and prevention, including how to access the different services on offer.