Lesson video

Hi, everyone, my name is Miss Hummel, and together we'll be answering the question, what are the major bones in the human body? In this lesson, we will learn about the function of our skeleton, as well as some of our major bones.

We will also learn about different types of joints.

Finally, we will discuss the differences between exoskeletons and endoskeletons.

Our lesson will follow this structure.

First, we will discuss the functions of having a skeleton.

Then we will learn about the different major bones in our body.

We will then learn about types of joints, and finally, we will discuss endoskeletons, and how they're different from exoskeletons? In this lesson, you will need an exercise book or paper, a pencil, or pen, a coloured pencil, or pen, and a ruler.

If you have not got those things, pause the video now and go get them.

Here are our star words, which are the most important words of our lesson.

I'm going to say them and ask you to repeat them after me.

When I pointed myself, it will be my turn.

And when I point at you, it will be your turn.

Skeleton.

Bones, ribs, clavicle, spine, femur, skull, joints, exoskeleton, endoskeleton.

We've got a few tricky words there, today.

So hopefully throughout the lesson, we'll be able to understand what they all mean.

We'll begin by discussing what functions the skeleton has.

So to start off with, we need to know that the human skeleton is made of bones and grows as we grow.

So wouldn't it be strange if our bones didn't grow, and we were left with the size of the bones we were born with.

So it's easy to remember that our bones grow as we grow, because otherwise, we would just stay as small as a baby is.

The main functions of the skeleton are to protect our organs, to allow our bodies to move, and to support our body, to protect our organs, allow our bodies to move and support our body.

Now, it's your turn to answer this question.

What are the three functions of the skeleton? You can pause the video to answer the question, and you can resume once you finished.

The first function was to protect our organs, and the skull protects the brain, and the ribs protect the heart and the lungs.

Another function is to be able to move our body.

So other bones help us to move, but bones can't move on their own.

They're moved by muscles.

When a muscle tightens, it pulls the bones attached to it in a new direction.

So our bones are surrounded by muscles, which move our body.

And then in response, the bones kind of move with it.

Finally, our bones also support our body.

So some of our bones hold us upright, such as our spine.

Now it's your turn to answer these questions.

First, how do our bodies move? Number two, what set of bones helps keep our body upright? Number three, what bones structure helps protect our brain? Number four, what bone structure helps protect our lungs and heart? You can pause the video to answer the questions, and you can resume once you're finished.

Next, we will learn about the major bones in our human body.

There are 206 bones in the human body.

Now we're not going to learn that many.

We're only going to learn a few that we should know about.

First, we've got the skull.

The skull protects the brain.

All of us have a skull to protect our brain, which is one of the most important organs in our body.

Can you remember what our brain does, and what function it has with our bodies? Hopefully, you remember that it's at the centre of our decision-making, and it controls all of our bodily functions, such as movement.

Next, we've got the mandible.

The mandible is the largest bone in the human skull.

It holds the lower teeth in place.

It helps us chew and it forms the lower jaw lines.

So we can see it in the diagram, there.

We can probably all feel it, if we were to touch our face here.

We've got our mandible, which we can move.

So hopefully, some of you are doing this with me.

So I don't just look like I'm touching my face and opening my mouth.

Then we've got our ribs, which protects our heart and lungs.

Most of us can feel all ribs, so we can actually feel our tummy at the very top of our tummy.

And we can feel where our ribs are.

Our spine, which keeps us upright, super important role.

Again, you can probably feel your spine.

If you touch your back, you can feel it kind of running through the middle.

It goes all the way up to your neck.

We've got our pelvis.

Now, the pelvis is a structure that supports the spinal column and protects the abdominal organs.

So our pelvis is kind of where our lower hips are, and it's really helping us with a lot of motion, because it's connecting our upper body and our lower body.

Lastly, we've got our femur, which I included on here because it's the only bone located within the human thigh.

And it's both the longest and the strongest bone in the human body, which is why I wanted us to learn about this one.

So it's the longest and the strongest bone in our whole body.

That one's a little bit harder to feel, but you would definitely be using it to kick a football, to walk around, to sit in a chair, we'd be using it for many different things.

You're now going to pause the video to label the bones that we just discussed.

Try and remember where they were in relation to the rest of our body.

We've got some arrows coming out of our diagram.

Now, if you don't have the diagram in front of you, you can say the words of the bone, and you can point at it on your screen.

You can resume the video once you're finished.

Now, get ready to mark your work.

Here are answers and you can mark it in a different coloured pen or a pencil.

You have the skull at the very top, femur in our thigh or pelvis connecting our upper body and our lower body, our spine going all the way up from kind of our neck, down to our pelvis.

We have our ribs protecting our heart and our lungs, and our mandible in our lower jaw.

Now let's focus on some different types of joints.

And let's also speak about what are joints, because you may be wondering.

Now, joints are the place where two bones meet.

It's not like we have one large bone where everything's connected.

It is all connected, but it's not all one bone.

We have 206 bones.

And the way that they are connected is through joints.

All of your bones, except for one, which is the hyoid bone in your neck, forms a joint with another bone.

Joints hold your bones together.

And they allow your rigid skeleton to move.

Now, let's discuss the different types of joints that we need to know.

So we have a ball and socket joint.

These joints allow for movement in all directions and are the most mobile joint in the human body.

That means that it's the one that you can move the most.

They are found in your hips and in your shoulders.

So you'll notice that on your shoulder, you're able to move your hand all the way, whereas you're not able to do that with your knee.

So your knee, you can only kind of move up and down.

Here's the photo of what ball and socket joint looks.

It's almost like a cup that's got a bowl.

And so it's able to move in the cup.

We've got hinge joints, which are like our knee.

So hinge joints, like in your knee and elbow enable movement that's similar to the opening and the closing of a hinged door.

So they can move like one way, and then another way.

Here's the diagram of what a hinge joint looks like.

It really does look like the hinges of a door.

In fact, I can see one on my door just from where I'm sitting right now.

I wonder if you've got some doors where you can see some hinges as well.

Finally, we're going to look at gliding joints.

Gliding joints occur between the surfaces of two flat bones that are held together by something called ligaments.

Some of the bones in your wrists and ankles move by gliding against each other.

So we've got here a picture of what a gliding joint looks like.

And it's basically two flat surfaces where they glide.

They move a little bit, one on top of the other.

Now, there are other types of joints, but those are the three that we need to know.

You're now going to pause the video to complete this table.

On one column, you will write the type of joint that it's showing.

If you don't have the images in front of you, you can try and draw them.

Finally, in the final column, you will describe what type of movement each of those joints complete.

You can resume the video once you're finished.

Now, get ready to mark your work.

The first joint was a gliding joint.

They move by gliding against each other.

The second one is a hinge joint.

It enables movement like an opening and a closing of a door.

The third one is a ball and socket joint, which can move in all directions like our shoulder.

I was almost doing a little shoulder stretch.

So you can do that as well.

And finally, in our lesson, we're going to learn the differences between endoskeletons and exoskeletons.

An endoskeleton is a skeleton that's inside of a body.

An endoskeleton is a skeleton that is inside of a body.

You're now going to pause the video to name the animals that these endoskeletons belong to.

Going to have to use your imagination a little bit to kind of put it all together, but you can resume the video once you're finished.

Now, get ready to mark you work.

So we have on the left, we had a human skeleton.

On the top right, we had a fish.

On kind of the middle, we had a snake, and on the bottom, right, we had a horse.

Now, which of those did you find the hardest to name? Personally, I would have really struggled with the horse because I think it looks a little bit like some other animals too.

Maybe a bit like a donkey, or maybe even you might've thought it was a dog, because it's very similar to other four legged creatures.

I was speaking to my friend and they were really surprised that snakes had spines.

They definitely do have a spine just like humans do.

And we can see that in our diagram, here.

So now it's your turn to answer this question.

What do you think an exoskeleton might mean? So you know that an endoskeleton is a skeleton that's inside of your body.

So what do you think it exoskeleton might mean? Pause the video to answer the question and you can resume once you've finished.

Now, not all animals have endoskeletons.

Remember that an endoskeleton was a skeleton that could be found inside of the body.

So invertebrates are animals with no vertebral column or backbone.

Our spine is our backbone, however, many invertebrates, so those animals that don't have a spine do have exoskeletons.

An exoskeleton is a hard outer covering that helps with movement and protects the animal's soft internal organs.

So it's like they've got a skeleton outside of their body.

That's keeping their, kind of, mushy body safe inside.

Some examples of animals with exoskeletons are beetles, crabs, spiders, and scorpions.

Can you spot each of those animals on the slide? Now, if you had to pick, which of those animals is your favourite? I think I would pick a crab, because I used to go to the beach a lot with my family.

And we used to find little crabs, kind of finding food and hiding in the sand.

And it just brings back some really good memories.

You're now going to pause the video to label these animals as animals that either have exoskeletons or endoskeletons.

You can resume the video once you're finished.

Now, get ready to mark your work.

So to mark your work, the dog had an endoskeleton.

The horse also had an endoskeleton, and the crab and the beetle had exoskeletons.

If you would like to, you can watch this video now.

Now, Oak National Academy are not responsible for third-party content, and your video may be blocked on the school network.

But this video will help you recap, kind of, the bones in our body and what their functions are.

We have now finished our lesson, and it is time for you to complete your exit quiz.

You need to exit the video and complete the quiz to test your knowledge and understanding of this lesson.

I hope you enjoyed the lesson, bye.