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      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can explain the role of the Marcher earls.

      Key learning points

      1. Wales was not a threat to Norman England, but the border situation helped those resisting Norman control.
      2. In 1067 and 1069, Eadric the Wild attacked Hereford and Shrewsbury with help from Wales.
      3. William I responded by creating the Marcher earldoms in Chester, Shrewsbury and Hereford.
      4. Marcher earls were granted special privileges to help them control and colonise the Marches.
      5. While there was no systematic plan to conquer Wales, the Marcher earls encouraged land grabs of Welsh territory.

      Keywords

      • Marcher - connected to the Marches, the borderlands between Wales and England

      • Earldom - the territory controlled by an earl

      Common misconception

      The Marcher earls were completely independent of the king.

      Although the Marcher earls had a lot of independence and special privileges, they were still vassals of the king and swore to obey him. Their feudal duties included providing the king with knights.

      Teacher tip

      Students could start the lesson by recapping the rebellions against William from 1067 to 1070: who was involved and what were the outcomes?

      Content guidance

      Depiction or discussion of sensitive content

      Depiction or discussion of violence or suffering

      Supervision

      Adult supervision recommended

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2026), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      Which word describes being banned from living in your native country, usually for acting against those in charge?

      Correct Answer: exile

      Q2.
      Complete the sentence: Gruffydd ap Llywelyn’s ambitions were not restricted to Wales - the borderlands of the Welsh were also an area where he hoped to expand his territory.

      Correct Answer: Marches

      Q3.
      By the middle of the 11th century, who was the most powerful figure in Wales?

      Ralph the Timid
      Edward the Confessor
      Correct answer: Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
      Robert of Jumieges

      Q4.
      How far was Hereford from the border of Wales?

      10 miles
      Correct answer: 20 miles
      50 miles
      100 miles

      Q5.
      Put the following events in chronological order.

      1 - Ralph the Timid was made the Earl of Hereford.
      2 - Ralph added to the defences of Hereford with innovations from Normandy.
      3 - Aelfgar, Earl of Mercia allied with Gruffydd ap Llywelyn to invade Hereford.
      4 - Ralph’s army was defeated and he fled from Hereford.
      5 - Harold Godwinson refortified the city and pursued the attackers into Wales.
      6 - Gruffydd kept the new territories he had taken over along the border.

      Q6.
      Put the following events in chronological order.

      1 - Aelfgar died and was succeeded as Earl of Mercia by his son, Edwin.
      2 - Gruffydd raided Worcestershire in Mercia.
      3 - Harold Godwinson launched a surprise attack on Gruffydd.
      4 - Harold attacked the south of Wales whilst Tostig attacked the north.
      5 - Gruffydd was killed and his head sent to Harold as proof.
      6 - Wales was separated back into a number of smaller kingdoms.

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      Which word describes a person connected to the Marches?

      Correct Answer: Marcher, a Marcher

      Q2.
      Which word describes the territory controlled by an earl?

      Correct Answer: earldom

      Q3.
      Who attacked Hereford in 1067?

      Correct answer: Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn
      Correct answer: Bleddyn ap Cynfyn
      William FitzOsbern
      Correct answer: Eadric the Wild
      Gruffydd ap Llywelyn

      Q4.
      Why did the borderlands of the Welsh Marches provide problems for William the Conqueror?

      Correct answer: They offered hiding places for those planning resistance.
      They were controlled by one very powerful Welsh king.
      Correct answer: They were not fully under either Welsh or English control.
      The people who lived there frequently raided England and Welsh kingdoms.

      Q5.
      Who did William appoint as the first Marcher earls?

      Bleddyn ap Cynfyn
      Roger de Breteuil
      Correct answer: Roger of Montgomery
      Correct answer: Hugh d'Avranches
      Correct answer: William FitzOsbern

      Q6.
      Which Marcher earl achieved the biggest expansion of their territory in Wales?

      Bleddyn ap Cynfyn
      Roger de Breteuil
      Roger of Montgomery
      Hugh d'Avranches
      Correct answer: William FitzOsbern

      To help you plan your 10 history lesson on: The Marcher earls, download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs...