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      The historical context of medicine in the early 20th century

      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can assess the impact of advancements in medicine by the start of the 20th century.

      Key learning points

      1. Images produced using X-rays supported diagnosis and surgical treatments.
      2. Aseptic surgery aimed to sterilise surgical environments.
      3. The existence of different blood groups was discovered in 1901.
      4. Blood clotting restricted the circumstances in which blood transfusions could be performed.

      Keywords

      • Invasive - in this context, medical treatments which involve cutting into the body

      • Sterilise - to make something free from microbes

      • Microbe - any living organism which is too small to be seen without a microscope

      • Transfusion - the process of adding an amount of blood to a person’s body

      • Clotting - the process in which blood changes into a solid state to form a thick mass or lump

      Common misconception

      Attempts to prevent infections during surgery mainly focused mainly on antiseptic methods by the start of the 20th century.

      Antiseptic methods remained in use but methods of aseptic surgery were also commonly practiced by the start of the 20th century to prevent infections.

      Teacher tip

      Task B can be completed by having pupils annotate the image provided. Instruct pupils to first label a feature and then to expand on this by saying why the feature would help prevent infections. Alternatively, pupils could identify a feature not shown in the image which could prevent infections.

      Content guidance

      Depiction or discussion of violence or suffering

      Depiction or discussion of sensitive content

      Supervision

      Adult supervision required

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2025), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      Match each term with its correct definition.

      Correct Answer:diagnosis,to say what is wrong with someone who is sick

      to say what is wrong with someone who is sick

      Correct Answer:treatment,methods used to help cure someone or manage their illness

      methods used to help cure someone or manage their illness

      Correct Answer:prevention,methods used to stop people becoming unwell

      methods used to stop people becoming unwell

      Q2.
      Germ Theory accurately claimed that decay was caused by .

      Correct Answer: mircobes, germs, bacteria

      Q3.
      Which substance was sometimes used as an anaesthetic in the medieval period?

      chloroform
      ether
      mercury
      Correct answer: opium

      Q4.
      In which century did William Harvey challenge Galen's ideas about blood in the human body?

      13th century
      15th century
      Correct answer: 17th century
      19th century
      21st century

      Q5.
      Which statement about surgery in the mid-19th century is correct?

      Correct answer: Deaths from infections became more common.
      Deaths from infections became less common.
      Deaths from infections remained at the same level as in the early 19th century.

      Q6.
      Starting with the earliest, sort the following events into chronological order.

      1 - Great Plague blamed on miasma
      2 - spontaneous generation used to explain outbreaks of disease
      3 - Germ Theory published by Louis Pasteur
      4 - scientists began to argue that genes pass on some disease
      5 - proven that smoking can cause cancer

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      Which word means 'to make something free from microbes'?

      cauterise
      contaminatine
      quarantine
      Correct answer: sterilise

      Q2.
      People suffering from serious blood loss can go into a condition known as .

      Correct Answer: shock

      Q3.
      Which of the following problems would X-rays most commonly be used to diagnose?

      Correct answer: broken bones
      infections
      mental illnesses

      Q4.
      Which blood group is considered a universal donor group?

      Correct Answer: O

      Q5.
      Which statement is correct?

      By 1900, only antiseptic methods were practised in surgery.
      By 1900, only aseptic methods were practised in surgery.
      By 1900, neither antiseptic nor aseptic methods were practised in surgery.
      Correct answer: By 1900, both antiseptic and aseptic methods were practised in surgery.

      Q6.
      Starting with the earliest, sort the following developments into chronological order.

      1 - first successful blood transfusion
      2 - Louis Pasteur published his Germ Theory
      3 - Joseph Lister encouraged the use of carbolic acid to sterilise wounds
      4 - X-rays discovered
      5 - blood groups discovered

      To help you plan your 10 history lesson on: The historical context of medicine in the early 20th century, download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs...