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      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can describe the glacial processes of erosion, transportation and deposition.

      Key learning points

      1. Glaciers erode the landscape by plucking and abrasion.
      2. Eroded material called moraine is moved by the glacier in a process called transportation.
      3. When the ice melts, moraine is dropped in the process of deposition.

      Keywords

      • Plucking - when meltwater at a glacier's base refreezes to bedrock, loosened rocks will be torn away as the glacier moves forwards, here rocks freeze to a glacier and are pulled from the ground as it moves

      • Abrasion - where rocks carried beneath the ice scratch and sandpaper the bedrock

      • Moraine - a ridge or mound of debris deposited by a glacier

      Common misconception

      Glaciers are white.

      Glaciers can appear dirty because they carry material.

      Teacher tip

      There are lots of videos and animations available online to show plucking and abrasion in action.

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2025), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      What are the two main types of cold environments?

      Correct answer: Polar and tundra
      Rainforest and desert
      Savanna and woodland
      Grassland and coastal

      Q2.
      Which of these is a type of ice formation found in cold climates?

      Correct answer: Glacier
      Sand dune
      Cloud

      Q3.
      How does ice help keep Earth's temperature stable?

      It absorbs sunlight and warms Earth
      It releases heat into the atmosphere
      It creates more sunlight
      Correct answer: It reflects sunlight, preventing too much heat from entering Earth

      Q4.
      What is an iceberg?

      A large block of rock found in the desert
      Correct answer: A large mass of freshwater ice floating in the ocean
      A piece of seaweed
      A mountain made of ice

      Q5.
      Which of these countries is known for having a cold environment with glaciers and ice?

      Correct answer: Canada
      Brazil
      India
      Egypt

      Q6.
      Where are most of the world's glaciers located?

      Correct answer: Polar regions (Antarctica and Greenland)
      The Sahara Desert
      Central Asia
      Near the equator

      4 Questions

      Q1.
      Which of these statements is true?

      Glaciers are white because they are made of ice.
      Correct answer: Glaciers can appear dirty because they carry material.
      Glacier ice is black.

      Q2.
      What is the process called when a glacier moves and shapes the land beneath it?

      Correct answer: Erosion
      Deposition
      Melting
      Evaporation

      Q3.
      Which of the following describes glacial erosion by plucking?

      When the glacier pushes rocks forward
      When water from the glacier evaporates
      Correct answer: When the glacier pulls rocks and debris out of the ground
      When the glacier deposits rocks at the end

      Q4.
      Which of the following describes glacial erosion by abrasion?

      When the glacier melts and forms water channels
      When rocks are deposited by the glacier
      When a glacier moves forward due to gravity
      Correct answer: When the glacier grinds and scrapes the ground with debris

      To help you plan your 9 geography lesson on: Glacial processes, download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs...