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      Example of a river flood: River Eden, Cumbria (2015)

      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can explain how physical and human factors interacted to cause the River Eden flooding in Cumbria in 2015.

      Key learning points

      1. The River Eden valley is located in the northwest of England.
      2. In December 2015, Carlisle and surrounding towns were flooded.
      3. Physical and human factors interacted to cause the flooding.

      Keywords

      • Saturated - soil or ground that has absorbed the maximum amount of water it can hold

      • Flood defences - structures built to protect areas from flooding

      • Floodplain - a flat area of land next to a river that is prone to flooding

      Common misconception

      Flooding is caused only by heavy rainfall.

      Heavy rainfall is a key factor, other phyiscal and human factors, such as relief, geology and land use also affect the flood risk.

      Teacher tip

      As this is a located example in the Edexcel B specification, make use of OS maps, video clips and news articles to support learning and bring it to life.

      Content guidance

      Depiction or discussion of violence or suffering

      Supervision

      Adult supervision required

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2025), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      What is erosion in a river context?

      When rocks are broken down but not moved
      When the river adds material to its banks
      Correct answer: When the river wears away the land and rock
      When trees are planted to stop flooding

      Q2.
      Which process occurs when a river drops the sediment it was carrying?

      Erosion
      Correct answer: Deposition
      Weathering
      Transportation

      Q3.
      What is the correct sequence of the river’s course?

      Correct answer: Upper course → Middle course → Lower course
      Source → Delta → Meander
      Middle course → Source → Estuary
      Erosion → Deposition → Transportation

      Q4.
      Which landform is most likely found in the upper course of a river?

      Oxbow lake
      Correct answer: Waterfall
      Floodplain
      Delta

      Q5.
      What physical factor can increase the risk of flooding?

      Correct answer: Prolonged rainfall
      Tree planting
      Building green spaces
      Building urban areas

      Q6.
      How does urbanisation contribute to flooding?

      Increases tree growth
      Increases infiltration
      Reduces surface runoff
      Correct answer: Replaces permeable surfaces with concrete

      5 Questions

      Q1.
      What does it mean when the ground is saturated?

      The ground is dry and cracked
      The river has burst its banks
      Correct answer: The soil cannot absorb any more water
      There is low rainfall in the area

      Q2.
      What is a floodplain?

      Correct answer: Flat land next to a river prone to flooding
      A hilly area where rivers start
      The riverbed itself
      A valley shaped by glaciers

      Q3.
      Which of the following is a human factor that increased flood risk in Cumbria?

      Heavy rainfall
      Steep relief
      Correct answer: Urban development
      Saturated ground

      Q4.
      What caused the River Eden to flood in 2015?

      A tsunami
      Correct answer: Prolonged heavy rainfall and saturated ground
      A dam failure
      A volcanic eruption

      Q5.
      Why is it incorrect to say that flooding is caused only by heavy rainfall?

      Rainfall is not linked to flooding
      Correct answer: Human activities like deforestation and urbanisation also play a role
      Flooding doesn’t happen in the UK
      All rivers flood once a year

      To help you plan your 10 geography lesson on: Example of a river flood: River Eden, Cumbria (2015), download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs...