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      The growth of Britain's economy and empire

      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can describe the debate that exists among historians as to the relationship between the growth of the British Empire and the growth of Britain's economy.

      Key learning points

      1. During the 'long eighteenth century' Britain underwent both agricultural and industrial revolutions.
      2. Historians have debated the extent to which these domestic developments led to the growth of the empire, or vice versa.
      3. A growing population in North America and the burgeoning trade in enslaved people created a demand for British goods.
      4. Some have argued that British manufacturing production owed more to demand from the domestic market than from overseas.
      5. Others have suggested that protectionist trade policies led to colonies becoming a burden on Britain.

      Keywords

      • Industrial - economic activity related to the manufacturing and production of goods

      • Demand - the willingness and ability of people to buy something

      • Manufactured - something produced on a large scale by machines, usually in a factory

      • Investment - the act of putting money, effort, time, etc., into something to make a profit or get an advantage

      • Domestic market - the number of customers who have the ability to buy goods within their own country

      Common misconception

      The Transatlantic Slave Trade made up a large percentage of Britain’s national income.

      The direct profit from the trade in enslaved people was 1% of Britain’s national income. However, much more wealth was generated in Britain from the trade in products produced by enslaved labour, and by provisioning the Transatlantic Slave Trade.

      Teacher tip

      Debate panel: divide students into groups representing different historians’ perspectives on whether domestic developments or imperial trade fuelled Britain’s growth. Hold a debate, encouraging students to use evidence from the additional material.

      Content guidance

      Depiction or discussion of discriminatory behaviour

      Depiction or discussion of discriminatory behaviour

      Depiction or discussion of violence or suffering

      Supervision

      Adult supervision recommended

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2026), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      Which key Enlightenment idea contributed to the transformations in English society during the long 18th century?

      Absolute monarchy
      Religious intolerance
      Correct answer: Liberty and intellectual freedom
      Divine right of kings

      Q2.
      What was the main reason for Britain's ability to fund a powerful Royal Navy by 1815?

      High taxation on agriculture
      The invention of the steam engine
      Correct answer: Adoption of Dutch financial institutions after the Glorious Revolution
      Wealth from American colonies

      Q3.
      What was a significant effect of the Industrial Revolution on British society by 1815?

      Decreased agricultural productivity
      A decline in population growth
      Correct answer: The rise of a mass consumer society
      A reduction in global trade

      Q4.
      Which invention played a critical role in advancing Britain's Industrial Revolution by enhancing textile production?

      The steam engine
      Correct answer: The spinning jenny
      The printing press
      The cotton gin

      Q5.
      Britain's victory in the Seven Years War enabled it to control global trade routes and secure access to vast...

      Correct Answer: wealth, Wealth

      Q6.
      By 1815, which regions had Britain established significant colonies in, contributing to its status as a global empire?

      South America and Antarctica
      Correct answer: Canada, Australia, South Africa, and the Caribbean
      China and Japan
      The Middle East and North Africa

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      What key raw material was imported from the southern states of the USA and was crucial to Britain's textile industry during the Industrial Revolution?

      Sugar
      Tobacco
      Correct answer: Cotton
      Rubber

      Q2.
      Which innovation was considered the height of labour-saving technological advancements during the Industrial Revolution?

      The spinning jenny
      The cotton gin
      Correct answer: The steam engine
      The power loom

      Q3.
      The Transatlantic Slave Trade was crucial in providing that were invested in Britain's infrastructure, including canals and railways.

      Correct Answer: profits

      Q4.
      Which British colony was nicknamed "white gold" due to its lucrative sugar production?

      India
      Correct answer: Jamaica
      Australia
      Canada

      Q5.
      By 1776, the population of the thirteen British colonies in America had grown to over million, creating a large market for British goods.

      Correct Answer: 2.1, two point one

      Q6.
      What argument do some historians make about the relationship between the Industrial Revolution and the growth of the British Empire?

      The British Empire had no impact on the Industrial Revolution
      Correct answer: It made it possible by creating a need for raw materials and markets
      The British Empire existed only because of the Industrial Revolution
      The Industrial Revolution was hindered by the expansion of the British Empire

      To help you plan your 8 history lesson on: The growth of Britain's economy and empire, download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs...