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      Scottish resistance to Edward I’s rule

      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can explain why Edward I's attempts to conquer Scotland ended in failure.

      Key learning points

      1. William Wallace and the Scottish resistance had several victories against the English.
      2. Scottish resistance helped to develop a common Scottish identity.
      3. Edward I died in 1307 and Robert the Bruce continued the Scottish resistance.
      4. Stirling Bridge was important because it was the first bridge across the River Forth.
      5. The Battle of Stirling Bridge was an important victory because it boosted Scottish resistance against English rule.

      Keywords

      • Guerilla - a guerilla or ‘small war’ group is a small military force which make unexpected attacks on a larger army

      • Outlaw - an outlaw is a person who has broken the law and who lives separately from the other parts of society because they want to escape punishment

      • Schiltrom - a schiltrom is a military tactic which involved using long spears to protect soldiers from cavalry charges

      • Causeway - a causeway is a raised path, especially across a wet area

      • Chainmail - chainmail is a material made of small metal rings that have been joined together to make protective armour

      Common misconception

      Students may assume that the English army only comprised English soldiers.

      The English forces also included Welsh and even some Scottish soldiers. This reflects the complex political and military alliances of the time.

      Teacher tip

      Simulate the Battle of Stirling Bridge with a strategic board game designed by students. Divide the class into Scottish and English teams, each with different resources and challenges. This will help them understand the battle's dynamics and why it was a significant Scottish victory.

      Content guidance

      Depiction or discussion of violence or suffering

      Depiction or discussion of violence or suffering

      Supervision

      Adult supervision recommended

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2026), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      Why did Edward believe he could unite England and Scotland?

      Correct answer: Scotland’s rulers swore allegiance to Edward
      Correct answer: Scottish kings often married English royalty
      Edward owned lots of land in Scotland
      Correct answer: Scottish leaders fought for England
      Scottish kings had previously ruled England

      Q2.
      How did Edward respond to the Scottish rebellion in 1296?

      Correct answer: he brutally sacked Berwick, killing thousands
      he brutally sacked Northumbria, burning the castle
      he cooperated with the Scottish rebels

      Q3.
      Match the following keywords with their definition.

      Correct Answer:allegiance,being loyal to a lord or monarch

      being loyal to a lord or monarch

      Correct Answer:sack,to attack and destroy a settlement

      to attack and destroy a settlement

      Correct Answer:oath of fealty,a formal promise to be loyal to a monarch

      a formal promise to be loyal to a monarch

      Q4.
      Fill in the blank with the correct missing word: The Scots began an alliance with , known as the ‘Auld Alliance’, and invaded northern England.

      Correct Answer: France, france, the french, the French, The French

      Q5.
      What was a direct result of Edward's rule over Scotland?

      Correct answer: further resistance and anger among the Scots
      peaceful relations between Scotland and England
      Scotland became an independent kingdom

      Q6.
      What did Edward do to symbolize his dominance over Scotland?

      he married a Scottish princess
      he took the crown jewels to Wales
      Correct answer: he took the Stone of Destiny to London

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      Which Scottish knight helped lead the Scottish resistance to several victories against the English?

      Earl of Stirling
      Earl of Sussex
      Correct answer: William Wallace

      Q2.
      What event prevented Edward I from launching another invasion of Scotland in 1307?

      defeat in a previous battle
      Correct answer: his death due to dysentery
      signing of a peace treaty
      withdrawal of his army's support

      Q3.
      Which word describes a military tactic involving long spears to protect soldiers from cavalry charges?

      causeway
      chainmail
      guerilla
      Correct answer: schiltrom

      Q4.
      Starting with the earliest, place these events in time order.

      1 - William Wallace defeats the English forces at the Battle of Stirling Bridge
      2 - Edward I defeats the Scots at the Battle of Falkirk
      3 - Edward I dies of dysentery
      4 - Robert the Bruce continues the Scottish resistance at Bannockburn

      Q5.
      Which of the following best describes the make-up of the English army in battles against the Scottish resistance?

      the English army was made up of English soldiers only
      the English army mainly included French mercenaries
      Correct answer: the English army included Welsh and some Scottish soldiers

      Q6.
      The Battle of was a crucial victory for William Wallace and boosted Scottish resistance.

      Correct Answer: Stirling Bridge, stirling bridge, Stirling bridge

      To help you plan your 7 history lesson on: Scottish resistance to Edward I’s rule, download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs...