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      Background to the Crusades: the medieval Western Church

      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can describe how the pope's power had increased by the 11th century.

      Key learning points

      1. The Western Church was headed by the pope.
      2. In the early medieval period the pope and Church had little power compared to local kings, but gained more over time.
      3. Throughout the medieval period there was a power struggle between local kings and the pope over control of religion.
      4. The Church had gained significant control over the lives of Western Europeans by the 11th century.
      5. Christianity was a fundamental aspect of life for medieval Europeans.

      Keywords

      • Church - the Church is the organisation of the Christian religion

      • Pope - the pope is the head of the Roman Catholic Church

      • Bishop - a bishop is a senior member of the Christian Church

      • Excommunication - excommunication is the action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church

      Common misconception

      The pope has always been the most powerful person in the Roman Catholic Church.

      For much of the medieval period, a power struggle between the pope and local kings took place for control of religion within each country. In the early medieval period the pope had very little power at all.

      Teacher tip

      For the third learning cycle, show students examples of doom paintings to demonstrate methods of control the Church used in medieval Europe. Ask students to consider how this would enable the Church to control the local illiterate population.

      Content guidance

      Depiction or discussion of discriminatory behaviour

      Depiction or discussion of sensitive content

      Supervision

      Adult supervision recommended

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2026), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      The worship of images is known as .

      Correct Answer: idolatry, Idolatry

      Q2.
      What do Byzantium, Constantinople and Istanbul have in common?

      Correct answer: They’re all the same city.
      They’re all the same country.
      They’re all the same region.

      Q3.
      What happened to the main language when the Roman Empire collapsed?

      Correct answer: It switched from Latin to Greek.
      It switched from Greek to Latin.
      It switched from Latin to English.

      Q4.
      Who were the early converts to Islam?

      Correct answer: mostly pastoral nomads
      the Seljuks
      the Oghuz Turks

      Q5.
      What was the religion of Byzantium?

      Islam
      Correct answer: Christian
      Jewish

      Q6.
      Which two were Islamic caliphates based in the Middle East?

      Bourbons
      Correct answer: Fatimids
      Plantagenets
      Correct answer: Umayyads

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      The head of the Roman Catholic Church is the

      Correct Answer: pope, Pope

      Q2.
      The action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church is known as

      Correct Answer: excommunication, Excommunication

      Q3.
      This keyword is a senior member of the Christian Church.

      Correct Answer: bishop, Bishop

      Q4.
      Who controlled the Papal States, a kingdom in central Italy?

      the Carolingian kings
      the Holy Roman Emperor
      Correct answer: the pope

      Q5.
      Which two reasons prevented people from disobeying Church rules?

      Correct answer: The threat of excommunication
      Correct answer: The threat of poverty
      The threa of violence

      Q6.
      Who led the Church in medieval Western Europe?

      the Patriarch of Constantinople
      Correct answer: the pope in Rome
      the Sultan of the Seljuk Empire

      To help you plan your 7 history lesson on: Background to the Crusades: the medieval Western Church, download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs...