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      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can explain the significance of John Hunter’s medical work in the 18th century.

      Key learning points

      1. John Hunter practised surgery in hospitals and in the army.
      2. Hunter was a supporter of the scientific method.
      3. Hunter made new discoveries through observation and experimentation, for example, about gunshot wounds.
      4. Hunter's incorrect ideas about venereal diseases were accepted for many years.

      Keywords

      • Scientific method - approach to testing and gaining knowledge based on observation and experimentation

      • Venereal - caused or spread by sexual activity with another person

      Common misconception

      John Hunter's medical impact was entirely beneficial.

      Hunter's ideas about venereal disease were incorrect but widespread respect for his expertise meant this mistake wasn't corrected for decades.

      Teacher tip

      Ask pupils to compare Hunter's impact to Thomas Sydenham's, another supporter of the scientific method. Ask whose work was more significant for medical progress in the 17th and 18th centuries. Pupils might be encouraged to consider possible links between the work of the two men.

      Content guidance

      Depiction or discussion of sensitive content

      Depiction or discussion of violence or suffering

      Depiction or discussion of sexual content

      Supervision

      Adult supervision required

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2025), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      Social refers to the practice of keeping away from other people as much as possible, in order to stop a disease from spreading.

      Correct Answer: distancing

      Q2.
      An is when a large number of people get the same disease over the same period of time.

      Correct Answer: epidemic

      Q3.
      How did the death tolls of the Black Death and Great Plague compare?

      Correct answer: The Black Death was deadlier than the Great Plague.
      The Great Plague was deadlier than the Black Death.
      The Black Death and Great Plague were equally deadly.

      Q4.
      How long were infected households quarantined for during the Great Plague?

      14 days
      28 days
      Correct answer: 40 days

      Q5.
      Identify the examples of social distancing from the Great Plague.

      Correct answer: closing down theatres
      bloodletting
      Correct answer: fleeing from infected areas
      burning herbs on street corners
      physicians wearing bird-like masks

      Q6.
      Starting with the earliest, sort the following events into chronological order.

      1 - Galen produces his medical works
      2 - Black Death
      4 - Vesalius corrects some of Galen's errors
      5 - William Harvey publishes his theory of blood
      6 - Great Plague

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      What word is used to describe something caused or spread by sexual activity with another person?

      Correct Answer: venereal

      Q2.
      John Hunter worked as an surgeon which helped him correct ideas about gunshot wounds.

      Correct Answer: army

      Q3.
      Some of John Hunter's work was published in the journal "Philosophical Transactions". Which organisation published this journal?

      Correct answer: Royal Society
      Royal College of Physicians
      Royal College of Surgeons

      Q4.
      was encouraged to follow the scientific method by John Hunter, which helped him discover a new method for preventing smallpox infections.

      Correct Answer: Edward Jenner

      Q5.
      Which two diseases did John Hunter believe were the same?

      cholera
      Correct answer: gonorrhoea
      plague
      smallpox
      Correct answer: syphilis

      Q6.
      How did John Hunter's work negatively affect medical progress?

      encouraged excessive use of amputations
      Correct answer: shared incorrect ideas about venereal disease
      suggested book-led learning was the only way to gain medical knowledge

      To help you plan your 10 history lesson on: John Hunter, download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs...