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      Renaissance changes in anatomy and surgery

      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can evaluate the impact of changes in surgical practice and anatomical knowledge during the Renaissance period.

      Key learning points

      1. Paré developed and encouraged new methods to manage the problems of surgery.
      2. Vesalius carried out dissections to identify many mistakes in Galen's work.
      3. Vesalius encouraged others to learn through observation and dissection.
      4. Vesalius' challenge to Galen's ideas faced considerable opposition.

      Keywords

      • Ointment - a smooth, thick substance that is used on painful or damaged skin

      • Ligature - a thread or wire used for tying something, especially a blood vessel

      • Cauterisation - the action of burning body tissue using heat to stop an injury from bleeding or getting infected

      • Anatomy - the scientific study of the body and how its parts are arranged

      • Dissection - the action of cutting something open, especially a dead body or plant, in order to study its structure

      Common misconception

      Corrections to Galen's work were accepted virtually immediately.

      Many medical professionals were reluctant to challenge Galen's works and so new ideas, like those of Vesalius, were not accepted immediately.

      Teacher tip

      Have pupils to compare the impact of Paré and Vesalius and ask them whose work was more important. You may encourage them to consider criteria such as the practical impact and long-term effects of Paré and Vesalius' medical contributions.

      Content guidance

      Depiction or discussion of sensitive content

      Depiction or discussion of sensitive content

      Depiction or discussion of violence or suffering

      Supervision

      Adult supervision recommended

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2025), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      Untrustworthy and unqualified people who claim to have effective medical cures are often described as ...

      Correct Answer: quacks, a quack

      Q2.
      Match each aspect of Renaissance medicine with its correct example.

      Correct Answer:explanation for disease,miasma

      miasma

      Correct Answer:treatment,purging

      purging

      Correct Answer:prevention,isolation

      isolation

      Q3.
      houses were used to isolate some people suffering from plague.

      Correct Answer: Pest

      Q4.
      Mercury was often used as a treatment for which disease?

      malaria
      plague
      Correct answer: syphilis

      Q5.
      What was a supernatural treatment for scrofula?

      bloodletting
      herbal remedies
      purging
      Correct answer: Royal Touch

      Q6.
      What type of treatment was bloodletting?

      chemical
      herbal
      Correct answer: humoural
      supernatural

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      What procedure involves cutting something open, especially a dead body or plant, in order to study its structure?

      Correct Answer: dissection, dissections, dissecting

      Q2.
      Which surgeon corrected Galen's ideas that there were small holes in the heart and two bones which made up the jaw?

      Correct Answer: Vesalius, Andreas Vesalius

      Q3.
      There were over illustrations in Vesalius' 'On the Fabric of the Human Body'.

      Correct Answer: 600, six hundred

      Q4.
      Which ingredient in the ointment used by Ambroise Pare from 1537 onwards was most important for helping wounds to heal?

      egg yolk
      rose oil
      Correct answer: turpentine

      Q5.
      What problem of surgery did ligatures unintentionally make worse?

      blood loss
      Correct answer: infection
      pain

      Q6.
      How did Jacob Sylvius react to Andreas Vesalius' anatomical discoveries?

      began conducting many dissections himself
      Correct answer: claimed bodies had changed since Galen's time
      rejected Galen and his old ideas

      To help you plan your 10 history lesson on: Renaissance changes in anatomy and surgery, download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs...