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      Muslim responses to weapons of mass destruction

      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can explain some of the issues surrounding weapons of mass destruction and Muslim and other responses to them.

      Key learning points

      1. Weapons of mass destruction include nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, which cause widespread, long-term harm.
      2. International treaties aim to ban or limit their use and spread.
      3. The Geneva Conventions and Islamic teachings both reject weapons that cause indiscriminate and excessive suffering.
      4. Muslim scholars argue that both the use and possession of weapons of mass destruction goes against Islamic principles.
      5. Ethical views differ: utilitarians focus on consequences, while Kantians and Muslims stress duty and sanctity of life.

      Keywords

      • Biological weapons - a weapon of mass destruction which uses living organisms like bacteria, viruses or toxins to infect and damage the body

      • Chemical weapons - a weapon of mass destruction which uses man-made toxic substances to harm the body through inhalation, skin contact or eye exposure

      • Nuclear weapons - a weapon of mass destruction which uses a nuclear reaction to cause widespread damage and loss of life

      • Weapons of mass destruction - weapons which cause widespread, indiscriminate damage (e. g. nuclear, chemical, biological)

      Common misconception

      Islam allows weapons of mass destruction if used only for defence or deterrence.

      Islamic teachings place strict limits on warfare. Most scholars believe that the indiscriminate and lasting harm caused by weapons of mass destruction violates Islamic rules, even if used only for deterrence.

      Teacher tip

      Use case studies to illustrate the impact of the use of weapons of mass destruction.

      Content guidance

      Depiction or discussion of sensitive content

      Supervision

      Adult supervision recommended

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2025), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      5 Questions

      Q1.
      In Islam, war is only permitted in self-defence and must follow strict moral rules, like protecting .

      Correct Answer: civilians, Civilians

      Q2.
      What does the term 'lesser jihad' refer to?

      The pilgrimage to Mecca.
      Correct answer: Armed struggle to protect Islam.
      Daily prayers.

      Q3.
      What is the Islamic view of 'holy war'?

      encouraged for spreading Islam
      Correct answer: not part of classical Islamic teachings
      required by all Muslims

      Q4.
      Extremists misuse terms like jihad, but their actions go against Islamic teachings on justice and .

      Correct Answer: mercy, Mercy

      Q5.
      What was the Prophet’s approach to war?

      destroy enemy cities
      attack first
      Correct answer: avoid war unless necessary

      5 Questions

      Q1.
      Which of the following is NOT considered a weapon of mass destruction (WMD)?

      Anthrax bacteria.
      Nuclear bomb.
      Correct answer: A handgun.

      Q2.
      Both Geneva Conventions and Islamic teachings reject weapons that cause indiscriminate and excessive .

      Correct Answer: suffering, Suffering

      Q3.
      Which Qur’anic principle is cited to limit warfare severity?

      fight all enemies aggressively
      Correct answer: do not exceed limits
      avoid all warfare

      Q4.
      Why are both possession and use condemned by scholars?

      they are expensive
      because they are outdated
      Correct answer: they cause disproportionate and uncontrolled suffering

      Q5.
      Utilitarians focus on consequences, while Kantians and Muslims stress duty and of life.

      Correct Answer: sanctity, Sanctity

      To help you plan your 11 religious education lesson on: Muslim responses to weapons of mass destruction, download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs...