The functional group is the atom or group of atoms responsible for the way a compound reacts.

Unsaturated compounds contain at least one carbon-carbon double covalent bond.

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons as they contain only single bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Isomers are structures with the same molecular formula, but different arrangement of atoms in space.

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain the C=C functional group.

Alkenes

Chemistry

Alcohols

Combustion of alcohols: planning

Combustion of alcohols: practical

Chemical tests involving alkanes, alkenes and alcohols

Carboxylic acids and esters

Addition polymerisation

Polymer properties and problems

Natural polymers

In the Chemistry of Carbon unit, pupils learned about the structure and bonding of carbon, and its ability to form various compounds.

This unit covers identifying functional groups, naming and drawing structural formulae, and predicting reactions of alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. It explains addition and condensation polymerisation and discusses natural polymers like DNA, sugars, and amino acids.

Organic chemistry

Alcohols are a homologous series of compounds that contain the -OH functional group.

A solvent is a liquid into which a solute dissolves.

Fermentation is a process that produces solutions of ethanol from sugar, resulting from the anaerobic respiration of microorganisms.

A reaction involving the addition of water is known as hydration.

The energy change is the difference between the energy of the reactants and the energy of the products.

Calorimetry is an experiment that can be used to measure the energy released from a fuel such as alcohol.

The molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound.

Combustion is an exothermic reaction where a substance reacts with oxygen.

Alcohols are a homologous series that contain the -OH functional group.

The independent variable is the single variant that is changed in an investigation.

A homologous series of organic compounds have the same general formula, and show similar chemical properties and physical property trends.

Calorimetry is an experiment that can be used to measure the energy released from a fuel.

Viscosity is how easily a liquid flows. The higher the viscosity, the less easily a liquid flows.

Carboxylic acids are a homologous series of           compounds that contain the -COOH functional group.

Weak acids partially dissociate to form Hᐩ ions in solution.

A carbonate is a compound containing the CO₃²ᐨ ion. An example is calcium carbonate CaCO₃.

Esters are a homologous series of compounds that contain the -COO- functional group.

Ethyl ethanoate is an ester produced from the alcohol ethanol and the carboxylic acid ethanoic acid.

Polymers are long-chained molecules formed by joining together monomers.

Monomers are small molecules that can join together to form a polymer.

The relative molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule.

Addition polymerisation is a type of polymerisation where monomers join together to form only one product; a polymer.

The section of a polymer that repeats is known as the repeating unit.

Properties are features or characteristics of a substance that can be used to classify it, or describe how it behaves.

Landfill is a waste disposal site. At landfill sites the waste is buried between layers of soil and other unreactive material.

Recycling is a process that involves turning waste material into new products.

The starting materials used to make products are known as the raw materials. Wood, metal and crude oil are examples of raw materials.

DNA is a polymer with a double helix structure that carries genetic information.

Polypeptides are condensation polymers formed from amino acids. They contain peptide bonds.

Proteins are polymer molecules made from joining amino acids together. They contain one or more polypeptide chains.

Nucleotides are monomers that join together to make the polymer chains in DNA.

Amino acids are monomers that join together to form polypeptides and proteins.

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