Key learning points

1. The plant cell model describes the common structures of plant cells.
2. Some of these structures are common with animal cells, such as the cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus and mitochondria.
3. Plant cells have additional structures, i.e. the cell wall, chloroplasts and vacuole; each has a specific function.
4. Specialised cells in plants have shapes, sizes and structures that are adapted for the jobs the cells do.
5. Examples of specialised plant cells include root hair cells and palisade cells.

Keywords

• Cell wall - A subcellular structure made from cellulose fibres that strengthens the cell and supports the plant.

• Chloroplast - A subcellular structure that contains the green pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light for photosynthesis.

• Permanent vacuole - A subcellular structure filled with cell sap that helps keep the cell turgid.

• Photosynthesis - A chemical reaction that plants use to make glucose, taking place in the chloroplasts.

• Active transport - The net movement of particles from a low to high concentration, against a concentration gradient, using energy.

Common misconception