refers to a metal element placed in the block between Groups 2 and 3 in the periodic table.

a chemical that speeds up the rate of a reaction without itself being used up.

an atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge due to the loss or gain of electrons.

calculated by dividing the mass of a substance by its volume; a measurement of how tightly packed a substance's particles are per unit volume.

Transition metals: properties and uses

Chemistry

Corrosion and its prevention

Introduction to reversible chemical reactions

Chemical equilibrium

Percentage yield and atom economy

Making ammonia

Ammonia: NPK fertiliser production and other applications

Comparing materials and their properties

In the Rates and energy changes unit, pupils learned about how energy changes are always involved in reaction, along with a range of methods for measuring and comparing rates of reaction using properties of reactants and/or products.

This unit covers corrosion, prevention methods, and properties of alloys, ceramics, polymers, and metals. It explores industrial processes like the Haber process, fertiliser production, reaction rates, yields, atom economy, and the trade-offs involving conditions and equilibrium.

Industrial chemistry

The corrosion of iron or steel, in the presence of water and oxygen.

The gradual deterioration of a substance when it reacts with substances in the environment, for example when a metal oxidises in air.

Using a more reactive metal to corrode preferentially, to protect another metal from corrosion.

The process by which a thin, discoloured layer forms on the surface of a metal due to reactions with the environment, e.g. oxidation.

A process that uses electricity to deposit a thin layer of metal onto the surface of another conductive object.

A chemical reaction where the reactants form products that, in turn, react together to reform the reactants.

A salt that contains water molecules within its crystal structure, shown by a dot in its formula, e.g. hydrated copper(II) sulfate (CuSO₄·5H₂O).

A salt that does not contain any water molecules in the crystal structure, e.g. anhydrous copper(II) sulfate (CuSO₄).

Used to show that a chemical reaction is reversible.

Used to show the direction of an (irreversible) chemical reaction, showing that reactants form products.

occurs in a closed system when the forward and backward reactions of a reversible chemical reaction occur at the same rate; and the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.

is the speed with which a chemical reaction takes place, measured by the amount of a reactant used or amount of product formed in a given time.

is one in which matter cannot enter or leave the observed environment, allowing only energy transfer between the system and its surrounding environment.

is the maximum calculated mass of product expected to form from a given mass of reactants

is the actual amount of product obtained from a chemical reaction

is the actual yield (mass of product obtained) divided by the theoretical yield (maximum mass of product possible), as a percentage

is the percentage, by relative mass, of reactants that are converted into useful products

is a chemical product that is desired or valuable

a simple molecular substance, with the formula NH₃, is a soluble, toxic, pungent gas at room temperature.

a base that dissolves in water; these solutions have a pH greater than 7

a description of a substance that has a sharply strong smell

a substance that is poisonous, and can cause harm or death to living organisms

a substance that causes damage by chemical action, often resulting in severe injury or destruction

a mixture of soluble chemicals added to soil that replace the mineral ions needed by plants, to promote plant growth

a term used to describe when nutrients accumulate in bodies of water, which results in an increased growth of microorganisms that reduce the oxygen availability in the water

an ionic compound formed from positive and negative ions electrostatically attracted to each other

a manufacturing method made up of discrete stages, rather than a product being constantly produced

a manufacturing method where a product is constantly produced

A physical substance that things can be made from.

A mixture of materials (matrix and reinforcement), combined to produce a material with properties of both.

In a composite material, it is the substance that binds the reinforcement material together.

In a composite material, it is the substance that is bound together by the matrix material.

Information that can be counted or measured, and given a numerical value.

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