discrimination is unjust treatment based on a particular characteristic or physical trait

when different groups of people are forcefully kept separate or apart it is called segregation

Jim Crow laws were a set of  laws that enforced segregation in the USA, named after 'Jim Crow' - a stereotype of lazy, black American people

when someone is lynched they are killed for an offence without a trial, usually by an armed group

Segregation and discrimination in the USA

History

In this unit, pupils study a modern society and the issues that affected it in great depth over a shorter period. They learn about the key events, developments, people and stories that shaped this modern society over a period of around twenty to thirty years.

Modern depth studies

when something is not carried out fairly or justly it is called injustice

civil rights are the rights of everyone to have political and social freedom and equality

direct action is the use of demonstrations or protests to achieve a goal, rather than negotiation

when you refuse to use a service as a form of protest, it is known as a boycott

sit-ins are a form of protest when you sit somewhere and refuse to move

Civil rights organisations in the 20th century

a federal government is a system of government where there is one central government that controls a collection of smaller state governments

desegregation is when segregation is ended

something is unconstitutional when it breaks the terms of a country's constitution, especially when it violates the rights given to individuals by the constitution

a school board is a group of individuals responsible for making decisions about schools in the local area

Progress in education, 1954-60

when you refuse to use a service as a form of protest it is known as a boycott

a carpool is an arrangement where a group of people agree to share a vehicle from one place to another, usually as an alternative to public transport

The Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-6)

registration is the act of signing up to do something, for example voting

when you gain citizenship, you became a legally recognised member of a nation and have certain rights and protections under the law

Democrats are members of one of the two major political parties in the US, Republicans are members of the other party

Martin Luther King Jr and the early civil rights movement

lynching is when someone is killed for an offence without a trial, usually by an armed group

a federal government is a system of government where these is one central government that controls a collection of smaller state governments

a manifesto is a public declaration of policy and aims

a Dixiecrat was a Southern Democrat party politician, known for their opposition to the civil rights movement

a filibuster is a prolonged action (e.g. a speech) that aims to prevent the passing of a law

Early opposition to the civil rights movement

to end segregation, ending the separation of people according to a physical quality or belief

a prolonged action (eg. a speech) that aims to prevents the passing of a law

The changing position of black Americans by 1960

to desegregate is to stop people being separated or kept apart by force (segregation)

to sit somewhere and refuse to move as a form of protest

direct action is the use of demonstrations or protest to achieve a goal, rather than negotiation

voter registration is the act of signing up to be able to vote, which often involves meeting certain criteria

Greensboro and the sit-in movement

interstate is when a service exists between states - for example, buses travelling between states

integrated groups are groups with both black and white Americans

Freedom rides: protests and progress for civil rights (1961)

to enrol means to officially register as a student on a university course

The James Meredith case (1962)

the use of demonstrations or protests to achieve a goal, rather than negotiation

temporary schools set up in Mississippi to help overcome the inequalities in schooling

The peace marches (1963) and Freedom Summer (1964)

registration is the act of signing up to do something - for example, voting

The Civil Rights Act (1964) and Voting Rights Act (1965)

existing between states; for example, buses travelling between states

Reasons why the civil rights movement was more successful from 1960 to 1965

Black Power is the political name for groups aiming for self determination for black Americans

Separatism is the belief that keeping people separate is the right thing to do; the Black Muslims believed in separating white and black Americans

white supremacists are people who believe that those identified as 'white' are superior to all other races

A pilgrimage is a religious journey to a place of significance; Muslims go on a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lives

The role of Malcolm X in the civil rights movement

self-determination is when a person or group is able to control their own life/lives

to be able to provide for yourself without any outside help is called self-sufficiency

separatism is the the belief that keeping people separate is the right thing to do; the Black Muslims believed in separating white and black Americans

The emergence of the Black Power movement

Black Power is the political name for groups aiming for self-determination for black Americans

the establishment is a system of politics and government that some argue enables racial and economic inequality

The Black Panther Party

discrimination is the unjust treatment of a person or group of people, usually on the grounds of a physical quality or belief

a commission is a group of people trusted by a government to carry out a task, usually an investigation

The riots of 1965-67 and the Kerner Report (1968)

redlining was the process used in Chicago to limit black Americans to specific, run-down areas of the city

King's campaign in the North

bussing was a system of using coaches and buses to help black Americans attend integrated schools outside of their local area

How successful was the civil rights movement by 1975?

a colony is an area controlled by an empire

a communist is somebody who believes all property should be shared equally

a nationalist is someone who identifies positively with their own country and support its interests

the Viet Minh were a communist nationalist group that fought for Vietnamese independence

French Indochina

Containment was a foreign policy strategy used by the US during the Cold War to try to prevent the spread of communism

the Domino Theory was the idea that if one country fell to communism more would follow

Marshall Aid (or the Marshall Plan) was the American strategy of giving money to European countries to help them recover after World War Two

Containment and the Domino Theory

a regime is a government, especially an authoritarian one, which enforces strict obedience at the expense of personal freedom

a hamlet is a small settlement, generally smaller than a village

the Vietcong were the communist guerilla group who opposed the South Vietnam army (the ARVN)  and US forces with the help of North Vietnam

a guerilla is a member of a small, loosely-organised army that fights a larger, stronger force and uses surprise tactics

Vietcong resistance

a gulf is a deep inlet of a sea almost surrounded by land, with a narrow mouth

a patrol is a repetitive journey aimed at keeping watch over a particular area

Congress is the group of elected representatives that decide laws in the United States, made up of the Senate and House of Representatives

Gulf of Tonkin incident

an offensive is an attacking military campaign

a strategy is a plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall goal

a hotspot is a place of significant activity, danger or violence

The Tet Offensive

in this context, an engagement is a fight or battle between armed forces

a protest is a statement or action expressing disapproval of or objection to something

US involvement in Vietnam

Vietnamisation was the US policy of withdrawing troops and transferring responsibility for the war to the government of South Vietnam

honour is knowing and doing what is morally right

withdrawal means leaving a place or situation

The effect of Vietnamisation on US policy in Vietnam

a doctrine is a stated position of government policy, usually in foreign or military affairs

a negotiation is a discussion aimed at reaching an agreement

a trail is a track made by repeated passage, usually far removed from an urban setting

The expansion of the war into Cambodia, Laos and North Vietnam, 1969-1972

if something is unethical then it is morally wrong

a veteran is a person who has served in the armed forces

a form of protest in which demonstrators occupy a place, refusing to leave until their demands are met

an extended meeting usually held on a college campus for lectures, debates and discussions to raise awareness of or express a position on a social or political issue.

Opposition to the Vietnam War in the US

patriotism is a great love for one’s own country

a hard hat is a rigid, protective helmet, as worn by factory and construction workers

a blue-collar worker is someone who works in manual labour, such as manufacturing, agriculture, construction or mining

Support for the Vietnam War in the US

public opinion refers to the popular view in society about a particular issue

Changing US policy in Vietnam, 1969-1972

a delegate is a person sent to a meeting or conference to represent others

Peace negotiations to end the Vietnam War, 1968-1972

a treaty is a formal agreement between countries

unification means to join together or make something whole

a ceasefire is a temporary stoppage of a war, in which both sides agree to pause aggressive actions

The Paris Peace agreement, 1973

a strategy is a plan for directing overall military operations and movements

an occupier is a member of a group that takes possession of a country by force

tactics are actions employed by armed forces during contact with the enemy

US weaknesses in the Vietnam War

the features of an area of land, for example, its hills or forest, are known as the terrain of that area

experience refers to the development of knowledge or skills in a particular activity due to sustained involvement

support means to provide assistance or encouragement in order to help someone succeed

North Vietnamese strengths in the Vietnam War

a veteran is someone who has long experience in a particular field

impact refers to the effect or influence of something

Modern depth studies

The USA, 1954–75 conflict at home and abroad

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These lessons will be removed by end of Summer Term 2025.