a measure of how hot or cold an object is

Measuring temperature

Science

Changing temperature

Mixing substances of different temperatures

Cooling

Thermal conductors

Thermal insulators

Energy and temperature

Energy and substance

In the Particle explanations of density and pressure unit, they will build on this knowledge to learn how the arrangement and movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases explain density, pressure, floating and convection.

In the Solids, liquids, gases and changes of state unit, pupils learnt to categorise solids, liquids and gases, how the particles are arranged and moving in each state and what happens to particles during a change of state.

This unit explains energy transfer between objects due to temperature differences, through conduction or radiation, the role of insulators, and thermal equilibrium. It covers particle arrangements and motions in solids, liquids, and gases and Brownian motion.

Heating and cooling

to repeatedly and regularly move back–and–forth

the idea that all objects are made of tiny particles that are in constant motion

the higher the temperature of an object, the faster its particles move and the hotter it is

how quickly the temperature of an object falls

a line graph that shows how a cooling object’s temperature changes with time

a solid object has energy in its thermal store because its particles are vibrating

a change in temperature due to particles passing on their motion through their bonds or by particle collisions

a substance along which thermal conduction happens quickly

a substance along which thermal conduction happens slowly

hold together the neighbouring particles in a solid or liquid; these forces are weaker the further apart the particles are

a change in temperature due to particles passing on their motion through the forces between them or by particle collisions

a substance through which thermal conduction happens quickly

a substance through which thermal conduction happens slowly

a layer of thermal insulator around an object to help maintain its temperature

something that happens or is chosen without any specific pattern, reason, or plan, like whether a coin flip will land heads up or tails up

the energy a substance stores because of the random motion of its particles

when energy transfers from high to low temperature

the property of a material that determines how much energy needs to be transferred to it to increase its temperature

the energy a substance has because of the random motion of its particles

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Heating and cooling

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