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      Spreadsheet calculations

      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can use formulas in a spreadsheet to complete calculations.

      Key learning points

      1. Formulas are used in spreadsheets to perform arithmetic calculations.
      2. Cell references are used in formulas to use values stored in other parts of the spreadsheet.
      3. Formulas that use cell references recalculate when the values in those reference cells change.
      4. The fill handle tool can easily replicate formulas and data across a range of cells.

      Keywords

      • Formula - performs calculations in a spreadsheet

      • Cell reference - tells you the location of a cell and is made from the column letter and row number, separated by a colon

      • Fill handle - a tool used in a spreadsheet to replicate cell data across a range of cells

      Common misconception

      Pupils may believe that each time data is changed in a spreadsheet the formulas will also need to be changed.

      Using cell references within a formula means that the formula will recalculate when the values in those reference cells change.

      Teacher tip

      Cell references used in formulas are like variables in programs and identify a location where a value is stored. Use the anaology of a labelled container to hold single value with pupils so that they can understand the importance of clear referencing.

      Equipment

      Pupils will need access to a device with spreadsheet software. Examples in this lesson use Google Sheets https://oak.link/google-sheets

      File needed for this lesson

      Spreadsheet calculations 269.74 KB (XLSX)

      Download this file to use in the lesson.

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2026), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      What is the primary purpose of the paint bucket fill tool in spreadsheets?

      Correct answer: to apply colour to the background of selected cells
      to fill cells with the same content
      to merge cells into a single cell
      to change the font colour of text in a cell

      Q2.
      Which of these icons would you use to apply a border to a cell?

      An image in a quiz
      An image in a quiz
      Correct Answer: An image in a quiz
      An image in a quiz

      Q3.
      Which of the following is a common use for the background fill tool?

      Correct answer: to highlight important cells or rows for better visibility
      to delete data from multiple cells at once
      to merge multiple cells into a single one
      to convert text into uppercase

      Q4.
      Name the cell range of these cells.

      An image in a quiz
      Correct Answer: A5:C7

      Q5.
      Name the cell range of these cells.

      An image in a quiz
      Correct Answer: A2:A6

      Q6.
      How does using the background fill tool enhance readability in a spreadsheet?

      by adding borders around cells automatically
      Correct answer: by creating a contrast between the background and the text
      by sorting data alphabetically
      by automatically resizing the columns

      4 Questions

      Q1.
      What is the primary function of the fill handle tool in spreadsheets?

      to fill cells with colour
      Correct answer: to copy cell content
      to merge selected cells
      to sort data in ascending order

      Q2.
      How can you activate the fill tool in most spreadsheet programs?

      Right-click a cell and select "Fill Down."
      Correct answer: Drag the fill handle (a small square in the corner of the selected cell).
      Use the "Insert" menu and choose "Fill."
      Press Ctrl + F.

      Q3.
      What is a cell reference in a spreadsheet?

      a way to format cells with colours and borders
      a formula that calculates the sum of a range of cells
      Correct answer: an address or name of a cell in the spreadsheet
      a feature that merges two or more cells together

      Q4.
      What must all formulas in spreadsheet calculations start with?

      Correct answer: =
      *
      /
      +

      To help you plan your 7 computing lesson on: Spreadsheet calculations, download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs...