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Background to the Crusades: the Seljuk Empire

Lesson details

Learning outcome

I can describe the position of the Seljuk Empire in the 11th century.

Key learning points

  1. Islamic caliphates existed in the Middle East during this period.
  2. The Seljuk Empire was a powerful Islamic state in the 11th century.
  3. Desert and steppe nomads fought in a similar style, which was effective against sedentary civilisations.
  4. By the 11th century, the Seljuk Empire was expanding into Byzantium's territory.

Keywords

  • Islam - Islam is the religion of Muslims

  • Caliphate - a caliphate is an Islamic state ruled by a single religious and political leader

  • Nomad - a nomad is a person who has no permanent home but moves from one place to another

  • Pastoral - pastoral refers to the raising of cattle and other grazing animals

Common misconception

The medieval Islamic world was a single entity.

The Islamic Empire started as a single entity, but by the 11th century had fragmented into several competing nations.

Teacher tip

For the revision wheel exercise, encourage students to prioritise the use of symbols rather than words as the abstract thought required for this task will cause them to think more carefully about the task.

Content guidance

Depiction or discussion of discriminatory behaviour

Depiction or discussion of violence or suffering

Supervision

Adult supervision recommended

Licence

This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2026), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
(Collection 2).

Lesson video

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Prior knowledge starter quiz

6 Questions

Q1.
was the form of Christianity practised in the Byzantine Empire.

Correct Answer: Eastern Orthodox , Eastern Orthodox Christianity, eastern orthodox, eastern orthodox Christianity

Q2.
The destruction of holy images is known as .

Correct Answer: iconoclasm, Iconoclasm

Q3.
Starting with the earliest, sort the following events into the order in which they happened. Use numbers to show the correct order.

1 - City founded as a Greek colony
2 - Constantine converts to Christianity
3 - City renamed Constantinople
4 - Roman Empire splits into East and West
5 - Western Roman Empire collapses

Q4.
Why was Justinian I known as ‘the emperor who never sleeps’?

He struggled to sleep at night.
Correct answer: He had an impressive work ethic.
He enjoyed attending parties.

Q5.
Which two of the following weakened the Byzantine Empire from within?

Correct answer: conflicts over religion
invasions by Germanic tribes
Correct answer: violent changes of rulers
loss of territory in wars

Q6.
Which group posed a new major threat to the Byzantine Empire in the 11th century?

Arabic Muslims
Germanic tribes
Correct answer: Seljuk Turks
Slavic tribes

6 Questions

Q1.
An Islamic state ruled by a single religious and political leader is known as a .

Correct Answer: caliphate, Caliphate

Q2.
This keyword is a person who has no permanent home but moves from one place to another.

Correct Answer: nomad, Nomad

Q3.
To which religion did the Seljuk Turks convert in 985 CE?

Christianity
Correct answer: Islam
Judaism

Q4.
Which of the following were similarities between the fighting style of desert and steppe nomads?

Correct answer: They were both amazing horse riders.
Correct answer: They both delivered fast-ranged attacks with their bows and arrows.
They fought with their cattle.
They fought only in warmer conditions.

Q5.
Into which area was the Seljuk Empire expanding by the 11th century?

Correct answer: Byzantine
The Western Roman Empire
Umayyad Caliphate
Persian Empire

Q6.
Which battle in 1071 opened the way for the Seljuks to advance into Byzantine lands?

Battle of Civetot
Battle of Hattin
Correct answer: Battle of Manzikert

To help you plan your 7 history lesson on: Background to the Crusades: the Seljuk Empire, download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs...